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I 



59th Congress 1 ■^p-viTK ( boeuinent 



ROCHAMBEAU 



A COMMEMORATION by the CONGRESS 
of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA of 
the SERVICES of the FRENCH AUXILIARY 
FORCES in the WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 



Prepared by authority of Congress under direction of 
the Joint Committee on the Library 

By 
DEB. RANDOLPH KEIM 

Life Member of the Pennsylvania Historical Society 



"1 join lo ihis Idler a copy of my instructions and even of my 
secret instructions also, as 1 do not choose to have any secrets with 
my general." (Lctler Count de Rochambeau to General Wash- 
ington upon the arrival of the French Allies at Newport. R. I.) 



WASHINGTON : : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : : 1907 



^91 




STATUE OF COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU. 
From the Southeast. 



MONUMENT OF ROCHAMBEAU 
From the southeast 



Itim 



' 




A COMMEMORATION by the CONGRESS 
of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA of 
the SERVICES of the FRENCH AUXILIARY 
FORCES in the WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 



Prepared by aulhor,.y of Congress under direction o( 
the Joint Committee on the Library 



Deb. RANDOLPH KEIM 

Life Member of ,he Pennsylvania H«,orical Sooiely 



^i^ 



bom ,o th,s le„e, a copy of my inslrucUon, and even of my 
secre, ,„s„j,c,.o„. also, as I do no. choose ,o have any secre.s ll 
my general. (Le„er Count de Rochambeau .o General wl 
.n«on upon the arr.val of ,he French Allies a, Newport rT) 



WASHINGTON 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 



1907 






AUTHORITY TO PRINT 

[Fifty-eighth Congress, first session.] 

1903, November ii. — Mr. Wktmore, of Rhotle Island, submitted to the 
Senate a concurrent resolution for printinj^ and binding the proceed- 
ings uix)n the unveiling of the statue of the Count DE RoChambeau, 
which was referred to the Committee on Printing. 
[Fifty-eightli Congress, second session.] 

1903, December 4. — Jlr. PlaTT, of New York, reported the concurrent 
resolution favorably with auictidments. The amendments were agreed 
to and the concurrent resolution as amended was agreed to. 

1904, January 26. — Jlr. Charles H. Laxdis, of Indiana, from the House 
Committee on Printing, reported the concurrent resolution. The 
concurrent resolution as amended was agreed to. 

1904, Febru.\ry 2. — The President pro tempore laid before the Sen- 
ate the amendments of the House of Representatives to Senate Con- 
current Resolution No. 4 * * * so as to make the concurrent 
resolution read: 

Resolved by the Senate {ihe House o/ Representatives concurring). That there be printed, 
and bound in the fonu such as iscustonian- in the case of eulogies, with accompanying 
ilhistrations, ten tliousand copies of the i)roceedings upon the unveiling of the statue 
of the Count l>E Rochambeav. of which two thousand shall lie for the use of the 
Senate, seven thousand for the use of the Ho\ise of Representatives, five hundred to l>e 
delivered to the ambassador of the Republic of I-'rance. for such distribution as he shall 
think fit. the remaining five hnndreil of which two hundred shall be lx>und in full 
Morocco, to be distributed, under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Committee 
on the I,ibrar>-. to the guests invited from the French Republic and the speakers who 
took part in said celebration. 

!Mr. PlaTT moved concurrence in the amendments of the House of 
Representatives. The motion was agreed to. 

[Fifty-ninth Congress, first session.] 

1905, December 13. — Mr. Wetmore, of Rhode Island, siibmitted to the 
Senate the following concurrent resolution: 

Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring). That the concurrent 
resolution passed Februar>' 2. 1904. providing for the publication of the proceedings on 
the occasion of the unveiling of the Roch.\jibeal- statue is hereby continued in force 
and excepted from the limitation of one year as provided in section So of the act of 
January 12. l.Sgs. providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution 
of public documents. 

1906, J.\Nr..VRY 25. — Mr. Platt of New York, from the Committee on 
Printing, reported the same, which was agreed to. 

1906, April 7. — Mr. Landis, of Indiana, from the Committee on Printing 
of the House of Representatives, asked unanimous consent and the 
concurrent resolution was agreed to. (See text above.) 



'•■Ii 



CONTENTS 

Prefatory : Page. 

General comment 5 

Introduction 11 

I. Preparatory : 

Legislation 15 

Cpnmiission 23 

II. Commemorative : 

Salutatory 49 

Dedicatory 75 

Itinerary 135 

III. Retro.specTive : 

The Alliance 226 

The States 227 

La I'rance 22S 

D'Estaing Expeditionary 229 

Auxiliary — 

De Rochambeau 261 

De Ternay 276 

De Grasse Cooperant 423 

IV. Contributory : 

A Character sketch : Rochanilieau 502 

Man of the emergency. 
Soldier of relief. 
Friend of liberty. 
Companion of the Chief. 

Comrades in arms 504 

Men of the sword. 
Men of the musket. 

V. In Literature, Retold by the pen 607 

177S In the name of the King 1783 

A la gloire de France 
1902 Bj- the Government and people 1902 

3 



(/?7 



/> 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 

Rochaiiibcau nioiiuinciit fioiii southeast Frontispiece. 

Anns and bookplate of Rochambeau 14 

Members of the Congressional Commission 15 

M. Jules Brcufve, chancellor French emba.ssy at Washington 20 

M. Delcas,s(5, minister of foreign affairs, I'rance 51 

Site of the Rochambeau monument, Lafayette Park 55 

Rochambeau monument from the southwest 37 

JI. Kernand Hamar, sculptor 39 

Rochambeau (Ren^) Comle <lc, representing tin- Rochambeau 

family 43 

Lafayette, Paul Marie Joseph de Pourcet de Sahune Du Mottier. 

Comte de, representing the La Fayette family 45 

Le Cuirasse d'Escadre Le Oaulois 49 

President's commission 53 

Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint Marc, aid de camp ,iuil jx-rsoual represent- 
ative of the President of I'rance 55 

Members of the Rochambeau mission, b\- Falk, New York 59 

Arms of the L^nited States and France 59 

Vice- Admiral Fournier 65 

Theodore Roosevelt, President of the fnited States ( unveiling) ... 75 

Stands occupied during the unveiling 80 

General view of the scene of unveiling (assembly) 82 

Emile Loubet, President of France 88 

Comtesse de Rochambeau 89 

JL Jules Cambon, French ambassador to the I'nited States 90 

Gen. Horace Porter, American ambassador to France 94 

Henry Cabot Lodge, Senator from Mas.sachusetts 96 

General Brugere, chief of the Rochambeau mission 103 

General Chalendar loS 

French and American seamen and American troops in review no 

Art in Good Will, presented by the Government of I'rance 120 

Comte d'I\staing 227 

I'rench troops ( uniforms) 421 

Comte de Grasse 425 

Rochambeau and staff, Yorktown, \'a., Trumbull 436 

Plan of Yorktown circumvallations and troops 439 

Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette in the trenches 447 

Surrender of the British Army at Yorktown, Va 4,53 

Rt)chambeau as marshal of France 517 

Chateau de Rochaml)eau at Thor^ near Vendome 519 

Chateau de Rochambeau, facade toward the Loire 519 

Apartment in which JIarshal de Rochambeau died 526 

Tomb of Marshal de Rochambeau near Thore, Vendome 528 

4 



PREFATORY 

In delving into the chronicles of the military and naval succor 
sent to the American States under the terms of the treaty of 
alliance of 1778, of the many thoughts which rise inquisitively, 
not the least difficult to meet concerns the subsidiary place 
accorded by the writers of United States history to France at 
that momentous crisis in the struggle of the British colonies 
of North America for the sovereignty of the citizen and the 
autonomy of the state. 

It is indeed painful to contemplate in this era of primacy in 
the family of nations the devoted Washington bearing the bur- 
dens of a friendless cause and an impoverished people. 

In the evolution of the tragedy innninently confronting him 
he vows, rather than yield, to retreat beyond the Susquehanna 
with the renmant of his army and there continue the struggle. 

At this crisis does France come upon the scene. Hope 
revives; the conflict is renewed; victor}- is assured. 

The following pages will doubtless figure in the nature of a 
surprise to those otherwise wideh' read, and a wonder to the 
many, not so well informed on P'ranco- American lines, consid- 
ering how little has been done in the past to keep aglow the 
sense of grateful remembrance of the helping hand from across 
the sea. 

In re.spect to the historical features of the work, the sources 
of original information in our own tongue Were limited almo.st 
wholly to the correspondence of Washington; parliamentary 
procedure and enactments of Congress to meet certain conditions, 
requirements, and emergencies; the contemporary press. Whig 
and Tory ; military reports incidentall)-, and allusions in individ- 
ual menioires; the contemporary historians apparently failing to 

5 



6 Prefatory 

fully appreciate the extent of the sen-ice rendered by France 
and the timeliness of its occurrence. 

This fact is sustained In- Mr. Thomas Balch in his carefully 
collated and arranged work ' ' Les Frangais en Am^rique 
jiendant la Guerre de I'lndependance des Etats-Unis." 

His chief object, he tells us from Paris, in undertaking this 
valuable contribution to the American literature of the war of 
Indejiendence was to correct this flaw. 

The "Magazine of American History" is al.so entitled to 
recognition for much original and edited information. 

In French the supply of data is large, especially the 
admirable compilations of Donoil — "The List of Ships and 
Crews and Rosters of Regiments and Men that Served in 
America;" writings of D'Estaing, Chastellux, Noailles, and 
publications of other actors in the .scenes. 

As a fountain source, must be mentioned the interesting and 
\-aluable " M6moires Militaires, Historiques et Politiques de 
RocHAMBEAU, Aucien Marechal de France et Grand Oflficier de 
la Legion d'Honneur." Paris, MDCCCIX. The two volumes 
cover the life of the gallant soldier through its long and varied 
experiences in two great nation-building wars — one lasting 
.seven years against Frederick the Great, resulting in the 
foundation of the Prussian monarchy; the other against Eng- 
land in America two and one-half j-ears, terminating in the 
birth of the United States of America. Also the manuscript 
papers of Count de Rochaiibea(-, purchased by the United 
States Government, in the archives of the Library of Congress. 

In the immediate prosecution of the w-ork most valuable aid 
was had from Mr. George Peabody Wetmore, Senator from 
Rhode Island, chairman of the Joint Committee on the Library, 
in charge of the measure in the Senate, w-hose study of the 
subject had taken a wide range of inquiry, and whose collection 
of material particularly relating to the events associated with 
the presence of the mission was both exhaustive and valuable. 

Much assistance was also rendered by Mr. James T. McCleary, 
Representative from Minnesota, chairman of the House Com- 
mittee on the Library, through w-houi the commemoration 



Prefatory 7 

readied the success of its parliamentary stage in the House of 
Representatives, his report from tlie Committee on the Library 
having not only attracted marked attention, l)Ut was convincing. 

A deep .sense of appreciation is felt toward M. Jus.serand, the 
ambassador of France at Washington, for his active interest in 
securing the portraits of the President of France and of the 
military and naval chiefs of the Rochambeau Mis.sion. Also 
of the representatives of the families of Rochambeau and 
Lafayette. 

The ambassador reflects in the highest degree the traditional 
feeling of affectionate friendship for the" Government and people 
of the United States" conceived in the treaty of " Alliance," 
Recognition, and Amity, sealed in the blood of Frenchmen and 
Americans in battle array on land and .sea and born of independ- 
ence won by the valor of American and French arms on the 
field of Yorktowu. 



lu Autljnritu of (EmtarrBs 

To extend to the GOVERNMENT and PEOPLE of FRANCE 
and the FAMILIES of ROCHAMBEAU and LAFAYETTE 
A CORDIAL INVITATION to unite with the GOVERN- 
MENT and PEOPLE of THE UNITED STATES in the 
INAUGURATION of the MONUMENT to MARSHAL 

ROCHAMBEAU 

THE PRESIDENT :::::: THEODORE ROOSEVELT 



SnrhamlTrait iBnmtmnit CmnmiHsiimt 

Crejif.i l-y Art of C^KjciYss 

^flrrltait «f »iU atth trrrttnii nf JJcftrstal 

JOHN HAY. Secretary of Slate ELIHU ROOT, Secretary of War 

GEORGE PEABODY UtTMORE 

Chairman Commiltee on the Library. Senate 

JAMES T. McCLEARY 

Chairman Committee on the Library, House 

EntFrtaiiiinritt «f STnrtiiw OJiirnta 

Miiy 24. 1902 

JOHN HAY. Secretary of State 

Colonel THEODORE A. BINGHAM, U. S. A. 

Aid to Ihe President, Master of Ceremonies 

Exmrtiuf (Unmiitittrr 

Authored by Ihe Monument Commission 

HERBERT H. D. PEIRCE, Third Assistant Secretary of State 

THEODORE A. BINGHAM RAYMOND P. RODGERS 

Colone , L'. S. A ^ 1 1 r ,^ w , 

Commander, U, S. N. 

Bljc llrraii^riii'!! (tiiimniaaiim 

In attendance upon the Rochambeau M,ss,on .„„-»,f thetr soiourn ,n the United Stales 

HERBERT H. D. PEIRCE, Third Assistant Secretary of Stale 

Colonel THEODORE A. BINGHAM. U. S. A. 

Commander RAYMOND P. RODGERS. U. S. N. 

EDWIN MORGAN. Secretary 



(CnmmittrrB uu tlir ICihrary 

JFiftii-ButI) (Cinutrraa 
AiiHi^Knr TO rmcHASF. 

Srnalf Housf of lirptti.i'ntativi's 

t'.KoRGi-: P. Wktmork. Chairniau Jamks T. McCi.i-:akv, Cltainiian 

Khode Istatid Minnesota 

Hi:nry C. HANsnR(>!'(;n JI. 11. I'owkrs 

\otth Ihtkoia I'ciinoitt 

1-RANClS M. COCKRI-:!.!. AMOS J. Cl'MMINOS 

.\Hssoitii Xnc York 

Henry Amui.i:k Vale, Clfi t T.esi.ie T. McCi-earv. Clerk 

yiftii-BriiPUll! (CnngrrBB 

SITI- A.\l> J>i:i>fCA riiK\ 

(VEORdE 1'. \\'i-:tmori;. Chairman James T. McCi.i:arv. Ctiairtiian 

Khodr Island Afinnrso/a 

Henry C. IIansiiroic.h Sami'el \V. McCall 

\otth Ihikflta Massai'husrtts 

(;i-:oRr.E(V Vest AmdsJ. CrMMiN(;s 

.yfissonii .W'W )'o>k 

Henry Amiu.kr Vai.e. C/rik I.i si.iE T. McClearv. C'/iik 

J'tftii-niHlli (tnnvjrraa 
pcm./CAr/o.y 

George P. Wetmori-;. Chainnaii James T. McCi.eary, Cliainnati 

Rhode Island A/inneso/a 

Henry C. HANSBRorr.ii Samuel W. McCall 

.Xort/i Dakota Massachiisftts 

John F. Dryiien James P. Conner 

.\fxcjetsev fo^va 

WiLLLVM A, Clark Wuiiam m. Howard 

Montana Oeoigia 

ARTHIR r. C.ORMAN CllAKl.I S R. THOMAS 

Matvland .\ofth Carolina 

Henry Amhler Vale. Clerk Leslie T. McClearv. Clerk 

(Unimttittrrs nu JJrintuiij 
Jfiftii-rinhtli U^Diiyrrao 

AC rnoKn Y TO PK/yi 

Thomas C. Platt. Chairman Charles n. I.andis. Chairman 

,\e:t' York Indiana 

Stephen B. Elkins James B. Perkins 

West I'irf^inia Xew York 

.\RTnrR P. Gorman Farish C. Tate 

Maryland Georgia 

.\LnERT H. Howe. Clerk Victor I.. Ricketts. Clerk 

JFiftii-iiintli (InitgrrBB 

Kl:.\KIIAI. OI-AlTllt'KITY TO rKtXT 

Thomas C. Platt. Chainiian Charles B. I.andis. Chairman 
.\e:r Yot k Indiana 

Stephen H. Klkins James B. Perkins 

ll'est I'iiginia .\e:f Yot k 

.'Vrtihr p. Gorman James M. Griggs 

Maiyland Georgia 

.\liii:rt H. Howe, Clerk Victor I, Ricketts, Cleik 

lo 



INTRODUCTION 

The duration of time and the casualties of nations alone shall 
fill the limit of the obligation of the Federal Commonwealth of 
the United Sovereign States of America to the ' ' Government 
and people" of France. Whatever was, is, or may be the form 
of their respective autonomous existences, amid the mutations 
of human activities, the American people during their politico- 
corporate life must always revert to the participation of France 
as a potential factor in the coordination and sequence of events 
which upheld and carried to fruition the contention of the British 
colonies of North America for independence. 

It was not an issue during the fateful experiences of 1778- 
1783, nor is it at this momentous period of governmental, insti- 
tutional, social, and racial development necessary to scrutinize 
abstractly nor concretely the underlying motive, if any, aside 
from the beneficent results of his succor, of the part taken by 
Louis XVI, King of France and Navarre, in American affairs. 
We are dealing with events as they transpired in obedience to 
orders in the field and conclu.sions as they as.sumed organic 
form in the treaty of Paris. 

This much is patent to anyone specifically familiar with the 
natal .struggles of the North American States. The capture of 
the last British army on American .soil was possible at that crisis 
onlj' with the cooperation of the forces of Roch.\mbe.\it and 
St. Simon ashore and the naval army of De Grasse afloat. 

The encircling trenches at Yorktown, \'a., were occupied and 
pushed to the front bj' 7,000 French, auxiliary to 5.500 Amer- 
icans of the Continental Line. The only avenue of escape by 
sea was cut off by 36 French ships of war. As a contingent 

1 1 



12 



Inlrodnciion 



on land were 3,500 Virginia niililia. The enemy surrendered 
7,251 officers and men and 840 seamen, total 8,091 . This was 
but 909 men less than the combined strengtli of Continentals 
and militia, a weight of numbers it must lie conceded totally 
inadequate for siege or assault of the ' ' bottled up ' ' British and 
He.ssians, pending relief from the fleet of Graves, at New York, 
frustrated by the victory of the ships of De Grasse before the 
lines of investment were fairly set, and their presence and coop- 
eration during the nineteen days of beleaguerment. Nor does 
this, great as it is, approach the magnitude of the physical 
succor placed by the King of France at the disposal of the 
American States. To Yorktown must be prefaced the earlier 
operations of d'Estaing at Newport and Savannah. Only then 
do we begin to comprehend with a sense of wonder its colossal 
proportions. Ergo, we have the recount: 63 French ships of 
war, mounting 3,66s guns and manned by 32,600 officers and 
seamen, and 35 battalions of grenadiers and infantry, 7 com- 
panies of artillery, 2 companies of lancers, and 2 companies 
of hussars, mustering 12,680 officers and soldiers, footing up 
45,280 Frenchmen, available during three and one-half years, 
for warlike purposes on .sea and land. 

Nor does this include a co.stlj- war in which France l)ecame 
involved with Great Britain in consequence of the capitulations 
of alliance and recognition of the independence of the rebelling 
States: nor does it bring to count the vast sums of money 
advanced by secret subvention and public convention lo cash 
an empty exchequer, bolster a fiat currency, and honor bills 
for material and munitions of war; nor does it enter into the 
recital the ships, men, and supplies conveyed and convoyed 
across a stretch of intervening ocean, patrolled by fleets and 
crui.sersof the enemy, 4,000 miles, as the gull did fly. and many 
more as the fickle winds did determine. 

Whether we look backward or forward from the point d'appu\- 
of Yorktown to consider out of the pa.st the interests or instru- 
ments exploited through French priestly or lay explorers or 
Canadian voyageurs or contemplate the acquisition of vast 
territories, we find the power and people of France during the 



Introduction 13 

seventeenth and eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth 
centuries, more than of any other nation, distinctively and 
cooperative!}' impressed upon the present conterminous domain 
of the United States of America. 

These are some of the reahties of coincident happenings and 
c(jntemporaneous commemoration symbohzed by the monument 
un\eiled on the 24th day of May in the year of grace 1902 at 
the Capital of the Greater United States of America to the 
services of Jean Baptiste Doxatien de Vimeure Comte de 
RoCHAMBEAU and his countrymen in the war of the American 
Revolution, the story of whom now to be told is replete with 
object lessons of instruction and deduction to every youth in 
the years of educational probation and adult in the fullest 
enjoyment of every right, title, and opportunity embraced in 
American citizenship. 



M 




ROCHAMBEAU'S 
BOOK PLATE 



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MEMBERS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION 

John Hay Kuiir Root 

Secretary of State Secretary of War 

George Peabody Wetmore. of Rhode Island James T. McCleary, of Minnesota 

U. S. Senate House of Representatives 

Chairmen of the Committees on the Library, 



JOHN HAV, a native of Salem, Ind.. born 1S38, rt'Ccived his graduate education at 
Brown University, ProWdence, R. 1.. and acquired his knowledge of law at Springfield. 
111.; immediately after he came to Washington as assistant secretarj- to President Lin- 
coln. He was commissioned in the Army and detailed as adjutant and aid-dc-canip. 
Upon the installation of Andrew Johnson he was made sccretan,- of legation to France. 
He was transferred as secretary of legation to Austria-Hungary-, where he acted as 
charg^ d'affaires. In June, iS6g. he was sent to Spain as secretanr' of legation. The 
following year he left the diplomatic ser\*ice and became an editorial writer on the 
New York Tribune. In November, 1S79. he became Assistant Secretary- of State, but 
retired May 3, iKSi. On March 9, 1S97. President McKinlcy appointed him ambassador 
extraordinar>' and plenipotentiary to Great Britain, from which he retired September 
19, 1S9S. The next day he was appointed Secretary- of State and was invited by Presi- 
dent Roosevelt (1901) to continue in that office. 

ELIHU ROOT, born in Clinton. Oneida County, N. Y., in 1845. graduated from Hamilton 
College in 1S64. After a short term as an educator at Rome young Root two years later 
graduated with high honors from the University of Law of the City of New York. He 
was immediately admitted to the bar and began the practice of law in the great metrop- 
olis. His first great opportunity was as United States atton'.ey for the southern dis- 
trict of New York. In this field he labored with great advantage to the Government 
until the summer of 1885, when he returned to the practice of his profession. He was 
a delegate at large to the State constitutional convention of 1S94, being chairman of 
the judiciarj' committee; was a member of the Alaskan Boundar\- Commission, Sec- 
retary of War. August 1, 1S99, retired Janaary 31. 1904; Secretar>' of State, July 7. 1905. 

GEORGE PEABODY WETMORE. whose resident city is Newport, the headquarters 
for nearly a year of the l-'rcnch auxiliary' flriiiy in the States, was liorn in London, 
England, in 1S46. during a visit of his parents ahroad. His education was American, 
graduating at Vale in 1S67 and in the profession of law at Columbia College in 1869, 
in the former receiWng the degrees of A. B. auU A. M. and in the latter LL. B. He was 
admitted to the bar of Rhode Island and New York the same year. His" knowledge 
of affairs earlj' placed him in mauy positions of high responsibility, among them 
trustee of the Pealx)dy Museum of Xaturul Histon,- in Yale University and of the Peabody 
Educational Fund. His career in national Republican politics began in 1S80 as first 
Presidential elector of Rhode Island, which was repeated in 1X84. He was member of 
the committee authorized by the general assembly to receive the representatives of 
France during their Wsit to Rhode Island in jSSi. the centennial of Yorktown. In State 
affairs he was governor 1S85-18S7. His choice to the Senate of the United States in 1894 
was by a unanimous vote. In 1900 he was again chosen. 

JAMES THOMPSON McCLEARY, Representative in Congress from the Second 
district of Minnesota, a constituency comprising 11 counties, with a population of 
175,174 inhabitants, was born in Ontario. Dominion of Canada, in 1S53. He received 
his education at his native town, graduating with honors at the high school, and took a 
course of higher learning at the McGill University, Montreal, where he again received 
the highest recognition of scholarship. For some years he taught school in Wisconsin, 
resigning in iSSi the superintendency of the Pierce County schools to become State 
institute conductor of Minnesota and professor of history- and ci\*ics in the State 
Normal School at Mankato, his present residence, until June, 1S92. During the sum- 
mer vacations he conducted institutes in W'iscon.sin. Dakota, Yirginia, Tennessee, and 
Colorado. In iSSS he published studies in civics, and in 1S94 a Manual of Civics. The 
\-alue of these works was attested by their use in the best schools of the United States, 
lu iSyi he was chosen president of the Minnesota Educational Association. He was 
elected to the Fifty-third Congress and for each succeeding term. His wide learning 
and experience in parliamentarj* affairs has won for him the front rank of national 
legislators. 




' 'Ijf, ^"^ — ;•»" 



> iHON'iJOHN HAYSrcorS.Au. HON, EUHU ROOT SEc.orW.„ a 




A ROMANCE IN LEGISLATION 



The idea of erecting a statue of Rochambeau at the Ameri- 
can capital in comnienioration of the titneh' aid rendered by 
France to the American States struggling for independence 
grew out of a visit by M. Jules Boeufve, chancellor of the 
French embass3' at Washington, to the Marquise de Rocham- 
beau at her country seat near Vendome, the birthplace of the 
French general of the American Revolution. 

It occurred to him there were six or seven statues in the 
United States of Marquis de Lafayette, which personified the 
part taken in the movement to free the American colonies by 
himself as an individual, and bj' other liberty-loving French 
noblemen also as individuals. 

On the other hand, Roch.\mbeau, commander in chief of 
the French auxiliary armj-, typifying the official intervention 
of the King, representing the Government of France, which 
assured the success of the conflict, was without any testimony 
whatever. 

Therefore, upon returning to Paris, M. Boeufve had an iuter- 
\iew with General Porter, the American ambassador, who was 
present and delivered an address at tlie dedication of the original 
"Statue of Count de Rochaiibe.^u at \'eudome. On October 3, 
the ambassador wrote to Mr. .Cannon, chairman of the House 
Committee on Appropriations, favoring the project. The untir- 
ing efforts of M. Boeufve, upon resuming his duties at Washing- 
ton, took shape, through the cooperation of friends in and out 
of Congress, and the potential efforts of M. Jules Cambon, the 
ambassador of France. 

15 



i6 . / Roiiiaiuc ill /.rj^isla/ion 

The lead iu the Congressional proceedings and enactments 
was taken by Representative James T. McCleary, of Minnesota, 
in the House, and Senator George Peahody Wetniore. of Rliode 
Island, in the .Senate, respectively chairmen of the connnitlees on 
the Lihrar>-. To the favorable attention of these gentlemen the 
subject in all its details was brought by M. Boeufve. 

lilLI, TO I'l'KClIASIC 

On February i8, 1901, Mr. McCleary introduced in the 
House a bill for the purchase of a " replica of the bronze 
statue of RoCHAiiBEAf, by Feruand Hamar, and pedestal, for 
$7,500," which was referred to the Committee on the Library. 
Two days later Mr. McCleary, from that committee, reported 
the same without amendment, accompanied l)y a report. 

ROCH.\.MHE.\r IN P.\KI,I.\MENTAKV PHK.\SE 

In his report Mr. McClear\- paid the following tribute to the 
subject of commemoration : 

[House Report No. 292S, Fifty-sixth Congress, .second session.] 

Tile Coiimiiltee 011 the Library, to whom was referred the" bill (H. R. 
14217) for the purchase of a bronze replica of the Veiuloine statue of 
General RocH.\MBE.^t:, beg leave to submit the following report and 
reconimenil that said bill do pass: 

This is a bill enactini; that |7,5i:« be appropriated to be expended under 
the direction of the Joint Committee on the Library in the purchase of a 
replica of the bronze .statue I)}- Ferdinand Hamar, lately erected at Ven- 
dome. Trance, of JK.\N B.\PTISTK DoN.vTiKN, Comte dk Roch.\mbe.\U, 
who commanded the forces sent by Louis XVI of France to the a,s.sistance 
of this country during our war for Indepeiulence. 

The subject of this statue, which it is proposed, at an insignificant cost, 
to add to the historical art treasures of the capital, was a great and noble 
man. His deeds deserve to be remembered b)- all generations of our 
countrymen, ami his heroic personality ever recalled to ns and our children 
forever in enduring bronze; for to him anil his military ability, as well 
as to the brave and willing .sons of I'rance he commanded, in an impor- 
tant degree, we Qv*c the fact of our independence as a nation and the 
institutions and liberties which have come down to us from the Revolu- 
tion — a glorious heritage. 



A Roma It rr in f.i-o-/sla//oi/ i- 

In his oration at tlie unveilinj^ of Bartlett's statue of Lafayette in the 
court of the Tuileries Gardens on the Fourth of July, igtjo, Archt)ishop 
Ireland, of St. Paul, said: 

'"It was the participation of France in the war of Independence whicli 
rendered liberty possible in America in the eighteenth century.' .Such 
is the verdict of history as expressed b\- the learned historian of Lafayette, 
the Hon. Charlemagne Tower, our present ambassador at the Court of St. 
Petersburg. The colonies were determined to become free; their spirit 
of sacrifice was so burning, their methods were .so practical, that sooner 
or later their independence would have been conquered; but that they 
should have gained their independence in the war begun in 1776 without 
the assistance of France we can not believe." 

With a depleted treasury and with his annual budgets showing increasing 
deficits. King Louis XVI nevertheless found means to supply the Conti- 
nental Congress with money and with arms, ammunition, troops, and war 
ships with which to carry on the struggle. His young nobility, stirred 
by the example of the heroic Marquis de Lafayette, flocked to our stand- 
ard. Without depreciating in the smallest degree the sources or the fame 
of others, it ma\- be truthfully said that among all the benefits showered 
upon us by that virtuous and worthy but unfortunate prince, none was 
more important, none more conducive to the final victory, than his 
personal gift of the brave, tried, and distinguished soldier the Comte 
DE ROCH.\IMBF..\r. 

Here we can only with extreme brevity recall his career ami his splendid 
achievements in behalf of .American liberty: 

Jean B.\ptiste Don.\tiEN de Vimeur, Comte de Roch.\mbe.\1", was 
born in 1725. He was intended for the church, but preferred to follow- 
in the footsteps of his father, and therefore he adopted the military 
profes.sion, entering the French army in 1742. .\fter thirty-eight years 
of varied and arduous service, in March, 17S0, he reached the grade of 
lieutenant-general and, in the same year, was assigned to command the 
expedition in aid of the colonies. With 6,oou troops, which were followed 
by reenforcements, he sailed from Brest in May, 17S0, landing at Newport, 
R. I., in July. 

With great .skill ami address Comte dk RocH.\MBE.\r thwarted a con- 
templated attack upon Newport by the British commanders Clinton atid 
Arbuthnot. In September, 1780, he held a conference with General Wash- 
ington, and proposed to the latter a plan of campaign for the ensuing 
summer. Circmnstances interposed to change the character and objec- 
tive of their joint operations, but under a wise dispensation of Providence 
they were able to cooperate in 17S1, and in that year to conduct to a suc- 
cessful issue the decisive campaign of the war. 

The operations of the British in the Carolinas and Virginia had been 
proceeding with varying fortune under Lord Cornwallis, when his superior, 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 2 



\ 



1 8 --/ RomaHiT in Legislation 

General Clinton, fearing an attack upon New York by the allied forces, 
orilered him to detach 5,000 men to that place, and to seek and fortify a 
defensible position and hold it with the 7,000 left him. Comwallis there- 
upon establishetl himself at Yorktown. 

Washington was at r>obb< Ferry planninjj a campaign against Clinton 
at New York when the happy news reached him that Comte de Grasse, in 
command of the French West Indian fleet, who had been urgeil to hasten 
to our aid by Comte r>E Rochambeav. was prepared to cooperate. 

The objective of our operations was immediately changed. Rocham- 
beav hurried to join Washington at Dobbs Ferry, where he arrived July 6, 
17S1, and then the two great comrades in arms began that series of stra- 
tegical and tactical movements which has fiHeil students of military science 
with admiration ever since. By a number of feints, cleverly planned and 
execute*!. Clinton was made certain that he was to be attacked!, and 
assembled all his forces and resources for the contest. While he was held 
perfectly in play the allies passed from the west bank of the Hudson into 
New Jersey and began their historic march to \'irginia. 

When the allied armies had reached Chester. Pa., on Septembe»25. 
Washington learned that Pe Grasse. «-ith his ships and troops, had entered 
the Chesapeake. 

Three days later Washington. Roch.\mbe.\V. and the Marquis de Chas- 
tellux started from Baltimore for a two days' visit to Mount Vernon, 
which the Father of his Country had not seen for six years. On the 25th 
of September the last division of the allied forces reached Williamsburg. 
12 miles distant from Yorktown. and advanced in force upon Lord Com- 
wallis on the 2Sth, under Washington and RocH-^mbeau, the-French fleet 
meantime covering the British position from York River. By the 30th 
the investment was complete. From all sides the siege was pressed with 
\-igor and friendly emulation by the allies. Help failing him. the desper- 
ate efforts at sortie proving disastrous, and an epidemic breaking out in 
his camp prostrating 2.000 of his troops, the British general was in despair. 
.\fter a terrible cannonade from the American and French lines on the 
afternoon and night of October 9 and the .morning of October 10, his 
position became no longer tenable. 

Satisfied that neither squadrons nor any other reenfcffcements were 
coming to his rescue. Lord Comwallis capitulated on October iS. The 
surrender included 7.0C0 British regulars, 2.000 sailors and marines, 1.500 
Tories, and a large number of negroes. The French contingent partici- 
pating in the victory consisted of 7.000 troops under Comte DE Rocham- 
BE.\r and 57 ships under Comte de Grasse. The .\merican force with 
Washington aggregated 9.^100 men. of which 5.5<.».'" were regulars, .\fter 
the triumph of the allied arms at Yorktown, Comte de Rochambeai- 
went to the South to assist General Greene in the Carolinas. His service 
ended in America, he sailed for France in January, 17S3. the year of the 



A Rcnuaiicr in Legislation 19 

peace. He received the thanks of Congress, and after his return to his 
native country was honored with the baton of field marshal. 

Under the revolution Comte de Roch.\mbeau connnanded the Army 
of the North for some titiie, but, being suspected of disloyalty, was re- 
moved. He disproved the charges against him before the legislative assem- 
bly, but did not rejoin the army. He was arrested under Robespierre, 
and but for the timely death of that leader, in the reign of terror, would 
have been executed as an aristocrat. He was released and spent the even- 
ing of his days in peace. In 1805 Napoleon I conferred upon him the 
grand cro.ss of the Legion of Honor. 

He died at Thore, in France, in 1807, full of years and uonor. 

The record shows that while this important, perhaps vitally important, 
contributor to our independence and to the foundations of our national 
greatness and prosperity did much for us, this country has done little for 
him or for his memory. For himself the hero is past the praise or blame of 
man: "The good knight is dust, and his good sword is rust." But for his 
memory, which should be ever sweet and dear to the people of America, we 
can do the little contemplated in the bill which has been introduced. 

PASSAGE IX BOTH HOUSES 

The item incorporated in the sundry civil bill, having passed 
in the Hoti.se, through the interest of Mr. Wetmore was agreed 
to in the Senate, and approved March 3, 1901. 

CONTR.\CT KOK THE STATUE 

The Joint Committee on the Library, on April 30, 1901, 
entered into a contract with M. Jules Boenfve for furnishing 
and delivering the pedestal and .statue. 

COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU'S APPRECI.\TION 

Count de Rochambeau, in reply to a notification of the action 
of the two Houses of the American Congress, sent the following: 

It is with great pleasure that I heard of the vote of Congress. I thanked 
General Porter in the name of the Rochambeaus, and asked him to con- 
vey to the members of the American Parliament the expression of our 
gratitude. Would it be indiscreet, sir, to beg you to fulfill the .same 
request ? 



20 .-/ Romance in Lfgis/afion 

M. CAMBOX To MK. MCI.KAKY 

In a comnuinicatiou of May 17, 1901, to Mr. McCleary. the 
French ambassador expressed his ajipreciatioii of " his kind 
initiative" in "havins:; Congress provide for the purchase of 
a repHca of the statue of Rochambeai", to l)e erected in Wash- 
iiii^lou." and his "earnest wish that tl-.is statue might be dedi- 
cate<l in the spring of igo:;." 

On the 22(\ ensuing Mr. McCkary acknowledged tlie kind 
observations of the ambas.sador, and mentioned the pleasure il 
afforded him to bring the matter to the attention of the Com- 
mittee on Appropriations. 

SCl'LTTOK 'S SrCGESTIOXS 

M. Canibon, the French ambassador, and M. Hceufve, during' 
the summer had had frequent interviews with M. Feruand 
Hamar. the .sculptor, in Paris, and in the autunui with members 
of the RocH.VMBEAf Commi.ssion in Washington. It was found 
advisable to recommend the enlargement of the RoCHAMBEAf 
monument, so as to make it corresjxmd in height with that of 
L,afayette in the s;inie park, adding: 

The very simple pedestal of the RoCH.\MBK.\r .statue in Veiulome (the 
Marshal's birthplace, Ix-iiig a small town of but 5.00L1 inhabitants 1 
would be altogether out of place in a capital of Wiishingtoii's Iwauty ami 
importance. 

It was therefore propo.sed to make the new j^destal of dimen- 
sions .similar to those of the pedestal supixirting the Lafayette 
montmient, and particularly to embrace the entire conception of 
the sculptor, to include a jK'destal bearing the harmonious alle- 
gorical group in bronze, a woman hoUling aloft the standard of 
France, her feet resting on the prow of a ship at the moment of 
touching the .shores of America, txpical of the succor brought 
across the .sea in aid oi the struggling States, and other relevant 
features, including the American eagle, the shield of the States, 
and the arms of the Bourbons and Roch.x.mbeai". 



> Da tUUl M 



I 



m App 



M. JULES BCEUFVE 
Chancfltor of the FrfHch fmhassy at Waskimgt^tt 

.1 the K- . "'•;>-*■ 

M. Jules B<KrF\-K. bora in Liverpool, England, September S. 1857, where his father 
was French vice-consul, was educated in Germany. He entered the French consular 
service in 187? at Krankiorton the Main; vira:^ transferred to Lisbon, and sent to Wash- 
ington in \9S>2 as secretary of the French and American claims commission. In 1SS4 
he was appointed vice-consul at New Orleans, and in 18S6 was transferred to Washing- 
ton as chancellor of the French embassy. He is perfect master of the American 
''teiigite andtiaFa iHde actiuaintance with men and affairs. 



-^ RoiiiiUKc ill I. (oi si (I I mil 21 

PEDESTAL KLABOKATED — CONGKESSIONAI. COMMISSION 

In order to carry out this plan Mr. McCleary, through the 
regular channels of theWar andTreasuri,- Departments, requested 
certain estimates, which took the form of ai,i appropriation of 
#15,000 for the " preparation of a site and the erection of a 
pedestal ' ' under the ' ' supervision of the Secretary of State, the 
Secretary of War, and the chairmen of the committees on the 
Library of the Fifty-seventh Congress ' ' and also ' ' to defray 
the expenses attending the unveiling of the said statue," which 
was made an item in the urgent deficiency hill then under 
consideration in the House. Having passed in that body it 
received the special attention in the Senate of the chairman of 
the Committee on the Library, Mr. W'etmore, and was appro\ed 
February 14, 1902. 



THE STATUE COMMISSION 

Referring to the ' ' desire of the French ambassador and of all 
concerned" to have the stattie dedicated in Washington on Sat- 
urday, Mav 24, 1902, the fact was brought out that the occa- 
sion would commemorate the anniversary of the day on which 
the Marshal, at the age of 17, entered the French army as a 
"cornette" in the cavalry regiment of St. Simon. 

It was also mentioned that the Marquise de Rochambeau with 
her late husband were the guests of the American Government 
during the Yorktown centennial ceremonies of 188 1. and remem- 
bered with the greatest plea.sure the enthusiastic reception 
accorded the delegates which France sent on that occa.sion to 
the United States. 

go\'ERn:vient and people of franxe axd families of 

ROCHAMBEAU AXD LAFAYETTE INVITED 

The Marquise was also desirous her sons should participate 
in the unveiling of the statue of their ancestor in Washington. 

It was further intimated that the departments of foreign 
affairs, war, and navy were disposed to send officers of high 
rank to represent the French Government ofiBcially, and the 
French ambassador's intention was to request that a man-of- 
war be ordered to the United States for the purpose of detail- 
ing detachment of French sailors and marines to take part iti 
the ceremonies. 

In this aspect of the subject, Mr. Robert R. Hitt, of Illinois, 
chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, introduced in 
the House of Representatives on March 7. 1902, a joint resolu- 
tion, which was referred to the Committee on Appropriations, 



24 The Statue Coinniis:<io)i 

" authoriziii); and requesting Ur- I'rcsident to L-xtc-nd to tliL- 
GovcrnnRiit and jieople of P'rance and the family of (icneral 
D}C R()CHAMi!]-:Ar " an invitation to join the Covcrninent 
and people of the I'nited States in the dedication of the 
monument of General dk Rochamukai" to be iniveiled in 
the city of Washington. This was amended to include the 
family of Marquis de Lafayette. The resolution, carrying an 
ap])ro]iriatioiiof $10,000, passed l)oth Houses and was a])proved 
March 21 , 1902. 

The French Government, recognizing the international phase 
of a commemoration of the aid rendered in freeing the North 
American colonies from the .sovereignty of Great Britain, in 
reply to the in\itation of the President made prompt acceptance 
of the invitation and benefited by the occasion, to designate 
one of the l)est types of .ships of the French navy and repre- 
sentative officers of the army and na\y, and of diplomacy, 
letters, and arts to participate in the ceremonies. 

During tlie.se proceedings in Congress and the interchange 
of international correspondence of invitation and accejitance, 
the Commission were engaged in carrying out the duties imposed 
upon them b\- the provisions of the act of February 14, 1902. 

COMTE DK ROCHAMBE.W" ON THE PLANS 

When the Count de Rochambeau was informed of the nature 
of the plans for the statue, he replied: 

You (M. licErFvi;) are a thou.saiul tiine.s kind to think, in the niiiist of 
your occupations, of .sending me the.se most intere.sting articles concerning 
the project of the RoCH.\MBE.^r .statue, an<l I tliank you in my name and 
in the name of my mother, the Marquise de Rochambeau. 

We have all been happy over the success of your efforts, because if the 
Mar-shal will be represented in the capital of the I'nited States it is surely 
to you that we shall owe it. May his statue recall, some <\a.\ or other, to 
the American people that across the ocean another people exists which 
reached out to them a helpful hand in a moment of danger. 

I have written to his excellency Monsieur Cambon to thank him for 
having j»iven the project his a.ssistancc, and, as I have already told you, 
I lia\e asked Cieneral Porter to convey to Congress our most heartfelt 
sentiments of gratitude. 



Tlir S till lie Coiinin'ss/Oii 25 

Our young sculptor is at work. He is studying his pedestal and will soon, 
I believe, begin his model, unless it is already done, because I have not 
seen him these last few days. I believe his conception will be beautiful, 
and will produce an excellent effect. 

Please, sir, believe in my warm gratitude for what you are doing and 
have already done for the glory of our name, and accept the assurance of 
my most distinguished .sentiments. 

AMliAS.SADOK porter's \'IK\VS 

The American ambassador at Paris, in a letter to the same 
person, referring to the excellent relations e.stablished by the 
erection of monuments of this international character, .said: 

The pedestal which M. Hamar has prepared for the statue in Washing- 
ton is very artistic and appropriate. I examined the marquette with great 
interest. 

I am sure, from previous experience in inaugurating our several inter- 
national monuments, that much is accomplished thereby in drawing still 
closer the sympathies which happily exist between our sister Republics. 

There is a great deal of interest matiifested in France in the project, in 
relation to which you have labored so zealously and successfully. 

SITE SELECTED AND PEDESTAL COMMENCED 

On April 2, at a meeting of the Rochambeau Commission, 
called by the vSecretary of State, consisting of John Hay, Secre- 
tary of State; Elihti Root, Secretary of War; George Peabody 
Wetniore, of Rhode Island, chairman of the Committee on 
the Library of the Senate, and James T. McCleary, of Min- 
nesota, chairman of the Hotise Committee on the Library, 
formal action was taken on the selection of the southwestern 
corner of Lafayette square as the most .suitable location for the 
monument. 

It was decided that Colonel Bingham should proceed with 
the preparation of a site at the southwest corner of Lafayette 
square, to be arranged in a manner similar to the site occupied 
by the statue of Lafayette at the .southeast corner of the same 
square. 

The inyitations extended to the Government and people of 
F'rance, and to the families of Marquis de Rochambeau and 



26 The Statue Commission 

Marquis de Lafaj'ette, to attend tlie ceremonies to be held in 
connection with the unveiHng of the statue on May 24, 1902. 
were read and placed on record. 

OKUER OF CEREMONIES DETERMINED 

The programme determined upon by the Commission was as 
follows: 

The unveiling of the statue to take place at 1 1 a. m.. May 24, 
1902. 

A battalion of French seamen with their band, a battalion of 
United States engineers, and a battalion of United States marines 
and sailors, with the Marine Band, to be present at the unveiling. 
After the ceremony these troops, together with a battalion of 
cavalr>-, a battalion of field artillery, and a brigade of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia militia to pass in review before the President. 

Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young, U. S. Army to be in command 
of the troops. 

The order of exerci.ses for the unveiling to be as follows: 

1. Invocation hy Cardinal Gibbon.s. 

2. Welcome by the President of the United State.s. 

3. UnveiHng of the statue by the Countess de Rochanibeau. 
Music: "The Marseillaise," by the Marine Band. 

4. Presentation of the sculptor, M. Hamar. 

5. Remarks by the French ambassador. 

6. Selection by the French band. 

7. Remarks by Gen. Horace Porter, United States ambassador to 

France. 
S. Selections by the Marine Band. 
■ 9. Address by Senator Lodge. 

ici. " Star Spangled Banner," by the F'rench band. 

11. Remarks by General Brugere. 

1 2. Benediction by Bishop Satterlee. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE PROCEEDINGS 

A meeting of the executive conunittee in charge of the details 
was held in the office of the Third A.ssistant Secretary of State 
on April 3, 1902, at 10 o'clock. 

Present: Mr. Herbert H. D. Peirce, chairman; Col. Theodore 
A. Bingham, Commander Raymond P. Rodgers. 



The St a I It r Commission 27 

After completing their organization, the minutes of the meet- 
ing called by the Secretary of State on April 2 were read, 
and arrangements perfected to push the work with all possible 
rapidity. M. Bceufve was in consultation with the committee. 

After deciding that nothing would be done in regard to the 
reception of the invited gue.sts until a definite reply was received 
to the invitations which had been issued, the committee ad- 
journed at 10.50 o'clock subject to the call of the chairman. 

The next day the Secretary of State requested the Secretary 
of War to order Col. T. A. Bingham, U. S. Army, Engineer of 
Public Buildings and Grounds, 

to cause a suitable foundation for the pedestal of the statue of Rocham- 
BE.\U to be constructed on * * * the site selected * * * and to 
cause the erection of the pedestal for the statue and to perform such other 
acts as may be necessary in connection therewith * * * 

It was so ordered. 

Advertisements and specifications were issued the day after, 
asking sealed proposals for materials for the foitndatiou, receiv- 
able until 2 p. m., April 10, 1902, and to be delivered by the 
successful bidder for u.se between April 10 and 30 in quantities 
and at times called for. A number of responses were received 
and later the neces.sary permits were granted to occupy the 
surrounding ground for material and proceed with the work. 

On April 3, Colonel Bingham, by direction of the Statue Com- 
mission, was designated disbursing officer of the appropriation 
provided by the act. 

ADMITTED FREE OF DUTY 

On April 17, 1902, INIr. Sereno E. Payne, of New York, in- 
troduced in the Hou.se of Representatives a joint resolution 
" authorizing the entr3' free of duty of a replica of the bronze 
statue of RoCHAMBEAU, by Fernand Hamar, and pedestal for 
the same," which was passed and approved April 29, 1902. 
The amount of duty remitted was about $3,500, that being a 
stipulation of the contract. 

On April 19 the neces.sary permits required by the build- 
ing regulations to occupy the sidewalks on Jackson place and 



28 The Staluc CoD/niiss/oii 

Pennsylvania avenue for the constructiijn of stands ilurini; the 
unveiling ceremonies and closing Jackson place to traffic for a 
few hours on the day of unveiling were issued. 

On a request from the Secretary df State to Mr. Josei)h G- 
Cannon, chairman of the Committee on A]i])roj>riations, "for 
an additional appropriation of $10,000 on account of the dedi- 
cation of the statue of Rochambeai," Mr. James A. Hem- 
enway, of Indiana, on May 5, 1902, from the Committee on 
Appropriations, introduced a joint re.solution carrying that sum 
for the purpose set forth, which was passed, concurred in by the 
Senate, and approved May 15, 1902. 

STATUE PAID FOR 

On May 20, 1902, M. Jules Bceufve, chancellor of the 
French embassy, handed to the Department of the Treasury, at 
Washington, the voucher under which the sum of S7.500 
was paid, reciting "in payment for the replica of the bronze 
statue of RocHAMBEAi", by Fernand Hamar. as authorized by 
the Joint Conunittee of the Library of Congress under the act 
of March 3, 1901." 

With these preliminary arrangements the work proceeded 
rapidly. On the day set apart for theceremonies the pedestal and 
statue were in place, the latter veiled in flags of the two Repub- 
lics. The stands for the accommodation of the distinguished 
a.ssemblage were ready for use and ap]iropriately decorated. 

REPORT TO CONCJRESS — MONUMENT AWAITS UNVEILING 

The President pro tempore on May 21, 1902, presented the 
following letter to the Senate: 

Washington, May ij, igo^. 

Sir: The undersigned, to whom wa.s committed, by the act of Congress 
approved February 14, 1902, the selection of a site and the super\ision of 
the erection thereon of a statue of Marshal DK Rochambkai", connnander 
in chief of the French forces in America during the war of Independence, 
and of the unveiling of said statue, respectfully report that they have dis- 
charged the duty imposed upon them; that the site selected is the south- 
west corner of Lafayette square, where the pedestal h.is l)een erecteil, and 
that on the 24th day of May, instant, at 11 o'clock a. ni., the statue of 



The Sfaiiir C 'oiinuiss/oi/ 29 

Marshal itv. Rochambkat will be unveiled with appropriate ceremonial, 
Senator Henry C. I^oil^e delivering the address. Seats have been reserved 
for the Senators and Reiiresentatives in Congress. 
We reniani, sir, very respectfully, yours, 

JuHN llx\ 

Sec I'd a ly of SI ale 
E1.1HU Root 

Stxie/aiy of War 
Geo. Peabody Wetmore 
Chairman Committee on the Library, Senate 

J. T. McCleary 
Chairman Committee on the Library, House 
Hon. William P. Frye 

President firo temftore, I iiited States Senate 

Accompanying this letter was a copy of the order of exer- 
cises arranged by the Congre.ssional Coniniissioii. 

On the same day the report in tlie .same terms was submitted 
to the Hoii.se. 

COJI^IISSIOX COXCLl^DES IT.S OFFICIAL DUTIES 

The Commission, under the act of Febrtiary 14, 1902, held 
a meeting on July 2. 1902, for the purpose of passing upon the 
accoinits of Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, disburs- 
ing officer under the appropriation of $15,000 provided for b_v 
the said act. 

Present: Mr. Hay, Secretary of State; Mr. Wetmore, chair- 
man of the Committee on the Library, Senate; Mr. McCleary, 
chairman of the Committee on the Library, House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

The accounts were approved. 

The Conimis,sion then took up the final settlement for the 
pedestal and statue under the act of February ij, 1902, which 
reads as follows: 

That any part of this sum not required for preparation of the site and 
erection of said pedestal and for the expen.se attending the unveiling of 
said statue may be used and expended for the completion of said statue 
and pedestal. 

The chairman of the Committee on the Library- of the House 
of Representatives, Mr. James T. McCleary, said that this 



30 Tlir Slatiir CoDniuxstoii 

proviso was specifically inserted and agreed to by the Commit- 
tee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives to pro- 
vide and pay for the additional expense incurred over and 
above the price stipulated in the contract of purchase of said 
statue and pedestal, dated April 30, 1901, in enlarging this 
statue bcNond the original statue inaugurated in \'cndome 
( France) on June 4, 1900, in order to adapt it to the site on 
Lafayette square Washington, D. C, and make it in keeping, 
as a conijKUiion piece, with the monument of Lafayette, already 
situated in the same park; in designing and executing a larger 
and more suitable pedestal; also in designing and executing on 
the front of said pedestal the bronze allegorical figure which 
was necessary to suit this replica of the original statue to its 
purpose in the I'nited States. 



'v\v A■i^^sm\^ 



arid JE ,9DIIElH ^O ifJUOc*. -J 

;88<!i .JaiigoA .enaesbaiv V 

OiX^BUIlRl moil 65 ii 

idJeiniin ;£^i ,Ak t 



r »'»^>nyi^ srfJ lo Jool 

lOXtoH lo oora^vl 

ri xioH lo ^iuq^b 

'' riwoo linaii-sg 



M. DELCASSE (TVophile) 

.^fin islet of Foteigti Affa it i » 

Born ,852, at Pamiers. h. the Departmem of Ari«ge. in the south of France at the 
001 of the Pyrenees, ,. miles north of Foix. Licentiate of letters; chevalier of the 
I,efi:.on of Honor, ,887; connselor-Roneral of Ari^ge, Canton of Viedessos, August .888- 
<ieputy of FO.X .n .889, reelected in ,893, .89S, .902; August .,, ,894, president of the 
general council of AnCge; under secretary of state for the colonies from Januarj- to 
December 3^.893: minister of the colonies May 30, 1894.10 Januarj. 26. 1895: minister 
of foreign affairs, June 28, 1898, to June 6, 1905. 



INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE 

In compliance with a joint resolution of Congress of March 
21, 1902, on the 27th ensuing, the President of the United States 
transmitted, through John Hay, Secretary of State, to Horace 
Porter, ambassador of the United .States to France, to be handed 
to the President of France in person, the following autograph 
letter: 

LETTER OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 

Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, to His 
Excellency, Einile Loubet, President of the Republic of France 

Great and Good Friend: I have the honor to inform you that the 
Congress of the United States has adopted a concurrent resolution, 
authorizing and directing me to address to the Government and people 
of France a cordial invitation to unite with the people and Government of 
the United States in order to proceed in a manner dignified and suitaljle 
to the inauguration of the monument of Marshal RochambpIau, in the 
city of Washington, the 24th day of the month of May, 1902. I find 
mvself, in consequence, charged with the agreeable duty of transmitting 
this invitation to the Government and to the French people in the name 
of the Government and of the people of the United States. 

I am persuaded that Your Excellency will see in this act a new proof 
of the enduring gratitude of the Government and of the American people 
for the inestimable services of France during the war of our Revolution, 
and that this circumstance will serve again to renew more closely the ties 
w hich since that period have united the two countries. 

I take this occasion to assure Your Excellency of the ardent wish that 
I entertain for 3-our health and prosperity, also for the happiness and 
prosperity of the Government and French people. 

Written at Washington, the 27th of March, 1902. 
Your Good Friend, 

Theodore Roosevelt 

By the President 

John Hav 

The Secretary of State 

31 



32 fiitcnialii)iial Cornspoitdciur 

[Translation ] 

i.in'TKi-; !>!■ i'ki;siiii-;nt koosivvki.t 

Theodore Roosez^e/l, President des Elals-l'nis d'.-hiierit/iie, a sou Kxiel- 
IciuY /•'mile l.ouhet. Presides/ de la Rtpuhlique /'ran(aise 

Grand et ihjn ami: J'ai riioniieur lU- vons in former que le Congres 
(les Etats-Unis a adoptd une resolution conjoinle nrautorisant et in'enga- 
geant a adrcsser au Gouvernement et au peuple franjais luie invitation 
cordialc a s'linir au peuple et au Gouvernement des Ktats-I'nis en vue de 
procedcr, d'une faipon digue et convenable, a I'inauguration du monument 
du Jlarcchal nic Rochambkau, dans la ville ile Washington, le Z)' jour 
du mois de mai 19112. Je nic trouve, en consequence, cliarg^ de I'agreable 
devoir de transmeltre cette invitation au Gouvernement et au ])euple fran- 
5ais, au nom du Gouvernement et du peu])le des Htats-Unis. 

Je suis persuadd que Votre Excellence verra dans cette d-marche une 
nouvelle preuve de la gratitude persistante du Gouvernement et du peuple 
amdricains pour les services inapprdciables de la P" ranee pendant la guerre 
de notre Revolution, et que cette circonstance servira a resserrer plus , 
dtroitenient encore les liens qui. dcpuis cette (JpiKiue, out uni les deux 
pays. 

Je .saisis cette occasion pour assurer Votre ICxcellence des vojux ardents 
que je forme pour son bonheur et sa prosp(''ritc'. ainsi que pour le bonheur 
et la prospcrite du Gouvernement et du peuple fran(;ais. 

Hcrit a Washington, le 27 mars 1902. 
Votre bon ami, 

ThUODORK RdOSJ'tVKI.T 
Par le President 

John Hav 

Le Secrelaire d' Ktal 

PKKSIDKNT I.OITBET'S KKP1.V. " 

The President of France replied to the invitation from the 
President of the United States as follows: 

Your Excellency has been pleased to inform me thai, in virtue of a joint 
resolution of Congress, you have been charged to invite the I'rench Gov- 
ernment and people to join the Govennnent and peojde of the I'nited 
Stales in inaugurating, on the 24th of May next, the monument erected 
to the memory of Marshal Di; Rochamukat. 

I gladly accept this invitation in the name of the liovernment of the 
Republic and in that of the entire French people. 

Ill fraternally taking part in this solemnity the American nation once 
more gives evidence of its rcmenibrance of those rrcnch citizens who 



I)itcniatio)ial Corrcspoi/drnce 33 

shared its dangers and glory in its struggle for independence; it has, fur- 
thennore, desired to coniirni the friendship and draw still closer the bonds 
which since that most memorable period have united our two countries. 
France will hail this manifestation with deep emotion. 

In tendering you, in her name, her sincerest thanks, I beg you to accept, 
dear and great friend, the fer\ent wishes which I entertain for Your Excel- 
lency's own happiness and for the prosperity- of the United States of 
America. 

ROCHAMBE.\U AND LAFAYETTE 

At the .same time the Secretar\- of State trausmitted under 
the same authority, through Amba.ssador Porter, a letter in the 
name of the President of the United States, extending to Cotint 
Rene de Rochambeau, for the family of "Count de Rocliam- 
beau," a cordial invitation to unite with the Government and 
people of the United States in a fit and appropriate dedication 
of the monument of Marshal de Rochambeau to be unveiled 
in the city of Washington on Maj- 24, 1902. 

A similar letter with appropriate changes was sent at the 
same time to M. Gaston de vSahune de Lafayette. 

LOUBET ACCEPTS 

Having complied with the directions of the Secretary of State 
on April 16, Ambassador Porter cabled to Secretary Hay: 

France decides to send to Washington a general antl admiral, with couple 
of aids each, two officers from foreign office who speak English, and a war 
ship. Count Rochambeau and M. de Sahune de Lafayette and wives will 
attend, arriving New York i8th (May). 

ROCHAMBEAU AND L.-^-F-WETTE REPRESENTED 

With regard to the Lafayette family, ^L Gaston de Sahune de 
Lafayette and his wife not being able to proceed to the United 
States, the invitation was accepted for M. Paul de Sahune de 
Lafayette, then living in the United States, who spoke English, 
and a brother of M. Gaston de Sahune de Lafayette. 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 3 



11 



ica 









SITE 

•T- 

The ground upon which the monument stands is the most 
eligibly situated within the limits of the American capital. It 
occupies the southwest angle of a park, on the corresponding 
comer of which on the east is the bronze effigy of another 
Frenchman, Lafayette, who did more than any other one man 
to secure the presence of RoCHAMBEAr and his French troops 
in America. 

On the same angles on the north it is proposed to erect the 
image in bronze of the brave Pulaski, the Pole, on the one 
hand, and of Steuben, the Prussian, the ' ' drillmaster " of the 
Continental Army, on the other. 

Thus, when the number shall be complete, have we gathered 
in scenic grouping, with the most picturesque surroundings of 
nature and art and within sight of the home of the Executive 
Authority of the Repubhc, the four typical men of our foreign 
friends in the desperate struggle. 

The park itself, named after the Frenchman, Lafayette, whom 
all Americans revere, is the finest in the city in location, adorn- 
ment, and historic memories. On the south, upon which the 
figure of RoCH.\MBE.\U faces, extends the broad sweep of Penn- 
sylvania avenue, planned for spectacular events of the Govern- 
ment, with the White House beyond, seen in glimpses among 
beautiful trees of the choicest varieties and flanked on one side 
Ijv the classic seat of the money power of the Government and 
on the other by the modern housing of the offices of State, War, 
and NavN". 

The memory of RocHAMBE.\r and of the officers and men 
associated with him in execution of the duty which they were 
sent to perform, therefore finds in the location selected every- 
thing to commend. 




STATUE OF COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU. 
From the Southwest. 



MONUMENl 



MONUMENT OF ROCHAMBEAU 

I-'toiii lit* i'OnthivOft 



■ ■- >ect iiigh, a loli. 
Icsigii from that -'< 
Jiumuuieiit coiir 



Uc bllOJ ' i iltl 





V 






MONUMENT 

From its position the iiiomuiKnt of RociiAMBKAU shows to 
great advantage in three directions, and therefore is constantly 
from three points within the range of vision of the never-ending 
stream of Inunan hfe passing to and fro between the eastern 
and western sections of the busiest quarters of the official and 
mercantile portions of the city. 

It comprises a statue of the commander in chief of the troops 
of Louis X\'I, sent to assist the forces of the American States 
under General Washington. The figure is about 8 feet 8 inches 
in height, in high relief, representing the "Army of Liberty," a 
replica of the heioic statue unveiled at Vendome, France (the 
birthplace of the RoCH.\MBE.vti of American fame), June 4, 1900, 
and stands on a stone pedestal upon a .subbase of granite about 
12 feet high, a total of 20 feet. The pedestal is different in 
design from that at ^'endome, owing to the importance of the 
moninneut complete bearing symmetrical relations to that of 
Lafayette in the oppo.site angle of the .same park. 

RoCH.\MBE.vu in the uniform of his rank, in heroic proportions, 
is represented erect, in an attitude of action, his right arm 
extended toward the horizon in gesture of connuand, and by a 
happy coincidence toward the hoiue and tomb of his friend, 
companion in arms, and chief, Wa.shington. In his left hand 
he holds a plan of the field of Vorktown. At his feet re.sts the 
breech of a cannon on which lies a branch of laurel. 

On the south or front of the cap of the ba.se is the simple 
word " RoCH.\MBK.\f." .\t the ba.se of the statue is the bronze 
emblematical group, a .subsidiary* bronze figure which represents 
the Goddess of Liberty stepping from a boat, touching sup- 
po.sedly on the shores of America. In her left hand she holds 

37 



^S Till- Moniiiiiriit 

aliit'i a flagstaff displayiiijj the Stars and Stripes and colors of 
France, which she gathers in graceful folds near the top in the 
act of lauding. Iii her left hand she grasps a drawn sword 
defending a war eagle with extended wings, which c'.utclies in 
its left talon a shield bearing the 13 stars and strii>es of the 
original States, thus typifying the " alliance" — the only one 
ever entered into by the I'uited Stales. 

On the east face of the die, on a fanciful shield oval in design, 
is the e.scutcheon of Roch.vmbe.M', three stars; two and one and 
a chevron and crown for crest; on the west are the arms of the 
Bourbon family, the lilies; two and one surmounted by a crown. 

The north side of the pedestal bears the.se words" — 

WK U.VVH BKKX 

CONTKMPOR.\RIi;S .\Xn KKULOW-WORKKKS IX TUK C.\l'SK 

OK 1.IBERTV 

-\X1> WK H.WK LIVKO TOGETHER 

.\S BROTHERS SHOl-I.n DO 

IX H.\RM0X101S KRIKXnSHIP 

And beneath — 

1!V THE COXORESS, M.VV XXIV. MUCCCCH 

The original letter was discoveretl in the archives of the 
Chateau Rochambeau and was brought to the United States by 
the grand nephew of the Marshal. A copy of it is in possession 
of the Government at Washington. The pede.stal is the work of 
L. Laurent, architect. The casting by Val d'Osiie. 

The artist seeks to render, as much by the manner of the 
person as by the expression of the face, the characteristic 
traits of this interesting figure among the last marshals of the 
ancient monarchy. 

It was the sculptor's aim to represent RoCH.\MBK.\r as he 
was. the full type of the soldier of the old regime. 

Although his birth, accomplishments, and training appealed 
to the brilliant indolence of court life, he always preferred the 
rude hazard of distant campaigns. 

"Wa.shingtim to Rocii.vmbe.\1". February i, 17S4. 



M. FERNAND HAMAR 




< 



The Mo)iii)ii('iif 39 

III the physiosj;iioiiiy of his hero the sculptor expresses also 
the idea of loyalty, honesty, and regard for order and disci- 
pline, to which, as history records, the Congress at Philadelphia 
rendered homage when the subject passed through that city. 

The figure is also designed to give expression to the man 
considered by the King best qualified to carry out his purposes 
in sending aid to the "insurgents" in America. 

WORK APPROVED 

The original at Vendome was received with the highest com- 
mendation by the experts of the French world of art. The 
enlarged reproduction receives the same favorable judgment of 
the best authorities in America. 

SCII.PTOR 

The author of the monument, a native of \'endome, the birth- 
place of his subject, was born in 1869. He entered the school 
of fine arts, having Cavalier and Barras as masters. He exhib- 
ited at the Salon of the Champs Elysses, where he frequently 
distinguished himself. In 1900 the committee of the town of 
\'endome charged him to execute a monument to the memory 
of Marshal de Roch.\jibe.\u. to adorn his native town. Two 
years later the Government of the United States engaged him 
to execute another after the same design, to correspond in 
dimensions to that of Marquis de Lafayette in Lafayette Park 
at Washington. 



^ 



SCHEDULE OF EVENTS 

CONNECTED WITH 

THE UNVEILING OF THE MONUMENT OF 
ROCHAMBEAU 

HONORS TO THE FRENCH MISSION 

HOSPITALITIES TO REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FAMILIES 

OF ROCHAMBEAU AND LAFAYETTE 

"GUESTS OF THE NATION" 



Ai 



EVENTS OF THE DAY 

SATfRitAV. May 17 



^ 



ARRIVAL (^K THH CIVIL •GIKSTS' 
AT NKW VcmK 



RENE. COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU 

Born 1866, second son of Ntarquis and Marquise de Rochambeau, who in 1881 were t^ 
guests of the Goverti'ment of the United" Stfites ^mijisf the celebration of the centennial 
of the surrender of the British army at Yorktown. He is the head of the family through 
the death of his elder brother and during the minority of his nephew. He has taken 
the grades of the faculty of letters, sciences, and law of Paris. At one time he contem- 
plated a diplomatic career. which^l|ijwever, was abandoned for letters and agriculture. 
Remarried in 1S94 Mademoiselle Rouxel. 

,!K! 



ARRIVAL OF THE CIVIL "GUESTS" 

The steaiuor '/'oio-niiir. of I, a Conijiaiiiiic Ceiicralc Traiis- 
Atlanliquc, which anivcil at her pier in New Voik on Saturday. 
Ma\- 17, igoj, had annMii;' her passengers — 

Comic RciK- ami Coiiitcssc di' Roclianiljeau, represciiliii.n tlu- family t)f 
the connnanikr in ihii f of tin- auxiliary army of France in Ihc American 
Revolution. 

La Comtesse dc Chamliruii, formerly Miss I.oui^w ortli, of Ciiu'inuali, 
wife of tlie older brother of \icomtc de Cliandinni. 

M.Croisel. member of the French Institute, dean of the I'acultyof Letters 
of I'aris. 

M. I.an'rave, French comnussioner-jicneral to tlie Louisiana I'urehase 
l-^xposition, rcpresentini; the iiHiustry of connnerce. 

I\L Jean I'.uillennu, subdireclor of the cabinet of the foreij;ii minister. 

M. Renouard. painter and engraver, reiH'esentinj;" the nuinslry of public 
in.struction. 

RI. Robert ile liilly. secretary of embassy. 

M. I'ernand llam.u, sculptor of the Koeu vmiiiiat statue. 

JL Ilatnar, pere. 

I'pon the sii^nalini; of the Touraine from llie Hiohlands, 
M. Jules Hieiifve, chancellor of the French eiid)assy at Wash- 
ington, and Mr. J. IL Reynolds, .secretary to the mayor of New 
York, proceeded down the bav, and going' ahoaril the Touraine 
extended first greetings to the incoming giie.stsof the nation. 

At the ])ier the distinguished parl\- was met hy ^L Hrnwaert, 
French consnl-general at Xew York, ComtevSahtmetle Lafayette, 
and several others. 

43 



i:vr.xTs OF 


THK 


DAY 


MtiNK-W Mav lo 




•:t? 






COMTH8SI-; UK ROCHAMHK 


\r ANI> THE 


n.VT'GHTKRS OF THE 


AMERICAN Ri:VO- 


I.l"TION— A ri;STIVK 


■ALI.IANCi: • AT 


THK INIOX 


I.EAl 


.rE 



44 



THE COUN 



COMTE DE LAFAYETTE 
I'aiil-Marit Joseph de PoiircH deSahunr Du Mutier 

t'oriner officer of cavalry, Chevalk-r of the tegiou ofllonor. fbrcampni^s in Senegal 
an<^ t^e French Sudan; greal grandson t>f General I,afHyet(ie'a«d brother of the Marquis 
<le Lafnvetlc, actual head of the nijuic atid arms of the family of the General. 

■^'. ConiU' 
,-•) ivimus Reed, im 'i wi'nis mi v^n-cliug 

I'-ral of the National 



\\K 



tini. 



the end 



THE COUNTESS AND "THE DAUGHTERS" 

'I? 

At 3 o'clock in the afternoon of Monday, May 19, the Coni- 
tesse de Rochainbeau received a delegation from the National 
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution appointed 
by Mrs. Charles W. Fairbanks, president-general, consisting of — 

Mrs. Sylvanus Reed, regent of the Manhattan Chapter, New York. 

Mrs. Althea R. Bedle, of New Jersey, vice president-general of the 
National Society. 

Mrs. J. Heron Grossman, of Tarrytown, N. Y., vice president-general. 

Mrs. S. V. White, regent »f the Fort Greene Chapter. 

Miss Mary Van Buren Vanderpool, regent of the Mary Wa.shington 
Chapter. 

Mrs. Frederick Hasbrouck, regent of the Knickerbocker Chapter. 

Mrs. A. G. Mills, of the Mary Washington Chapter. 

The ladies were met by the Comte de Lafayette, followed 
soon after by the Conite and Comtesse de Rochambeaii. 

Mrs. Sylvanus Reed, for the society, in words of greeting 
said : 

Madame la Comtesse: Mrs. Fairbanks, president-general of the National 
Society of the Daughters of the .\merican Revolution, has delegated us to 
welcome, in the name of that society, one whose name has been for a 
century and a quarter pronounced from childhood with gratitude by every 
American citizen. 

In the darkest hour of the war for .\merican Independence a gleam of 
light and hope cheered the heart of Washington and his arnij-, when the 
Comte DE RoCH.\MBE.\U arrived and landed his troops on the shores of 
Rhode Island, where he was welcomed by General Sullivan, whose forces 
he joined. 

We rejoice that the statue which the nation has erected should be 
unveiled by a lady who bears his name and who represents the nation 
whose friendship has been our pride and tower of strength since that 
famous October da}-. May the two great Republics of the world be allied 
to the end of time. 

45 



46 



Till- Countess ami ""'/'/if D(iiti;/i/irs" 



The Comtesse de Rochambeau in response said: 
llv Kiislisli may not be very understandalile, Init 1 hope my gratitude 
ami rospei-t for my guests ami the couulry they represent will l>e. I may 
also thank you and your countrymen in behalf nf my liusluind. We wish 
we couhl stay longer in your delightful city. If any of you are ever in 
France we shall be most pleaseil to see you at our home. 

A deleg;ttion from the French Society of RoCHAMBEAf of New 
York, iu iiniforni. came in soon after to pay res{>ects. 



KKSTIVK 'ALLIANCK AT THK INION 1.KALUE 

In the evening Cornelius X. Bli.ss, of the Cabinet of President 
McKiuley. president of the I'nion League, entertained at the 
ohihhouse Gen. Horace Porter. American amba.ssador to France, 
and the French visitors as guests of honor at dinner. 

In addition to the host and General Porter, there were, 
present — 



Couite Rene de RtKliainlieau 

M. Croiset 

M. Michel Lagrave 

M. Guillemiii 

M. de Billy 

N'icomte de Chanibrun 

M. Kdmund Brnwaert 

Conimander Raymonil Roilgers, 

U. S. Navy 
Comte Sahune ile I^ifayette 
John W". Griggs 
Thomas I.. James 
James \V, Alexander 
Gev>rge G. Haven 
John A. McCall 
Herliert P. Brown 
I'leorge \V. Perkins 
Charles W. Gould 
James \V. Beekman 
Thomas H. Woixl 
l.onis Stern 
Chiirles A Moore 



Abraui S. Hewitt 
I<evi P. Morton 
Mayor Low 
Whitelaw Reid 
Morris K. Jessup 
I-ranklin Muq)hy 
Nevada N. Stranahan 
Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler 
J. Edward Sinniions 
John Clafliu 
John S. Kennetly 
Charles Stewart Smitli 
Edward D. Adams 
Robert W. De Forest 
James G. Cannon 
George R. Sheldon 
L. C. Weir 
John A. Sleicher 
F. C. Wagner 
George S. Terry 
Cornelius N. Bliss 



EVENTS OF THE HAY 

TvKsnAV. May >j 

SALl'T! "LH GAULOIS" 
THE "GUESTS" AT \VASHINGT()N 



4S 



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SAIL AHON ! 

'ISf of .^ 



it- 
LE CUJRAJSSf: DESCADRE "LE GAULOIS',, ,, 

[uadrou, Rear-Adniiral Higginson commanding, 
iiL in greeting to the Frenchman. 



to 
sent tip til*"- col- 



The mom 


.? was s 


1,. t,.,„„.i-; 


colors c 




Frenchi 




li 



m^ 



SAIL AHOY! 

On tlie nioriiing of May 20, the French armored cniiser 
Gau/ois, Captain de Surgy coniinaiidiiig, having on board the 
members of the Mihtary and Na\al Mission, sent by President 
L/Oubet in response to the invitation of the Government of 
the United States to represent the "French Government and 
people" at the unveihng of the Rochambhai' monument, ap- 
peared in the offing off the capes of Virginia at the entrance to 
Chesapeake Bay. The American escorting squadron, in wait- 
ing outside since vSunda\-, consisting of the cruiser Olynipia, 
flagship, and battle ships Kcanarge and Alabama, of the North 
Atlantic Squadron, Rear-Admiral Higginson commanding, 
steamed out in greeting to the Frenchman. 

INTKKN.\.TION".M, HONORS 

The moment the Gau/ois was sighted, the Olynipia sent up to 
the topmast the national colors of France and fired a national 
salute of 2 1 guns. The Frenchman promptly sent up the col- 
ors of the United States, firing an equal number of responsive 
guns. The Ktarsargc and Alabania successively extended 
similar honors, the Frenchman reciprocating. 

As soon as the Gaulois came near enough Rear-Admiral 
Higginson, putting off in his launch, boarded the Gau/ois. to 
pay his respects to \'ice- Admiral Fournier, the senior naval 
officer, and salute the other members of the Mission. 

The American Rear-Admiral returned aboard his flagship and 
the great machines of war heading inward at 7 a. m. pa.ssed 
the capes in single column, the Gau/ois leading, the American 
S. D(.c. 537, 59-1 4 49 



50 Oil to Jf iis/tiiii^/oii 

squadron followiiii^ in the order of their sahite. Upon clearintj 
the entrance the ships in the same formation pointed up the hay 
at moderate speed, plowing the very waters and in sight oi' the 
very shores where De Grasse with his gallant men behind the 
gnns of France readied conclusions with Graves on the sea and 
held Cornwallis hotlled up in the bay. 

At 4 p. m. the S((uadron and its charge anchored for the night 
off Cove Point at the mouth of tlie Patuxent River, Maryland. 

As a mark of recognition of tlie international character of 
the event and as an evidence of appreciation of the significance 
of the commemoration, the French Government sent its repre- 
sentatives to the shores of America in a vessel of the best type 
of modern construction in a navy so celebrated for its partici- 
pation in American affairs a century and a quarter ago. 

Aside from the ceremonial prestige of its presence, the Gaulqis 
constituted an object lesson in the naval architecture of the 
Republic of France at the beginning of the twentieth, as Lc 
Lam/uedoc, La Bourgognc, and La I We dc Paris stood for the 
best types afloat toward the close of the eighteenth century. 

ox TO WASHINGTON 

The unofficial guests of the nation, who had been enjoy- 
ing many cjuiet hospitalities among their friends in New York, 
departed from New York for Washington in a special car. 
On the waj-thej' tarried a few hours at Philadelphia, the Comte 
and Comte.sse de Rochambeau to attend a luncheon in their 
honor by personal friends, the others meanwhile to visit Inde- 
pendence Hall, the United States Mint, Fairmount Park, and 
other jioints of intere.st, continuing the journey at 5.25 p. m., 
reaching their destination at S.30 p. m. 

As the party alighted at the Washington station, thej^ were 
met by M. Jules Bceufve, chancellor of the French embassy, and 
Mr. Edwin Morgan, .secretary to the President's commission 
who escorted them to their place of residence while in the cit>-. 

Almost simultaneously appeared M. Jules Cambon, ambas- 
sador, and suite of the French embassy staff to give cordial 
greeting to their distinguished countrymen. 



EVENTS OF THE DAY 

WEDNESDAY', May 21 



rib 



LE GAULOIS AT ANNAPOLIS— NAVAL 
HONORS — PRESIDENTS COMMISSION 
WELCOMES THE FRENCH MISSION- 
AUTHORITIES OF THE UNITED STATES 
NAVAL ACADEMY TENDER THE COUR- 
TESIES OF THE STATION IN BEHALF 
OF THE U. S. NAVY— DEPUTATION 
FROM THE FRENCH EMBASSY EXTEND 
CORDIAL GREETINGS TO THEIR 
COUNTRYJIEN 



52 




/ 



THE PRESIDENTS COMMISSION 

Herbert H D. Peirce Col. Theodore A. BiNr.nAM 

Third Assistant Sicretary o/Stetg _ ;, . - ^U\]S. 4trn}' 

Commauder Raymond P. Rodgers 

' U. S. Nam ■ ' ' 





.ur; "T 



M 



t. .n.L'. 



THE " GAULOIS " AT ANNAPOLIS 

At 9 o'clock oil tlie following luorniug the vessels weighed 
anchor and continued their voyage to their prearranged anchor- 
age, about 5 miles below the United vStates Naval Academy at 
Annapolis, Md., which the\ reached at ii a. m. This was the 
first modern French battle ship of the first class ever seen in 
American waters. 

vkkstu;k ok thk states 

At the time there was quite a representation of the American 
Navy in the roads off the waters of the Severn, including the 
first-class battle ship India)ia, auxiliary cruiser Gloucester, sail- 
ing training ship Chesapeake, double-turretted monitor Terror, 
naval tug Standish, torpedo boat (No. i6) Gzvin, submarine 
boat (No. 54) Holland, and dispatch boat Dolphin. These, 
together with the escorting squadron, carried 77 great guns in 
their main batteries and represented about 50,000 tonnage and 
as much indicated horsepower. 

This warlike scene was enhanced in spectacular effect by the 
bright sunshine above and the placid waters beneath. 

.\KKIV.\L OF THK I'RKSIDENT'S COMMISSION 

In anticipation of the arrival of the Gaulois. the commis- 
.sion, representing the President, arrived from Washington at 
9.15 a. m.: 

Mr. Herbert H D, Peirce, Third .\s.sistant Secretary of State, chairman; 
Col. Theodore .\. Binjjhani, U. S. .Army, aid to the President; 
Commander Raymoiul V. Rodger.s, U. S. Navy; 

.S3 



54 Tl"' '' Criiu/ois''' at Aiuiapolis 

who were accompanied by — 

M. Pierre de Margerie, counselor; 
Capt. Paul Vif;iial, military attachij; 

Ivieutenaiit-Comniaiuler Cointe <le Farainoiid. naval attach;!-: 
M, I.ouis Herinite, attache^; 

all of the French embassy. 

The party at once drove to the wharf, where they embarked 
on the dispatch boat /><»//>/////, Capt. Albert Cleaves. 

At 1 1 .30 a. m. the Dolphin, getting mider way, steamed slowly 
toward the (iaiilois, which, with the e.scort ships, was off Green- 
berr\- Point light-house, about 5 miles distant. Her jack at the 
nioniciit was fluttering at the bow, the signal of anchoring, let- 
ting go at 12.50 meridian as \.\\ft Dolphiu with her ceremonial 
connnission came up. 

The escort anchored in position, tlie Olympia, flagship, 20QII 
yards on the bow of the Gaulois, the Alabama and /\'tarsari;e 
taking berths below the Olyiiipia at points ecjuidistant. 

N.VV.VI. Ci)lRTK.SIES 

The battle ship /inliaiia. which lay between Annapolis and 
the light-house, opened the ceremonial function by hoisting a 
signal. The Alal>ai>ni resjionded with a signal, wlTereupon 
the Gaulois fired a national salute of 21 guns, followed by her 
band playing " Le Marseillaise." 

.•\t the conclusion of these jireliminaries the President's com- 
mission, in a laiuich from the Polphiti. proceeded to the Gaulois, 
which as thc>- approached fired a .salute of 13 .guns. 

As they stepped upon the deck of the daidois they were 
greeted by General Hnigere, general of division, vice-president 
of the supreme coiuioil of war, and \'ice-Admiral Foumier, 
ins])ector-geueral of the navv. 

The other members of the Mis,sion were then presented — 

General Chaleiular, conimander of llic Fourth Infantry Brigade. 

Captain de Surgv. coiuniauding the annored cruiser (iaiilois. 

Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-Marc, aid-de-canip and jjersonal representative 
of the I'residcnt of the I'rcnch Rcinihlic, M. l.ouhet. 

I.ieutcnanl-Colonel Hcrniite, connnander of the Sixth Foot .\rtillery. 

Major lierthelot, aid-de-can\p to General Brug^re. 



LIEUT. COL. MEAUX SAINT-MARC {PAUL HENRI FRANCIS) 

Personal representalive of Ihc President of France 

Born 1850, ^tl,ivry. Department of Seji^^e ,et Oise, in the north of France; lieutenant- 
colonel of infantry (territorial); officer of ordnance to the President of the Republic, 
and personal representative of the President of France to the utiveiling of the 
RncH.\MnE.4(' monument. 



heart 

.11,1 



iiid of ^i 



(eiDHAm iflnai I 






The ''^ Gaiilois^^ al Ainiapolis 55 

Lieut. Andr^ Sauvairo-Juurdaiii, aiil-de-canip lo Vice-Adiniral iMiurnier. 
Lieut. Gustave le Ja}', aid-de-camp to Vice-Admiral Fournier. 
Lieut. Baron Maximilien de Reinach de Werth, aid-de-canip to Vice- 
Admiral Fournier. 

Capt. de Pouilloiie de Saint-Marc, captain of artillery. 

Capt. Etienne Killoneau, aid-dc-camp to General Brugere. 

Captain Lasson, attache of the general .staff of the governor of Paris. 

After an exchange of greeting.s the entire party withdrew to 
the ship's cabin, which was tastefully decorated with flowers, 
foliage, and fruits. Here more formal ceremonies were had. 

Mr. Peirce, speaking for the President of the United States, 
said: 

GENER.a.1,: This commission now present has been charged by President 
Roosevelt to welcome you and your colleagues to the United States in his 
name and to express to you his hope that you will enjoy your stay in our 
country and carry away with you an agreeable impression of the United 
States, its institutions, and people. On behalf of our President I bid you 
welcome. 

General Brugere, speaking for the President of France, in 
response, in his own tongue, said: 

Gentlemen; I thank you in the name of President Loubet and the 
French people for the kinil welcome which you have accorded to us. It 
is a very great pleasure to me and my colleagues to visit you on such an 
occasion of international esteem as the unveiling of the Roch.-vmbeau 
monument, and I am sure we will carry back to France the most agreeable 
recollection of our stay in your midst. 

Since our departure one incident has occurred which will stir the heart 
of every Frenchman in grateful recognition of American friendship, and 
that is the inmiediate and munificent aid which was extended to our 
stricken fellow-countrymen on the island of Martinique. Gentlemen, 1 
thank yon for your generous welcome. 

The commission after a pleasant half hour took their 
departure. On their return to the Dolphin they paid visits of 
etiquette to the Olympia and Alabama. 

At a later hour General Brugere, \'ice-Admiral Fournier, 
and their suites made their return call upon the President's 
commission, after which the Dolphin returned to Annapolis. 

Colonel Bingham departed at once for Washington to report 
tije events of the day to the President. Assistant Secretary 



56 The ^^ Gaiilois"' at Annapolis 

Peircc and Coiniiiaiidcr Rcxlgers remained to escort the French 
Mission the next morning to Wasliington for their formal 
presentation to the President. 

l.orniCT's PARTING WokDS T(J TIIK MISSION. 

The French commission, before departing on the armored 
cruiser Gaulois lxo\\\ Tonlon for the jiort of New York, official!}^ 
called upon President Louhet in Paris, who, in addressing them, 
said: 

The IkiikIs which so lonj; unitod the (Governments of the two Republics, 
:is well as the peoples of the United Stales and France, render the mission 
which you are about to accomplish particularly important, President 
Roo.sevelt has been good enough to become, at every oiiportunity, the 
mouthpiece of the sympathy uniting the two nations, and I am extremely 
pleased to let him know, through you, how much I .share these senti- 
ments. 

You will respond fully to the sentiments which impel me to send this . 
mission, represenling worthily, as you will, the army, the nav)-, and the 
universities of our dear countr}-. You are young and energetic men, 
invested with very high state functions, and you are going to a country 
where energy is a religion and where 3-outh is loved. I anticipate for j-ou 
the good welcome which that enthusiastic and mighty people beyond 
the ocean has ever reserved for those who have gone tfiere to represent 
I'rance. 

PKEI.IMIN.VKY .VTTKNTIONS TO CIYII. GUESTS 

On the following morning the civil members, as suited their 
inclinations, took an informal tour of the city in carriages or 
automobiles at their disposal. 

Ambassador Cambou meanwhile called at the White House 
to ascertain the wishes of the President with re.gard to certain 
features of the proposed events leading up to the e.Kercises of 
the un\eili!lg. 

At 1 p. m. Comte and Comte.sse de Rochambeau and the civil 
members of the Mission were entertained at luncheon by M. and 
Mnie. Cainlion. The only other guests were attaches of the 
embassy. The affair was informal, having for its object a better 
personal actpiaintance and luiderstanding between the ambas- 
.sador and his staff and the speciallx- delegated representatives 
of the "Ciovernment and peojile of France," present at the 
invitation of the Congress of the United States, to participate 
in the ceremonies arranged for the 24th. 





EVENTS OF THE DAY 






ThIKSIiAV, MAV 22 






^ 




ARRIVAL OF TIIIC FRKNCIl .HUSSION' AT 


WASHINGTON — RECEPTION BY 


THI- 


I'RES 


IDKNT OF THI". UNITED STATES 


CKRl 


Mt)XIAL CALLS— VISIT TO 


THE 


TOMB OF WASHINGTON— STATIC 


DIX- 




NI'.R AT Till'. WHITF: HOfSF 






ITINERARY 




Afiles 






l,v 


Anuiipolis. Mtl; 8. 


45 a. '". 


15 Ar 


Odi-iiton. Md 9. 


15 a, m. 


Lv 


Odcntoii, Md. 9. 


20 a. in. 


24 Ar 


Washiiigloii, D. C 10.00 a. ill. 



58 



MEMBERS OF THE ROCHAMBEAU MISSION 

Key to the group of members of the Rochamhcau Mission 

[Read from left of the picture] 

First row : Ladies seated {$) 

1. Mme. de MargeiHe. 3. Coratesse de Rochambeau. 

2. Mme. Cainbon. * 4. Mrs. Peirci-. 

> Mme. Vignal. 

Second ro7i : Chief military and navat members of tlu Mission and the }'j ■ ^uli-ni's 

commission (7) 

1. General de Chalendar, commander Fourteenth Infantry brigade. 

2. Vice-Admiral Kournier. inspector-general, of the l-'rench na\y, 

3. General Brug^re, general of di\-ision. vice-president of the supreme council of war. 

4. H. H. M. Cambou, French ambassador. 

5. Mr. Herbert H. D. Peirce. Third Assistant Secretary of State, chairman of 
President's commission. 

6. Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, aid to the President of the United States, 
member of the President's commission. 

7. Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, IT". S. Na\y, nienilx r of the President's 
commission. 

Third ro7V : Officers and civil members (7) 

1. Lieutenant-Colonel Herraite, commander of the Sixth Foot ArtiUerT,*. 

2. M. Jeau Guillemiu, subdirector of the cabinet of the foreign minister. 

3. M. Croiset. minister of the French Institute, dean of Faculty of Letters of Paris, 

4. Lieut. Col. Meaux Saiut-Marc, aid-de-camp and personal representative of Kmil 
Loubet^ President of the French Republic. 

5. RL Michel Lagrave, representing the ministry of commerce. 

6. Coitite de Sahurtt de Lafayette, representing the family of General Marquis de 
Lafaj'ette, . 

7. Comte de Rochanibeau, representing the family of Lieutenant-General Comte de 
RocHA*BEAu.Uie )>;lU;liiw'. ^v.^} 

'■'''- '■•> ' Fourthrmo: Officers ana civil members {7) 

1. (bipitaiOe l^triUoue de Sninf-Mars, of the French artillery. 

2. M. Kobert de Billy, secretary of emliassy. 

3. Major Berthelot. aid-de-canip to General Brug^re. 

4. M. Jules Boeufv^, chancellor French embassy. Washington. 

5. Lieutenant Andre Sau\'aire-Jourdan. aid-de-camp to Vice-Admiral Fouruier. 

6. Mr. Kdwin Morgan, secretary' to the President's commission. 

7. Captain Etienne Fillonneau. aid-de-camp to Genera! Brug&re. 

Fifth and last row (8) 

1. Capitaine Vignal, military attach^, French embassy at Washington. 

2. M. de Breda, French ensign. 

3. Vicomte Charles de Chambrun, attach^ of tjie French embassy at Berlin. (Great 
grandson of Marquis de Lafayette.) 

4. M. I^ouis Hennite. 

5. Capitaine Lassou. attach* of the geiiettil iia.fl of the governor of Paris. 

6. M. de Margerie, counselor of the French embassy at Washington. 

7. Baron MaximiUen de Reinach de Wcrth. aid-de-camp to Vice-Admiral Foumier. 
S. M. Aiguesparsse, attach^. 




iiui.-i 



"^ 



<* 






i". " 

411 



■c 








MISSION DEPARTS FOR THE CAPITAL 



i? 



At an i.-arl\- hour on the niornini; of the 2 2d the- Staiidis/i 
proceeded to the anchorai;e of lh<j xx'ssels of war and took 
aboard from the (iaitlois the members of the I'Vench Mission. 

Upon the arrival of the Sfaiidis/i at the wharf of the Acad- 
emy the midshipmen werechawn up at dress parade, extending 
to the Mission full military honors. At the same time a battery 
stationed near by fired a salute of 15 i;'uns. 

After the battalion of midshipmen had passed in review, the 
memliers of the Mission, attended by Mr. Peirce and Com- 
mander Rodj^ers, took carriages for the station, where a train 
was in waiting to con\'e>- them to Washington. 

Those present were General Hrugere, chief of the Mission; 
Vice-Admiral I-'ournier; General Chalendar, who.se ancestor 
was a lieutenant under Rocii.\MiiE.vu; Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint- 
Marc, of the military household of the President of France; 
Lieutenant-Colonel Hermite. of the Artillery; Major Berthelot, 
aid-de-camp to General Brugere; Captains Poniloiie de Saint- 
Mars, Artillery; Filloueau, aid to General Brugere, and Las- 
son, of the general staff of the governor of Paris; Lieutenants 
vSauvaire-Jordau, Le Jay, and Reinach le Werth, aids to \'ice- 
Admiral Fournier. 

59 



6o Mission Departs for the Capilal 

AKKIVAI. IN WASIUNC.TON" 

I'pon tlK-ir arrival at Washini;tiiii at lo a. lu.. the members of 
the Mission were received with mihtary formahties by a squadron 
of the Second U. S. Cavalry, drawn up opposite the station. 
About a dozen open carriages were also ranged at the main door. 
The first of these was that of the President, which was placed at 
the service of General Brugere, Admiral Fournier, and General 
Chalendar, who occupied it, accompanied by As.si.stant Secretary 
Peirce. 

The cortege, preceded by a detachment of horse and liicycle 
police, followed by the cavalry and the line of carriages, pro- 
ceeded to the White House by Pennsylvania avenue. 

In expectation of their arrival. M. Cambon, ambassador of 
France; Mme. Camlx>n; M. de Margerie; Counselor and Mme. 
de Margerie; Captain and Mme. \'ignal: Lieutenant Comte de 
P'aramond, and M. Jules B<i:'ufve, chancellor of the Frencli 
emba.ssy, reached the White House earlier and were .shown to 
the Red Parlor. A few minutes after Comte and Comtesse de" 
Rochambeau ; Comte vSahune de Lafayette; M. Croiset, of the 
French Institute; "W. Lagrave, of the ministry of commerce; 
M. Guillemin, of the cabinet of the foreign minister; M. Re- 
nouard, painter and engraver ; M. de Billy, secretary of_embassy, 
and X'icomte de Chambrun reached the White House and were 
shown to the Red Parlor, where they joined the amba.ssador 
and suite. 

At the same time the Secretaries of State, War, and Xa\-y and 
other members of the Cabinet were gathered in the F)ast Room 
to a.ssi.'it the President in welcoming the French envoys and 
guests of the nation. Lieutenant-General Miles, Admiral ' 
Dewey, General Porter, amba.ssador of the United States to 
France, Senators and Representatives and a number of specially 
invited ladies in official life were present. 

AT TIIK W lUTH IIOr.SE 

I'pon Liitcring the grountls the cavalr\' rapidly advanced and, 
forming in line fronting the north facade of the White House, 
presented .sabers as the members of the Mission drove up. 



Mission Departs for tlir Capital 6i 

At the steps of the north jiortico Colonel Bingham, repre- 
sentint;' the President, and se\-end members of the embassy of 
France met the Mission and conducted them to the Red Parlor. 
The moment they alighted, a salute of artillery was fired from 
a battery on the Ellipse south of the Mansion. 

At 10.30 a. m., the hour appointed, the entire personnel of the 
French embassy, Military Mission, and civil guests thus assem- 
bled in the Red Parlor were escorted by Colonel Bingham to 
the East Room, where the President, the members of his official 
household, the heads of the Army and Navy, and a few invited 
to be present, was ready to gi\'e them audience and greeting. 

As the distinguished strangers entered the salon from the 
grand corridor, the ofBcers in the tniiforms of high rank in 
the French army, the ambassador wearing radiant decorations, 
and the personnel of the emliassy in court dress, the civil mem- 
bers in full dress, and ladies in suitable toilet, the .scene was 
particularly brilliant and impressive. 

In the group of which the President was the central figure 
the civil dress dominated, relieved, however, by the uniforms of 
the admiral and general officers, and rich toilets of the ladies. 

PRESIDKXTI.VI, WKLCOJIK 

When M. Cambon, ambassador of France, presented General 
Hrugere, the President advanced his hand and gave him a most 
hearty welcome as the envoy of President Loubet. He made 
greeting equally cordial to Admiral Fournier and to the other 
members of the Mission as they were introduced by Ambassador 
Cambon. The ceremony of presentation extended some time 
beyond the jirearranged schedule, owing to the President being 
engaged in an earnest conversation with General Brugere and 
Admiral Fournier which lasted nearl\- three-quarters of an hour. 

U])on leaving the White House, the ladies of the party re- 
turning to the hotel, General Brugere and the members of the 
Mission made calls of etiquette upon the Secretaries of State, 
War, and Navy, Lieutenant-General Miles, Admiral Dewey, 
and the ambassadors accredited to Wa.shington. 



62 Mission Drparls for iJir Capilal 

IN IMKMOKV Ol" WASHINGTON 

In the afternoon the naval yacht Sylph conveyed the mem- 
bers of the Mission, who were attended by Assistant Secretary 
Peirce, to Mount Vernon. 

The matisoleuni was opened in honor of the distinguished vis- 
itors. Ambassador Cainbon, General Brugere, \'ice-Admiral 
p-ournier, and a few others entered the sacred precincts. Gen- 
eral Brugere, in the name of the French Government, deposited 
upon the tomb of Washington a magnificent wreath of laurel 
adorned with tricolor ribbons. 

The Comte de Rochambeau planted a young maple tree, 
which .sprung upon the field of Yorktown where Rgcii.vmbeau 
fought by the side of Washington. General Brugere and the 
other French officers put the fini.shing touches to the com- 
memorative act b}' taking u]) the .s]>ade and casting earth 
around the foot of the tree. 

The entire party were then shown through the mansion by 
the .superintendent, who pointed out and explained the relics 
associated with the name of Roch.\mbk.'VU. 

At the conclusion of these tributes of remembrance, the party 
again boarding the .Sj'//"//. returned to Washington. 

DINNER OF STATIC 

In the evening at the usual ceremonial hour, S o'clock, took 
place the .state dinner, given at the White Hou.se in honor of 
the guests. 

The President sat at the head of the table, with Mine. 
Cambon at his right and the Comtesse de Rochambeau on 
his left. 

THE GUESTS 

The guests, which numbered 5S, were — 

The Secrelar)- of .Stale The Secretary of the Nav\- 

The Secretary of War ami Mrs. The Secretarv of .Xnriculture ami 

Root Mis.s Wilson 

The Postmaster-General and Mrs. Jliss Roo.sevelt 

I'avne Mi.ss Carow 



xMissioii Departs for the Capilal 



63 



The vSecretary to the President 

Col. Theoclpre A. Bingham 

The French Ambassador and Mme. 

Cambon 
General Brugere 
Vice-Admiral Ernest Fournier 
Conite and Comtesse de Rochani- 

beau 
Comte Paul de Sahune de Lafayette 
M. Alfred Croiset 
General of Brigade Ferdinand de 

Chalendar 
Captain de Surgy, Commander of 

the Gaulois 
Lieut. Col. Paul Meaux Saint-Marc. 
IVI. Lagrave 

M. and Jlme. De Margerie 
M. Jean Guillemin 
Lieut. Col. Warcel Hermite 
JL Renouard 
M. Robert de Billy 
Maj. Henri Berthelot 
Lieut. Commander de Faramond de 

Lafajolle 
Captain and Mme. Vignal 
M. Jules Bceufv^ 
Lieut. Andre Sauvaire-Jourdan 
Lieut. Gustave Le Jay 



Lieutenant Baron i\Iaxiniilicn de 

Reinach de Wertli 
Capt. Pouilloiie de Saint-Mars 
Capt. Etienne Filonneau 
Capt. Henri Lasson 
M. Louis Hermite 
\'iconite Charles de Chanilirun 
M. Ferdinand Haniar 
M. Henri E. Gourd 
Senator Wetmore 
Senator Lodge 
Senator Cullom 
Senator Morgan 
Representative McClear}- 
Representative Hitt 
Representative Dinsmore 
Assistant Secretary of State David 

J. Hill 
Herbert H. D. Peirce 
Admiral Dewey 
Lieutenant-General Miles 
Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young 
Commander Raymond P. Rodgers 
Gen. Horace Porter 
Cardinal Gibbons 
The Bishop of Washington 
S. P. Langley 
E<lvvin \'. Jlorgau 



TO THE HE.\LTH OK LOURET 



During the dinner the President rising, his guests following, 
proposed' the health of the President of the French Republic and 
the people of France. The Frencli ambassador responded in a 
toast "to the President of the-lTnited States," upon which 
he uttered a few well-chosen sentiments addressed especially 
to the President. Secretary Hay in turn offered a sentiment 
''to the members of the Roch.\mbeau Mission," to which 
General Brugere responded. 



KVKXTS OF THE DAY 

HRin.vY. May .•; 

/^OOSE \ELT - 1. 01 BE T 

Tin-: PRESIDENT ON "LE GAl'LOIS" 
RETfRNS TO WASHINGTON— DIN- 
N1:R at the FRENCH EMBASSY 





ITIXERAKV 








ADVA.NCK SPECIAI, 






Miles 








o I.v. 


W.*^shiugtoii. 11. C 


. 9-3° «■ 


m 


J4 Ar, 


Odeiitoii. Md 


. 10.05 «■ 


m 


I.V. 


Odt-moii. Md 


. 10.10 a. 


ni 


15 Ar 


,\nnuiKMis. Md 

rRKSIl>KNT'S SPECIAL 


10.40 a. 


ni 


I.v 


Washinst^'*". !"*■ C 


10.50 a. 


ni 


Ar 


,\nti:»iKiIis. Md. , 

KKTVRN- 


ii.jioa. 


in 


I.v 


.\nnapoli.<, Md 


4.00 p. 


m 


15 Ar 


Odi-lUoil. Md. 


4,-op- 


m 


Lv 


Odcllloil. Md. . 


4 a5 P 


lU 


J4 Ar 


Washington, I). C. 


5 '5 P- 


ni 



64 




VICE ADMIRAL FOURNIER, 
France. 



FETE 



At 9.30 on the morninij of ^fa 
Canlois in advance of the l^-AMIRAL fournier 

' ■' ■ '-' ■ ' ■■ Ot ^'^^f atf tfescadre (chihf of squadron) i-.i.;ii>,;,j.l 

VlCE^Al)MrRAL FOURNIER. inspector-general of movable defenses and submarine 
atatiofis, officer of the l^egion of Honor, entered tlie navalschool i(i 1859. Served exten- 
sively in 'the waters of Cochin China, Korea: Lieutenant de Vaisseau. In Uie Franco- 
' I'ruasian -war commanded a company of marines and led the column nf assanlt on 
ij ■ Bourget, the Ipattaliou losing 254 men and 10 officers killed and woundedj aid to the 
commander in chief of the Mediterranean squadron; captain de frigate at 37. years; 
aid to minister of marine; made a fourth voyage tO China; in the operations off Ton- 
( kin; arranged the basis of an agreement between France and China. At lie king ^rew 
up and signed the treaty of Ma>' II, 1SS4; Capitan de Vaisseau; flag captain and chief of 
' staff during a cruise in the Pacific; rear-admiral and chief of the naval dirision of Indo- 
china, later of the Atlantic^ later of the inarine in Algiers; organized and\?ontjiianded 
the division of cruisers constituting the first school of warof the na\->-of France; vice- 
admiral maritime' prefect at Brest; commandant of the Mediterranean sqn&dron 
dttiing the Fashoda affair: member of the supreme council of the marine; permanent 
inspector-general of movable defenses and submarine stations; author of a number of 
\' scientifib-works on maritime subjects, including Variations of th4 Compass (for which 
\\ ''*''^*'"''^''^ ^" °®''P!' S?i?''*;I^Si?°l!9^ i¥9R°^)vft"4~'py'^l°''ss, The Forms of Less 
Resistance on Keels, etc. ' ' 

i'l-:!, ■. : r,,-:,g t!,- '.jto:uc:!'r Mv\ Siandish earned Ccu- 

cral Brugere and his party aboard the Gaulois, which laj' about 

i special " left WashinKton an honr later. 
!ghter, and ; 

i,;ui;; r. ' • 

nnd Mme. 

Secretary of the Navy, Rear- A 



-; Surgeon-General Rixey, Colonel 
Winston, U. S. Navy, 



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VICE ADMi 



NAVAL FETE 



At 9.30 oil the morning of May 23, in order to reach th,e 
Gaulois in advance of the President, General Brugere and the 
other members of the Rochambeau Mission left Washington 
for Annapolis. 

Accompanying them were Lieutenant-General Miles, Admiral 
Dewey, Assistant Secretary Peirce, Captain Rodgers, and Mr. 
Morgan, of the executive committee, representing the President; 
General Corbin; General Porter, ambassador to France; Mr. 
Gourd, president of the French Chamber of Commerce of New 
York, and eight ladiesr 

Upon their arrival at Annapolis the members of the Mission 
and those with them were received by two officers of marines 
stationed at the naval school, who conducted them to the wharf, 
where they were joined by the governor of Maryland, Mr. John 
Walter Smith, also one of the invited guests. 

From the landing tlie Gloucester and S/audish carried Gen- 
eral Brugere and his party aboard the Gau/ois, which lay about 
S miles below. 

The "President's special" left W^ashington an hour later. 
Besides the President, his daughter, and sister-in-law. Miss 
Emily Tyler Carow, in this party were the French ambassador 
and Mme. Cambon, the Secretary of War and Mrs. Root, the 
Secretary of the Navy, Rear-Admiral Taylor, Mr. Foss, Rep- 
resentative from Illinois, chairman of the Committee on Naval 
Affairs; Secretary and Mrs. Cortelyou, Mrs. Lodge, wife of the 
Senator from Massachusetts; Surgeon-General Rixey, Colonel 
Bingham and Lieutenant-Commander Winston, U. S. Navy, 
aids to the President, and Mrs. Winston. 

S. Hoc. 537, 59-1 5 65 



66 A^ava/ File 

A ni villi; at Annapolis at 11.30, the President was received 
1)\- Conimaiitlant W'ainwrij^lil, SnperinleiideiU of the Xa\al 
Academy, and Lieutenant Sei.^enenmeier, his aid. 

.Moui; the streets traversed li\ the President and party were 
stationed a (U)uhle line of I'nited .States marines and National 
CUiard of Maryland, who stood at "present." The hattalion of 
na\al cadets was in line on the parade. As the President and 
parly passed the\' jire.seiitetl arms, tlriims rufTled, and the cor])S 
hand played the "Star-Spangled Banner." 

.Vrrivini; at the wharf the President and suite look seats in 
the launches awaitins;' them, in which the\- were carried out to 
the ilisjialch hoat Pol^hni. 

The trip of 5 miles hetween ihe wharf and the Gatdois was 
i[uicklN' ctwered, and although without incident the marine 
.scene presented was extremely enchanting. 

When the Dolphin reachetl the anchorage of the ships of v;ir 
the three American escort ves.sels — O/vmpia, Alabanni, and 
Ktarsa>xc — fired a Presidential salute t)f 21 guns. 

ON UO.\KI) Tin; "C.Ml.OIS" 

The small boats of the Dolphin transferred the President 
and suite to the Gauhis. As the Pre.sident reached the deck 
of the French crui.ser he was greeted by Amba.s.sador Camlion, 
General Brugere, and Vice- Admiral Fournier, the guard being 
paraded and at "present. " 

The President was at once conducted to the main cabin of 
Vice-Admiral Fournier, where the other members of the Mis- 
sion were in waiting. After a brief interchange of courtesies 
with the French otKcers, the President, having exj>re.ssed a de- 
sire to be -shown through the ship while awaiting breakfast, 
which woidd be .served in an hour, \"ice- Admiral Fournier 
performed that agreeable duty. The President took a lively 
interest in the armament and arrangement of the Caiilois. Mr. 
Foss, who was in company with the President in his tour of 
obser\-atiou, also manifested great interest in the design and 
distribution of weights, economics, and metal. It was remarked 
that the .llabama, one of the escort vessels anchored near by, 



Ncwa/ Fete 67 

lliL- latest of thu Uuitcil vStatcs aniioicd ships, resciiii)k'il in cer- 
tain particulars the French ciiirasse, having the same tonnage, 
the same draft, and tin.' same armament. 

liKKAKFA.ST To Till'; I'KIC'^IDICNT 

The equipment for breakfast was improvised on the qnarter- 
deck, under a pavilion formed of Krench and American flags, and 
artistically decorated with plants antl llowers, especially Ameri- 
can Beauty and Jactjueminot roses. 

The service — china, cut ware, and plate — was brought from 
the Palace of the Elysee at Paris, in charge of an officer of the 
Gatitois, in anticipation of ceremonial and festive events grow- 
ing out of the interchange of ho.spitalities. 

About too persons occupied seats at the table. The Presi- 
dent held the place of honor at the center, directly under the 
muzzles of the two great 30 centimeters (12-iuch guns), which 
protruded from the after-turret of the Gaulois. Facing the 
President was a grouping of American flags surrounding an 
eagle with outspread wings and surmounting the escutcheon 
of the United States in electric lights with a ribbon inscribed 
" \\ pluribus nnum." 

The President had at his right Mrs. Root, wife of the Secre- 
tary of War, and General Brugere, at his left Mrs. Lodge,, wife 
of the Senator from Ma.ssachusetts, and Vice- Admiral Fournier. 
Mme. Cambon, wife of the French amba.ssador, .sat facing the 
President. A place of honor was also assigned to the governor 
of Maryland, by the side of whom sat Admiral Dewey. 

The ship's band, which was stationed on the lower deck, 
performed choice selections from its repertoire. 

INTKRNATIONAI. 1-1CI.ICIT.\TI()NS 

During the dessert Ambassador Cambon rose and in the name 
of the Pre.sident of the Republic of France extended a cordial 
welcome to all jire.sent on the soil of France, represented by the 
Caiilois. He was specially affable in his allusions to the Pre.si- 
dent, in whose hands he said the liberties so precious to the 



68 Naval Fete 

American people were a surety. The ambassador eloquently 
recalled the object of the Mission of General Brugere, lioping 
the close amity which for more than a century had united the 
people of France to the people of the United States would be 
perpetuated by future generations. 

The amba.ssador concluded in drinking to the health — 

of the President of the glorious American Republic, which had given the 
example of popular liberty not only to France but to the entire world. 

In propo.sing the health of the President of the United States, 
Ambassador Cambon said in the presence of the Chief Mag- 
istrate of the United States he desired to mention the fact of 
being the direct and personal representative of M. Loubet, 
President of the French Republic. 

The President happily responded, speaking with profound 
deliberation. He apparently measured his words, realizing the 
international character of the fete on the deck of the Ganlois. 

RICM.^RKS OK THK PRICSIDEN'T 

Sir. .Vnibassador, General Brugere, Admiral Fournier, and you who are 
our hosts and guests to-day: I thank you with all my heart in the name 
of our people for what this Mission means. We appreciate what France 
(lid in senc'ing it, and we appreciate what was implied in the choice of 
those who were sent here. Through you. Monsieur Cambon, we thank 
France for having cho.sen the General and the .\dmiral to come here to us. 

One hundred and twenty years ago the valor of the soldiers and sailors 
of France exerted what was perhaps the determining influence in making 
this a free and independent nation, and because of that France must 
necessarily always occupy a peculiar position in our hearts. [Great ap- 
plause.] I thank you for the courtesy extended to me personally to-tlay. 
.\dmiral, it has been not only a pleasure but a source of profit to me to see 
this magnificent battle ship, so perfect in all its details, and to see not 
nierelv the perfection of the mechanism but the training of the men who 
handle the mechanism. I am sure I speak for the men of our Navy who 
are present to-day when I say that it has been not only a pleasure to be 
here but a source of instruction as well. 

Monsieur Cambon, I thank you also, because it has not only been an 
honor to receive this embassy, but it has been a pleasure also, and .some- 
times in this life the things of honor are not always the things of pleasure. 
They both happen to coincide in this instance. And let me in return, on 
behalf of all the people of the United States, and in the certainty that I 



Naval FNc 69 

am expressing their sincere feeling, drink to the health of Monsieur 
Eniile Loubet, President of the French Republic, and to that people, 
mighty in peace and in war. of which he is President. [Great applause.] 

The Secretary of War delivered a brief Imt happy reply. He 
recalled that the Gaulois had cast anchor in the .same water.s 
which bathed the shores of Yorktown. In closing he proposed 
as a sentiment sttitable to the occa.sion and its meaning, "The 
Army of France, ever faithful and tender in friendship, ever 
intrepid and courageous in war." 

Admiral Fournier, followin,g, made allusion to the reciprocal 
esteem which existed between the navies of the two countries, 
and propo.sed the health of President Roosevelt and the mem- 
bers of his official household. 

The Secretary of the Xavy delivered a brief address full of 
vigor of expression and felicity of thought, remarking that the 
French fleet had always come to the ITnited States on a mission 
of friendship, adding — 

When France came to our aid over a hundred years ago, .she not only 
rendered a great service to liberty, but imposed upon us a duty which 
entailed the fulfillment of a great obligation. The American people can 
say with pride that they w'ere never deceived. 

In closing his remarks Mr. Moody proposed the ' ' French 
navy." He was warmly applauded. 

General Brugere followed in stirring words concerning the 
Arm}- of the United States. 

Creneral Brtigere said: 

I drink to the health of the Army and I welcome here the chiefs of the 
Army, at its head the President of the United States, who is a real 
soldier — a soldier to the core and who has proved it. We have before us 
to-day, on the eve of to-morrow's ceremonies, remembrances of the war 
for Independence, when the American and French armies fought side by 
side under the guidance of the same general, who led them to victory. 
How could I forget on this American soil, steeped in the blood shed in 
common for right and liberty, the bond of close friendship which united 
two countries in those days, which have survived the most critical times, 
and which will maintain themselves in the future, whatever may come. 

Can I not remind you that when General Washington died the F'rench 
army mourned him as it would one of her chiefs, and the F'rench flag was 
covered with crape for ten days. Feeling deeply these sentiments of 



■JO Na7'a/ FNc 

solid and close friendship, I send a cordial j^reetinj^ in tile name of the 
descendants of the Rochambeau soldiers to the descendants of the 
soldiers of Washington. 

The General proposed ' ' the memory of Rochambeau and 
Washington." 

M. Canibon finished these inutnally felicitous flights of post- 
prandial oratory by rising and announcing as a toast of gal- 
lantry the health of Madame Roosevelt, "The First Lady of the 
Land," which was greeted with ]irolonged and loud expressions 
of approbation. 

THK GUESTS 

The guests were — 

President Roosevelt. 
Miss Roosevi-lt. 
Miss Carow. 

Governor John Walter Smith. 
Senator and Mrs. Wetmore, of Rhode Island. 
Representative George Edmund Foss, of Illinois. 
The Secretary of War and Mrs. Root. 
The Secretary of the Navy. 
Secretary and Mrs. Cortelyou. 

Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles. • 

Admiral George Dewey. 
Major-General and Mrs. Corhin. 
Ambassador Porter. 

Assistant Secretary of State Herbert H. I). Peirce. 
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army. 
Commander Raymond P. Rodgers, U. S. Navy. 
Captain Gleaves, U. S. Navy. 
Rear-.\dmiral Higginson, V . S. Navy. 
Connnander Waimvriglit, U. S. Navy. 

The members of the Military and Naval Mission of France 
Conite and Comtesse Rochambeau. 
Vicomte de Chambrun. 
■ Comte and Comtesse Lafayette and others. 

The menu of this memorable breakfast was appropriate to 
the occasion. 



Nai'iil Fete ji 

RETUKX OF THE PRESIDENT 

At the conclusion of the breakfast, accompanied by his 
daughter, sister-in-law, Secretaries Root and Mood}-, Mrs. Root, 
Mrs. Lodge, and a few others, the President, after an affable 
parting with his host, returned to his laimch and boarded the 
Dolphin. As he moved away from the Gau/ois a salute of 21 guns 
was fired. Upon landing, the President and his party drove 
rapidly and without ceremony en route to the railway station. 
He was followed by another launch which conveyed General 
Miles, Governor vSmith, Amba.ssador Porter, General Corbin, 
and others to the Standish, which landed them. As the launch 
pulled away the Gaiilois fired a salute in honor of Governor 
Smith and General Miles. 

AT WASHINGTON 

At 5.28 p. m. the special train conveying the President and 
suite on their return to the capital drew up in the station. A 
large crowd had gathered in anticipation of his arrival and 
greeted the party with great cheering. 

On the way along the platform the President grasped the 
hands of the man at the throttle and the fireman, and thanked 
the conductor for his thoughtful attention. 

The President, with his daughter and Miss Carow and Sec- 
retar}^ Loeb, entered his carriage and without formalitv drove 
to the White House. The rest of the party dro\e to their own 
residences. 

RETURN OF THE FRENCH AMBASS.\DOR 

The special train bearing the French amba.ssador and mem- 
bers of the French embassy and foreign guests entered the 
.station at 6 p. m. on their return from Annapolis, and they 
were escorted to their hotel. 

The crowd, having awaited their return, gave them a hearty 
greeting as they proceeded to their carriages and dro\-e away. 



72 A^az'a/ Fete 

BANQUET AT THK FRENCH EMBASSY 

It was the eve of the day of the unveiling;. M. and Mme. 
Cambou entertained their visiting- countrymen and women at 
a state dinner at the French embassy, representing the "Gov- 
ernment and peo])le of France. ' ' 

The banquet room, arranged for 22 guests, was a bower of 
iloral beauty, rivaled alone by the elegance of the toilet and 
felicity of madanie I'hostesse. 

The guests, with but few exceptions, were the same as those 
of the President at the White House two days before. 

General Brugcre, of the French army, and Vice-Admiral 
Fournier, of the French navj'. Count and Countess de Rocham- 
beau, Count Paul de Lafayette, M. Croiset, Vicomte de Cham- 
briui, Brigadier-General Chalendar, Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint- 
Marc, Captain de Surgy, M. Lagrave. M. Jean Guillemin, 
Lieutenant-Colonel Hennite, M. Renouard, ^L Robert de Billy, 
Major Berthelot, Lieutenant Sauvier-Jourdan, Lieut. Gu.stave le 
Jay, Baron de Werth, Capt. Poilloiie de Saint-Mars, Capt. 
Etienne Fillonneau, Capt. Henri Lasson, all of the French 
Mis.sion; the ambassador from Germany; the ambassador frOni 
Russia; the amba.ssador from Mexico and Mme. Aspiroz; the 
ambassador from Italy and Mme. Maj-or des Planches; the 
Au.strian minister and Barone.ss Hengelmiiller; the mini.ster from 
Denmark; the Swiss minister; the minister from the Nether- 
lands; Gen. Horace Porter, the ambassador to France; Sena- 
tor and Mrs. Cullom; Senator and Mrs. Wetmore; Senator and 
Mrs. Fairbanks; Senator and Mrs. Depew; Senator Hanna; 
Cardinal Gibbons; Bishop Chapelle; the fir.st Assi.stant Secre- 
tary of State, Mr. Hill; the Third As.sistant Secretary of State 
and Mrs. Peirce; Representative and Mrs. McCleary; Mrs. 
Daniel Manning; Miss Alice Roo.sevelt and Mi.ss Carow; Gen. 
S. B. M. Young; Commander R. P. Rodgers; Doctor Maguien; 
Mr. Herbert Putnam; Colonel Bingham, and Professor Gore, 
with the entire staff of the host's emba.ssy. 



Naval Fete 73 

From 9 to 1 1 p. in., during the hours of the reception, the 
band of the Gaulois played a selected repertoire of operatic and 
popular airs in front of the embassy. 

During the afternoon from 4 to 5 o'clock an open-air concert 
was given by the band of the Gaiilois in the White House 
grounds. This band, belonging to the Toulon fleet and detached 
to the Gaulois for this vo\'age. ranks foremost among organi- 
zations of its kind in the French navy. 



EVENTS OF THE DAY 



Satuki>a%', May 24 



^ 



Untied States 



France 



THE STATUE OF ROCHAMBEAU UN- 
VEILED—REVIEW OF THE "ALLIED" 
FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES AND 
FRANCE— VISIT OF COMPLIMENT TO 
THE CAPITOL AND THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS — RECEPTION AT THE 
FRENCH EMBASSY. 



74 



«, 




THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 

President of the Republic of the United States 
of America. 



THEODORE ROOSEVELT 

President of the United States 

The largest city of the American continent gave him birth, the oldest university of 
the American Republic gave him education, and the Empire Commonwealth of the 
American Union gave him his first experience in public affairs. These cardinal events 
in the career of Theodore Roosevelt transpired, respectively. 185S, 1S76, iSSi, Having 
been twice reelected as legislator, in his second term he was the candidate of his party 
for speaker. The majority being Democratic and success not political the circumstance 
nevertlieless had significance as a manifestation of his forceful relation to coordinate 
men and affairs. 

During the third period of his legislative serv'ice he was chairman of the committee 
on cities and of the special committee which investigated abuses in the government of 
New York City. 

His advent in State politics found opportunity as delegate to the Republican State 
convention of 1S84, andiu national politics as one of the four delegates at large for 
New York to the national convention which nominated James G. Blaine, Republican 
candidate for President of the United States. 

In the same year and several following he engaged in raising cattle in North Dakota; 
but retaining his metropolitan political affiliations, in 1SS6 was Republiean nominee 
for mayor of New York. In 1SS9 appointed member of the United States Civil Service 
Commission. He held that office until 1895, when he resigned to accept the presidfin<»y 
of the policp commission of Greater New York. In 1897 President McKinley appointed 
him Assistant Secretan- of the Na\'y, which he resigned the following year to become 
lieufenant-coltjnel of the First United States Volunteer Cavalry in the conflict with 
Spain. ,Iu the actualities of war he participated in the fights at Las Guasimas and 
San Juan, and was mustered out colonel, with his regiment, at Montauk. Long Island, 
September, 1S98. From this point his rise in public station was rapid. In the two 
mouths following he was nominated and elected governor of New York. In the suc- 
ceeding two years he governed wisely and progressively, received nomination and 
election to the Vice-Presidency of the United States. In less than a year the death of 
the President opened to him the succession to the chief office, to which he became his 
own successor by unanimous nomination of the Republican national convention of 
1904, the vote of two-thirds of the members of the electoral colleges of all the States, 
and a majority of upward of two and one-half million votes being in itself by a 
large majority the greatest popular indorsement given to any of his predecessors 
in the high office of President of the United States. 



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THl ^OSEVELT. 

President of the Kepubiic of ' 
of America. 



AN IMPRESSIVE COMMEMORATION 



The remiuisceiit, oratorical, and spectacular — national and 
international — were never more impressively blended iu harmo- 
nious commemoration than in the events and exercises immedi- 
ately associated with the unveiling of the monument of Comte 
DE RoCHAMBEAU, Commander in chief of the auxiliarj^ forces of 
France in the war of the American Revolution. 

It not only revived the memory of the offensive and defensive 
ties of friendship which brought three great fleets and a for- 
midable army to the shores of America in succor of the well- 
nigh exhausted rebelling States, but reinspired with vigor the 
sense of obligation cherished by every patriotic citizen. 

It was the first time men not Americans, in peaceful array 
inider arms, bearing the flag of a foreign state, under their own 
officers, with military discipline and in technical formation, were 
witnessed marching on the avenue of the nation's capital. 

It was not the first time American and French soldiers, 
under their respective officers and national colors, under arms, 
marched shoulder to shoulder in warlike array in the capital of 
the I'nited States. 

On a summer day in 17.S1, from the Hudson to the York, 
the men of Boii)bo>i?iais, Soissotniais, Saiii/oiiQ'f, Deaiixpont, 
Uxonnc, and LauziDi, to the sound of martial music paraded 
-the streets of Philadelphia under the eye of the American Con- 
gress and the populace, with greetings, gratitude, and god.speed, 
on the march with Washington and his Continentals to the 
Virginia peninsula. 

75 



76 An fniprcsshr Comuicmoration 

FLAC. DICCORATION 

The flas display was hiu;lily artistic and >:;reatly admired. 
The blended colors of the two great Repnhlics of the world — the 
senior of the new and jnnior of the old — were not only reminis- 
cent of the struggles of times long gone by, but of the ameni- 
ties, amity, and friendship of the jiresent, giving accent to 
the cherished wish that the reciprocal feeling born of ancient 
ties and grateful remembrance nia>- endure, unsullied by strife 
or enmity, during the existence of both as Goveniments and 
people. 

It must not be overlooked, however, that the colors of the 
power which gave such timely and effective succor di.splayed 
the three lilies of Louis (XVI ) de Bourbon, King of France 
and Navarre. 

The .stands were hidden behind American flags and bunting. 
From staffs within the inclosure flew the Stars and Stripes and 
the Tricolor. 

The .statue was an object of special decoration. 

The monument, in addition to the veiling flags of the United. 
States and France, was artistically festooned with red, white, 
and blue, and blue, white, and red bunting in great profusion. 

At its foot were three immense wreaths of laurel and French 
colors, tributes from the patriotic .societies of the Sons of the 
American Revolution and the Daughters of the American 
Revolution, and from the Society of Colonial Dames, which had 
just concluded its biennial se.ssion, many members remaining 
over in order to witness the ceremonies. 

AROUND THE STATUE 

At each angle of the base alternately .stood an American and 
French seaman at attention. 

Around the hollow square, of which the monument was the 
center, at intervals of a few paces, was stationed a cordon of 
Minute Men in the uniform of the Continental Line. 



An Impressive Commemoration "jj 

FRENCH FLAG OF THE ALLIANCE 

During the. period of the American Revolution France was 
without a national flag. The colors and heraldic devices of 
the reigning family formed the standard in military and civic 
display or function. The royal banner of Louis IX, or St. 
Louis, who was canonized in 1297 for his efforts to rescue the 
Holy Sepulchre in Palestine and the wisdom and justice of 
his rule in France, was blue, powdered with fleur-de-lis in gold. 
The fleur-de-lis since the eleventh century has been the device 
of all the successive sovereigns of France. The emblem, how- 
ever, is of far more ancient origin, older, it is claimed bj- anti- 
quarians, than the doctrine of the Trinity, of which some insist 
this flower to be emblematical. 

The blue field ceased to be powdered with fleur-de-lis in the 
reign of Charles VL being charged only with three — that is, 
two and one. 

The white standard first appeared in the reign of Henry IV. 
At the time of the American Revolution each French regiment 
carried two, the royal one being called "Le Drapeau-Colonel," 
the regimental " Le Drapeau d'Ordonnance," with a device 
from the founder or province of the regiment. 

A form of royal colors was a white cross on a blue field, 
sometimes the cross and sometimes the field being powdered 
with fleur-de-lis. 

ROCHAMBEAU'.S FLAG 

The royal standard borne by the troops of Rochambeau 
consisted of a white field, powdered with lilies in the center of 
an indigo blue shield, the lilies arranged two in line on top 
and one below, respectively, the shield surmounted by a crown 
held on either side by a winged white infant figure draped 
about the waist and waving over the shoulder a ribbon of 
blue and red. The flag at the outbreak of the French Revo- 
lution, 1789, bore a white cross on a blue field with a fleur-de- 
lis at each corner and the legend " Patrie et liberie." 



% 



7S . /// /niprcssiz'r Comnitnioration 

FLAG OK THK KEinHI.IC 

The Tricxilor dispkiycil at llic iiiivciliii); of the RoCHAMBKAr 
inonuinciit at \\'ashiiii;toii. the national colors of the Republic 
of France, was introiluced durint; the French Revolution. 

Wy a decree of 1790 the navy fla;^. it \va.-^ declaretl, should 
consist of — 

three tiiual Ixuul,-; placinl vertically, tliat next the statT being re<l, middle 
white, and third hlue. 

In 17>.)4 this flag was abolished, and in its place it was 
ordered — 

tile national tl.i); .-Jliall lie formed of the three national colors in equal 
Iwinds placed vertically, the hoist heini; hlne, the center white, and fly r«l. 

The flag: nset-l by Napoleini in the resplendent ceremony of 
ilistribution of the eagles to his veterans in 1804 showed the 
three ci>lors in fess (^placed horizontally\ but the old arrange- 
ment was soon restored and remained the flag of the arm>- and 
navy during the Kiupire. 

U^xm the return of royalty it was again abolisheil, and the^- 
flag of De Bourlxin restoretl, but the Tricolor was reintroduced 
ill 1830. the s;\me as used in the unveiling in May, 1902, of the 
statue of the commander of the French king's battalions of 
i7Sc>-i7S3, at the capital of the nation which he so largely 
assisted in putting on the road to the grreatness which it has 
since achie\-ed. 

ASSKilKLY 

A Ixittaliou of French seamen with their band, a battalion of 
Uniteii States engineer troo{^>s, and a battalion of marines and 
s;tilors with the Marine Band, took up the p<.->sitions assignevl to 
them — masseil in close column on the lawn on the open side of 
the inclosure 011 the north, facing south, and looking upon the 
statue and the President's tribunal l>eyond — with the head of 
each column resting on the west line of the quadrangle fonnetl 
by the stands. The north line being left open and clear, the 
tmoix^ were in position to witne.ss the ceremony and hear the 
addresses of the si'>eakers and melodies of the bands. 



A// Impressive Comt}iej)iora/ion 79 

The band ot' llic (iatt/ois occupied a place in front of the 
French sailors. The ITnited States Marine Band had a position 
in the space at the foot of the monument. 

The stately residences opposite on the west were elaboratel)' 
dressed with American and French colors, adding picturesque 
effect to the scene. 

FKENCII HATTAIJON 

The French battalion, composed of about 125 sailors from the 
cuiras.sc d'escadre le (iau/ois, was commanded by F. 1\I. Urvoy, 
assisted by Ensign Criech, Cadets Cayla and Marcenet, and 
Adjutant Creach. 

Their uniform consisted of a blue blouse trinnned with red, 
blue and white striped shirts, with a spreading blue linen 
collar overlapping the blouse. Their hats were adorned with 
a small red tassel. Each carried a rifle with a spear bayonet. 

Their band numbered 40 men, led by En.sign Karren, chief 
nuisician. 

Eieut. C. L. Poor, U. S. Navy, was special aid to the 
French battalion. 

PRIVILEGE OV TRANSIT GRANTED 

In anticipation of the participation of a foreign force in the 
display attending the unveiling of the monument, early in 
May the Secretary of State of the United States, Mr. John 
Ha>-, addressed an official letter to the governor of the State 
of Maryland, Mr. John Walter Smith, asking permission for 
the officers, seamen, and marines of the French armored cruiser 
Gaulois, with their baud of music, to land at Annapolis about 
May 22, and to pass over the territory of the State of Mary- 
land, between the city of Annapolis and the District of Columbia; 
to w hich was received a prompt and satisfactory response. 

An eager throng gathered along Pennsylvania avenue to 
witne.ss the march of the "Fusileer marines" from the Ciaii/ois, 
who had arrived on a special train. The battalion was pre- 
ceded by the band of the ship and followed by two small 
caunou. The excellent mo\'ement and picturesque costumes 



8o .1// Impressive Commemoralion 

of Ur- I'Vcnoli iiKiriiies yiuc rise to tense enthusiasm. Uixjn 
their arrival at Lafayette scjnare, where were deployed detach- 
ments of regular troops, marines, and the National Guard 
which participated in the ceremony, the French battalion was 
received with the greatest cordiality by the American officers, 
soldiers, and marines. 

OKDKR OF ARRANGEMENTS 

Although the available space arountl the monunient was 
limited, the arrangements for the convenience of those invited 
to be present and the troops ordered to participate were in 
every way satisfactory and impressive. 

The tennxirary constructions for the seating of the distin- 
guished assemblage were arranged on three sides of a parallelo- 
gram. 

ST.\XDS 

The grand stand i white ) for the use of the President and 
family and friends, the foreign gue.sts, the Cabinet, the higher 
officers of the executive, civil, military, and naval branches, the 
judiciary and their ladies, ranged fron. east to we.st, south of 
the monument, o^mw to the north and sufticiently close to atlmit 
of the unveiling cord being drawn from a jiosition near the 
President. 

On either side of the monument, east and west, at right an- 
gles to the main stand and extending north and south^-extended 
an expansive rising platform with seats for guests invited by 
card. That on the east (blue^ for the Senators, and their 
ladies, .societies, and citizens; on the west (.red) for members of 
the Hou.se of Representatives and their ladies. 

The President's stand was designed with rostrum in front for 
the use of the speakers. 

The wing stands, respectively, were divided into .seven sec- 
tions, with as many passageways, for the convenience of the 
guests in reaching their seats. 

The inclosure entrances were conveniently placed for the 
acconunodation of each .stand, that to the grand stand in the 



TROOPS 



PRE NCM 
OANO 



Plan 

OF COURT 

ROCHAMBEAU 

STATUE 

UNVEILING 
CEREMONi ES 

Cul„oei T(„« A 13. „.„.,., 



\ 


/ 




N 



t. ^ 



4: 




PENN^ AVE 



.-h/ /luprcssi'i'c Conniioudiatioii 8i 

soulhwcst aui^le, iR'ai which was slatioiieil the Unilod States 
Marine Haiul. and tor the \vini;s. the ]xu'k side for llie east and 
Jackson place for the west. 

The press was specially iirovitled with tables and seats imme- 
diately under the space for the speakers. 

The stands were iL'sij;netl to seat about i,6cxi ]ierso!is. 

Across the northern end the I''rench and American seamen and 
marines and a battalion of United States Engineers, with the 
band of the French battle ship advanced, were drawn tip in full 
view of the ceremonies. 

All the arrangements for the comfort and convenience of the 
gue.sts and spectacular effects were under the direction of Col. 
Theodore A. Bingham, IT. S. luigiiieers, master of ceremouie.s. 

IXVIT.VTIONS 

About ten days in advance invitations were .sent to about 
1, 600 persons, representing the executive, legislative, and judi- 
cial branches of the Government, the gue.sts of the nation, 
diplomatic corps, officers of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, 
and resident and visiting representatives. 

As the acceptances were received, tickets were returned in 
color representing the stamls: Grand, white; east, lilue; west, 
red; lettered to correspond with the passageway an<l num- 
bered to indicate'the seat. 

Tlie carriage regulations exhibited excellent judgment in 
preventing both crowding and confusion. The police orders 
also insured efficient carrying out of ever\- iletail of arrival and 
departure without crowding. 

The arrival of the invited guests began early. By the time the 
President and the guests of the nation were announced almost 
every one was in his seat. 

-X.MKKIC.W IRISH HISTUKICM. SilCIKTV 

The .Viuerican Irish Historical .Society of New York and New- 
England, nundieriug about 250 members, who had come to the 
Cajiital to participate in the ceremonies of the day, were received 
;v Doc. 537, 59-1 6 



S2 .In hiiprissixr ConnuiPnoration 

by the President of the Ignited States in the East Room of the 
White Honse. After presentation of the members by Mr. T. 
St. John GatTney, of New York, the President made few a 
remarks conjiratulating the society \\\>o\\ its presence at a cele- 
bration of events in which Irishuien participatetl. havinsj among 
the French regiments ser\-ing in America snch vahaut names as 
Dillon and Walsh. 

At the ainclnsion the society in a btxly proceeded to their 
place in the assemblage to witness the unveiling. 

UOXOKS TO THE FREXCH MISSION' 

As the time drew near for the jiroceetlings to l>egin, a blast 
of bngles and tread of horse signalized the approach of a detach- 
ment of United States cavalry escorting the French ambassador. 
General Brugere. Admiral Founiier, and their aids and civil 
associates. As the meml^ers of the Mission were escorted to 
their places on the grand stand the people cheered and the 
United States Manne Band played a French air. 

PRESIDENT GREETED 

The Presidential party assembled at the \\'hite Honse about 
10.30 o'clock in the morning. A few minutes l->efore 11 
o'clock the guard of honor, consisting of a detail from the 
First Regiment of Mimite MeTi. in the uniform of the Conti- 
nental Anny, commanded by Maj. T. H. McKee, drew up in 
fR">nt of the Mansion, as an escort to the President. 

The President led the way. accompiinied by his daughter 
Miss Alice Rix^sevelt. Miss Emily Carow, Secretaries Hay, 
Shaw, and RcK.>t, Attorney-General Knox. Post ma,<ter- General 
Payne, Secretaries Moody, Hitchcock, and Wilson, and Secre- 
tary Cortelyou. ^xissing out of the White Honse grounds by 
the west g-ate and across Pennsylvania aveiuie to the Presi- 
dent's stand. 

The little procession, with the Chief Magistrate of the 
nation in the lead, escorteti by a guan.1 of honor in the 
buff and blue of the strviggling States of 17S1, presented a 




OHOD OHI2A3J3a 3HT 0^n 





h^ 



place in th;. 



-.KSSIUN 



SCENE AT THE Mt»lE^^r OF PULUNQ THE R£L£ASINC CORlD 



.-/;/ l)i/prfss/rr C 'oiiDDinoralio)! 83 

picturesque .scene, reniiuiscent of the day of W'ashiui^ton 
and RoCHAMBKAU. 

At the entrance to the inclosure the President was met h>- 
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, in the full-dress uniform of the 
Corps of Engineers, United States Army, and escorted to his seat 
on the grand stand, the' Marine Band ])laying the " President's 
March." 

president's stand 

The President and the members of his family occupied the 
stand in the center of the stand on the south .side of the 
inclosure facing north, with the veiled statue of Rochai\ibe.\u 
but a few feet distant iu front, the members of the Diplo- 
matic Corps on his right; Herr Von Holleben. the German 
ambas.sador ; M. Jules Cambon, French ambas.sador; Count 
Cassini, Russian ambassador; Mayor des Planches, Italian 
ambassador; the Au.strian and Mexican amba.s.sadors; envoys 
and plenipotentiaries of the nations, and other members in 
order. 

The memljers of the Cabinet sat on the President's left in 
the order of statutory precedence — State, Treasury, War, 
Attorney-General, Post-Office, Navy, Interior, Agriculture. 
Immediately in the rear of the amba.ssadors .sat the members 
of the French Mis.sion, the Countess de Rochambeau having a 
place of vantage on the right immediately behind the President. 

In front near the President sat Reverend Doctor Stafford, rep- 
resenting His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, announced to give 
the invocation, and Bishop Satterlee. to give the benediction. 

The President and other representatives of the Government 
and Congress of the United States were in black, the simplicit3' 
of their costumes bringing out the spectacular efTects of the 
uniforms of the numerous American and French officers wlu) 
surrounded the President. The uniforms of the French army, 
which were not known to the Ignited States, excited most lively 
curiosity. The red pantaloons, the numerous decorations, and 
the chapeaus with white plumes, particularly that of General 
Brugcre, attracted particular attention, as did the casque of 
Captain La.s.son, officer of cuirassiers. 



$4 -'i" Imprt'ssh'f Conimcmoratiofi 

HONOREU C.rESTS 

The members of the Rochambeau Mission, General Bnigere. 
Vice- Admiral Founiier. General Chalendar, the militar>- and 
naval aids, and ci\-il members occupied seats in the vicinit>- of 
the President. Senator W'etmore and Representative McCleary 
were in the same group. Disperse*.! throughout the stand were 
the Justicesof the Supreme Court of the United States, the higher 
officers of the civil arm of the Government, aud officers of the 
Army and Navy of general or admiral rauk. 

CONGRESS PRESENT 

The Congress having adjoumetl in honor of the event, the 
attendance of Senators and Representatives and their ladies was 
ver>- large, and presented an interesting reminder of the sununer 
day when the Continental Congress stood in front of Indei>ei:d- 
ence Hall to witness Rochambeai" and his French troops mardi 
bv on their wav to Yorktowu. 



order of exercises 
-It 

Invocation by His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, 
represented by Rev. Dr. Stafford 

Welcome by the President of the United States 

Unveiling of statue by Countess de Rochambeau 

Music, 'The Marseillaise," by United States 
Marine Band 

Presentation of the sculptor. M. Hamar 

Remarks by His Excellency M. Cambon, the 
French ambassador 

Music by the French marine band 

Remarks by Gen. Horace Porter. United States 
ambassador to France 

Music by the United Stales Marine Band 

Address by the Hon. Henr>- Cabot Lodge. 
United States Senator 

Music. "The Star Spangled Banner." by_the 
French marine band 

Remarks by General Brugere 

Benediction by the Right Rev. Henry Y. Satterlee. 
Bishop of Washington 



S6 



INVOCATION BY CARDINAL GIBBONS 

The President and guests being seated, Rev. Dr. D. J. Staf- 
ford, rector of St. Patrick's (Roman Catholic) Church, repre- 
senting His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, stepping to the front, 
delivered the Invocation: 

Oh, Lord God, Father of all the nations, we lift our hearts in gratitude 
to Thee. We thank Thee for our progress, for our national glory, for our 
unbounded resources, and, above all, for our equal liberty. Look down 
upon us and bless us. 

We pray Thee, bless the President of the United States, our Chief ilagis- 
trate. Shield and guard him in the love of all the people and let Thy 
benediction fill his soul with happiness and Thy peace, beyond all 
understanding. 

Let the light of Thy Diviue wisdom direct the deliberations of Congress, 
and shine forth in all the laws framed for our rule and government. 

We thank Thee, oh, God, that in the hour of our need Thou didst 
raise up for us a friend, a helper, and a comforter. We were but a child 
then, now the child has grown into a giant, and the gallant, chivalrous, 
liberty-loving friend of our infancy is our friend still. 

We beseech Thee, oh, God, bless the President of the French Republic. 
Shower down Thy blessings upon the French people. Grant that the two 
Republics ma}', under Thy gracious Providence, stand in truest sense, for 
liberty, fraternity, equality, the one in the Old World, the other in the Xew, 
and that the two banners may everywhere lead the march of civilization, 
and diffuse throughout the world the spirit of peace and national well- 
being, for Thou art our Father and our God, and we pray: Our Father, 
who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name, Th\- kingdom come. Thy will 
be done on earth as it is in heaven, give us this day our daily bread, and 
forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us, and 
lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen. 

At the conclusion of the opening prayer the President stepped 
forward amid a storm of applause. For some moments it was 
impossible for him to proceed. When the distinguished audi- 
tors, representing all nations abroad and ever}' State at home, 
gave way to repeated attempts to be heard, the President de- 
li\'ered the address of welcome. 

87 



88 Jl'fkonic /]]■ Prcsidiiit /\oosc:'r// 

AKPRhUSS Ol' Tin; PRESinENT 

Mr. Ambassador, ami yon, Ihi- rvpresenlalives of the luiglitv RepuMic 
of I'raiice: 

I extend to you on behalf of the people of the l'ii\te<l States the wannest 
and most cordial jjreetinj;. We appreciate to the full all that is implied in 
this emliassy com\>osed of such men as those who have lieen sent over here 
by President Louln-t to commemorate the unveilinj; of the statue of the 
j^eat Marshal who, with the soldiers and s;iilors of I'rance, struck the de- 
cisive blow in the war which started this country on the path of indeix-nd- 
ence amonj; the nations of the earth, [.\pplause.] I am sure that 1 give 
utterance to the sentiments of every citizen of the United States, of every 
.\merican to whom the honor and the glory of our Republic in the past as 
in the present are dear, when I say that we prize this fresh proof of the 
friendship of the French iM?ople, not oidy because it is necessarily pleasin,i» 
to us to have the friendship of a nation .so mighty in war, so mighty in 
peace, as France has ever shown herself to be, Imt because it is peculiarly 
pleasing to feel that after a century and a quarter of independent e.xistence 
as a nation the French Republic should feel that we have in that century 
and a quarter justitied the Siicrilices France niatle on our behalf. [.Vp- 
plause.] I am sure, my fellow-citizens, that you welcome the chance 
which brings it about that this embiissy of tlie French people should 
come to our sliores at the very time when we in our turn have done our 
part in starting on the j«th of inde}>endence a sister Republic, llu.. 
Republic of Culw. [.\pplause.] 

Jlr. .\mlia,s,sador, the American ]>eople, jK-culiarly because they are the 
.-\n\ericau people, and liecause the history of the I'nited States has been 
si> interwoven wilh what l"rance has done for lis, but also l>ecause they 
iu-e part of the whole worlil, which acknowletiges ami must ever acknowl- 
edge in a peculiar degree the headship of France along so many lines 
in the march of progress, of civilization — the American jieople through 
nie e.\lend their thanks to you, and in their name I beg to express 
my acknowled,gment to the endKissy that has come here, and to Presi- 
dent LonlK-t and all of the French natii>n, l>oth for the deol and for the 
magnanimous spirit that lay behind the doing of the dee<l. [Applause.] 

THK INVEILING 

At the conclusion of the President s address the tension of 
interest was at its height. All eyes fiKnsed upon the hidden 
bronze of him among the trio who, by their devotion and achieve- 
ments, made the strttggle for American independence a sticcess — 
ll'iis/iing^/oM, La/anitc, Kot/iambcau. 




-7RM *«',, 

,(!9nJfiiif)ni Ml- 

Srfj III ,iHfiJ t)I 

isrfl ffsuirto^.ni ,.. /.^ 
-wola-jtf ImoiVtl c'loi 
tittoiSuiiii'.ni ^rfj y*^ ' 
yJiiI) oJ x'*^"!'' norJir 
-btrtg 5i[[}v«H .v/cl i 
111 -ji^rlQEiq otli iir.>j 
•jilJ lo liiJKjno .ir.iriri 
,im( ,>,jHoil3 /iicm ii 
nB3iiei73iib-jM iiru; 

•JDH^hivy Jfi:J(J ■ 



EAULELOUBET 

Kniilf Uo«bct, STx-rnth vrr^Mrnt of thr Vmich Rc|nihlic. was horn in iSsSftt Mmr- 
siinnc, (I vlV. TUuU>crT^- gruvc*, ami silk indtislricN 

on ihcly»fvl; into th<? Khone frv>in the cast, in the 

lies i5 •Ulcii north l^r «-cst. Hia father. • 

nirthoUs, anil acciuuiilnuttu, in>omuch that 
he \TU> not otdr pr\T!«prn^ns m Imsint-ss. ^nl fn\*r his >on ihc l^cne tit of n ^ilwrral bcstow- 
nicutof hi-* (tpthI tortwir in thr t***! »-<lnaitii^i«l far»Mll#« wffnT^lrtl Uv fhr <n«H»t»il<*ns 

of I'ui ■- .my 

by t\M ,v!. 

natlM :....:...:: ,.;,.,.,. ,. ^.f 

his |WOlC!f»iikU iU the n««r-hT llirtvsnj" imiustrial town ot n l o( the 

arn^MvJliNSciucut- Uj:) Ic^I lore uudpotcuttnl plciiuliuK nv< oi v> 'iit$^ h«U, 

luorr iiwiKirtanl. the jvnvcrtul ne»:v^gniuon of the raris^. l^oi^ atui Mv^Uurrancan 
Raihray. by appointment as c\ninsel for that grertl coptwna^ion. The best c^•itience 
of Ms woc^ tfad' tkW C^<««ni of |rt» fallow toimMurti Tnts'hU thCik« for mayor of 
Mo^lvliiuaf. ^ :',i: r^r, N'.,: 

In tS76» th;-- N - - ■•" •_ - *•■ r' - ' '■ • >-^:- ■-■: ........I...- ./ .1. .■^--..-»- -, ^^ 

IVpntics. . wn 

left." Re^^.; ^ , :. r. 

In l>rcemb«T. twv^ wars »rtt*r. h<e- enterett the o«h«iet of M Ti-r.Uvl as ministeror public 
works, but h&» cnrccr wn* l»Tief, owing: to hi* reiirctncut -with his ov>tlea|t««» nt the 
April ensuing. 

I'tunni! the followinjr fivvyvarshe tockk no pa:: uj^h hisproui- 

neiiof " ' ■ ' - * ■ Ruenlial partiripation m The yvhtuM: :no\-rments of the 

time K, 

i.^u : '. >- -ill.. •- hi> -irrsuuAl frienxl . .r-v ur,,! h-vi to tlw «t- 

aUcvi - c M. de Fr^ ^ .< it may 

servi • 'tr twh c' :ook for 

: - ^ . < of the 

Lo e^a(v 

- -^ :Vc 

u 

' aton u^r 

w,oh had 



^ v- ' -o - - --• — "o -«' ^.;..^ -»t. 

■ '.evHed to the Senate, he was chosen its prcsKlont m j^ and 

N - , ov in the olficv of rre<k1«flA. tb« 

.11. in lointcoux-ention. twv^ daj'S 

\ntof the Republic 

. neii the hold of the 

;v _ - ill thr ni,iii.in.-hiv-<il 

party fnuu ' 




EMILE LOUBET, 
President of the Republic of France. 



T!. 

■ , COMTESSE DE ROCHAMBEAU (NEE ROUXEL) 

loud I 

wyepf Reuc, Comte de Rochainbeau, with her husband, gutst ot the Government of 
the riiited States at the dedication of the monument of Marslial dk RocnAMBEAV 
at WaSliington. on which occasion she ptilled the cord which released the flags enveiling 
th^^tue. 

r.,, 



utl which h< 



Uin'ciliiio- at llir Slaliie 89 

A wave of expectancy, adiuiratiou, and enthusiasm ran through 
the brilUant assemblage as Mme. la Conitesse de Rochambeau 
came forward to the President. 

COMTESSE DE KOClIAMIiEAr PULLS THE CORD 

As the Comtesse received in her hand the cord which was to 
release the enshrouding colors and expose to view the commemo- 
rative effig)' of the great, the devoted, the beloved Rochambeau 
there was a deep hush. The sailors and troops, French and 
American, massed in the vicinity, stood at "Arms, present." 

A motion loosed the holding tie and sent the bunting falling 
away, revealing the features and form of Rochambeau, pointing 
to Mount Vernon in the di.stance, the home and tomb of his 
friend, chief, and-companion in arm's. 

Then suddenly arose a wild shout. Handkerchiefs waved. 
The ruffle of drums was heard. Melody gave harmony to the 
loud outbursts of sound. Abo\e all rose the reverberations of 
artillery, booming in honor of the climax of the event. 

An incident gave added sentiment to the scene. While 
cheer after cheer went up in unison with the liberty-stirring 
strains of the " Le Marseillaise," by the United States Marine 
Band, in emulation of the grateful sense of welcome and obli- 
gation of Washington and his countr\inen, the receding folds 
of the Stars and Stripes, apparently reluctant to part from one 
who had so valiantly upheld it in time of stress, clung to the 
hand which bore the plan of attack which struck the chains of 
servitude and slavery from the adolescent giant of the West. 

The President, ob.serving several American and French sea- 
men engaged in vigorous attempts to release the clinging 
drapery, amid the sensation of the movement exclaimed: 

" Leave it where it is! Leave it! It clings to the hero as 
he did to us." So the flag appropriately remained to the end 
of the exerci.ses, beautifidly festooning the charted field of sur- 
render of the last British army on the soil of the original thirteen 
States of the mighty fabric of the fort\'-five Connnonwealths 
now. 



90 Unveiling of tJic Statue 

IIAMAK AI'l'LATDED 

At the conclusion of this impromptu interlude in the formal 
proceedings of the day, the youthful sculptor, M. Fernand 
Haniar, was brouojht forward and presented to the vast con- 
course of admiriiig spectators of his work, who gave him an 
ovation of prolonged applause, in response to which he bowed 
in grateful appreciation. 

ADDRESS OF THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR 

M. Cambon, representing the "Government and people of 
France' ' at the capital of the ' ' Government and people of the 
I'nited States," in the full dress and insignia of his ambassa- 
dorial rank and service, advancing to the rostrum, in the lan- 
guage of the diplomatic world, said: 

niscovRs HE son exckli.knce -m. jii.es cambon, ambassadeur he 

FRANCE. A I.'lNArGVR.\TION I>U MOXIMENT I)E ROCHAMBEAU 

L'art de la France et la g^ndrosit^ du Congres am^ricain sc sont unis 
pour elever ce monument a la mdnioirc du marcchal i>E Rochambe.M'. 
Ainsi se trouve glorifie le gi^Midral du I'arniee franjaise qui combattit pour 
I'ind^pendance de I'Am^rique sous les ordres de Washington. La nation 
americaine avait deja, ct non loin d'ici, consacre la gloire des jeunes et 
entliousia-stes fran9ais qui, d^s le d^but et n'^coutant que le voeu secret de 
toute la nation fran^aise, apporterent avec Lafayette leur 6pde aux treize 
colonies. II 6tait ju.ste que ceux-la aussi fusscnt honor& qui vinrent ici 
par I'ordre du Gouvernenieut de la France et qui, obeissant a leur devoir, 
le remplirent tout entier et assurerent le succes d^finitif. Dans la per- 
.sonne de RoCHAMBE.vr c'est I'amiee de la France, ce sont ses regiments, 
ses officiers inconnus, ses soldats obscurs qui sont glorifies avec leur chef. 

L'honneur est pour moi bien grand de prendre ici la parole comme 
ambassadeur de la Republitjue fran^aise et de vous reraercier tous ici qui 
repr^sentez le Gouvernemcnt. la magistrature et le Congres des Etats-l'nis 
de I'honiniage rendu a I'honmie qui fit triomplier pour la dernicre fois 
le drapcau fleurdelys^ de la vieille France. Aujourd'hui la Rdpublique 
franjaise a envoyd vers vous une mission qui a pour chef le plus eminent 
de nos officiers gdneraux, legdndral Urugcre, avec lui I'armde et la marine 
fran9aise, avec une .sorte de pidtd nalionale fetent la mdmoire de leurs ainds 
sei-viteurs comme elles de la liberie. 



M. JULES CAMBON 

.1 mbassador of the Republic of France to the United States. Grand officer of the Legion 

of Ho f tor 

Born at Paris. 1S45; began life as an advocateat Paris, where he was secretary of the 
conference of advocates. During the war of 1S70 he served as captain in the Corps 
des Mobiles de Seine et Marne and participated in all the combats around Paris. After 
the war he entered the administration as auditor to the council of state and chief of 
the cabinet of the minister of public instruction. He was afterwards attached to the 
general government of Algiers, at the head of which was General Chanzy. He was 
prefect of the province of Constantine in 1S78. in which capacity he filled several mis- 
sions with distinction, from which he was called to the prefecture of police of Paris as 
secretarj'-general. Later he was prefect of the department of the north, from which he 
passed to the same office of that of the Rhone, two of the most important departments 
of France. In 1S91 he was named governor-general of Algiers, which post he filled with 
great success for seven years. When he retired he was appointed honoran,- governor- 
general and ambassador to the United States at Washington. He represented Spain 
as plenipotentiarj- during the prelimij^aries of peace in 1S9S, and acted as intermediary 
between that power and the Cnited States. In August. 1902. he was transferred to 
Madrid as ambassador of the Republic. 

- •' ''.imaniitj est eiitr^ '1.,. 





*Si^O 


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Unveil ill (T of the Stotiic 91 

ROCH AMHKAU tut nil clR-f cxacl, ilisci])liii(.', severe, coura>;cux et smiciiux 
(le la vie de scs soUiats; il rappelail qiielqiiefois aux jeunes ijoiis qui I'en- 
touraicnt, que pendant le cours de sa longue carriere niilitaire i,S,ik)o 
lionnues ^taient morts sous ses ordres, inais qu'il ne pouvait se re])racher 
la inort d'aucun d'eux. Par Id il contpiit, pour noire arniee, I'estinie de 
votre tiation et pour lui-incnie I'affection de votre g^n^ral Washinj^ton. 

Aiusi ce monument, qui ne senible destin^ qu'a dvoquer des souvenirs de 
guerre, est, par le caractere de la lutte qu'il rappelle et de rhonmie qii'il 
glorifie, un monument d'union entre deux peuples. Aujourd'hui coinnie 
il y a cent ans Ics soldats et les inarins de la France et des Etats-I'nis 
sont cote a cote, ils entourenl ce monvnncnt, ils marchent sous le nieme 
commandemeut, ils melent ensemble leurs chants nationaux, et, en hono- 
rant leur gloire connnunc, ils dounciit au nioiide I'exemple de la fidclitiJ 
dans I'amitic. 

Cette amiti^ vous nous I'avez prouv^fe: Un dv^nement tragique, une 
catastrophe telle que le monde n'en a point connu depuis vingt siecles, 
vient de frapper les Antilles franjaises. Le Pr&ident des Elats-Unis, le 
Congrcs et la nation ani^ricaine out rivalis^ de g6n(5rosit^ et de prompti- 
tude pour secourir nos malheureux concitoyens. Qu'il nie soit perniis de 
saisir cette occasion solenncUc ct de remercier publiquement au noni de 
mon Gouvcrnement et de inon pays, vous, Monsieur le President, et le 
pcuple des Etats-I'nis tout entier. 

Par la vous ave/. niontre que quelque chose de nouveau etait nc' entre 
les nations; qu'un lien de symiiathie dcsinlijress^e et dc bonte pouvait les 
unir et que les idees de justice et <le liberie pour les(]uelles nos peres avaient 
combaltu ensemble il y a cenl-vingl ans avaient fruclitie dans le coeur des 
homines. 

Un pen plus d'lunnanilc est entrtf dans les rapports des peuples entre 
eux, et il y a trois ans nous avons vu les reprdsentants de tons les pays se 
r^uuir pour chercher les moyens d'assurer le maintien de la paix entre les 
nations. Par une heureuse coincidence au moment meme ou je parle, le 
jeune et gdnereux souvcrain qui avait convoijue le Congrcs de la paix a la 
Hayeet le rr(5sident de la Republicjue franipaise se trouvent reunis a.Saint- 
Petersbourg. 

Aiusi se manifestent sur les points les plus ^loignes de la terre les 
memes sentiments d'union entre les repr(5sentants les plus 61ev^s de trois 
puissantes iiations. 

Ce ne sont pas la des manifestations steriles. Le monde a mesure qu'il 
prend plus conscience de lui-meme e.st plus severe pour ceux qui veulent 
le troubler, el quand on mesure I'tmivre accompli depuis cjue Washington 
et RoCH.\MBE.\U comballaient eii.semble pour le bien de rbumauite, on 
pent jugcr qu'ils n'onl pas combaltu en vain. 

Ce monument en portera tdmoignage aux yeux des generations qui 
viendronl apres nous. 



02 I 'layiJitt^ of the Statmt 

AUiatESS OF HIS EXCEIXEXCV JIOJES COtBON 

pTW iltifi] 

The «rt of Prance and the generosirr ol aa Americaii Coi^iress ju«- 
jcwnin^ lht$ (Ur in the erx^Kioa o( Ji monoaieiit to the memorr ol Marshal 
DE RocHAVBEAt'. Thos t$ 41 bttiog tribate paid to the Pmicfa inUhaiT- 
leotJ^-r vfao fn^ht nnder Wasfaingtoo for Amenca's independence. Bm 
a short time since the American pecfile had cooae c r a te d the glorioos 
m e moir of tfacee vtMu^ and enthosaistic French patriocs who. find Tith 
Jin iiiepiratioa vhic^ bat echoed the si!ent wish ot the entire French 
natk«t. had ftvtm the very dawn of the $tmg;gle teoogfat their swtiols 
with Lafarette to the servjoe of the thirteen colooies.. It wae jsst that 
honor shookl be nf ndeivd alfo to thosie varnors vho canK hither bv ooler 
of the Oowmment o( France, and who, aniser-tanding their dntr. fol- 
filled it wilhoat reserT« and iosored the bnal saioces; ot the piacnotic 
eateipreie. In th " CH.VMKExr wr gkTify. jointly with their 

ooannander. the .. . its n:$inient:>^ its oSoer$ unhnown. its 

v>hscaiie s».iJdiery. 

It i$ a A-vfv great honor tior me to sfcak hexie *s amb^sadar of the 
French RepoKic and to express to too all lo-dav, who iwresient here 
the Gosciemment. the majrissrsicv. and the Coogtess of the United States, 
oar appreciation of the bomip^ which voo ar<; now paying to the onn 
wV 'jsinj: triomph the flenr-de-lis of ancient France. 

T^ - -hlic sends tco a Missica whiA is beaded by the 

c - i-ral officsrs— General Bn^reve. We mast heboid ia 

h-> ..^ BiTy advancing, with a ^LVt of naliMBl piety. 

♦.- lisr m e mo ry of their elders— derctees, like the^sdreSs of 

. v.>is£.vr w:ts a strict discipSiBaiian, a s)e<na« and coara$<«MB coaa- 
:, carets! o! the Hvies of his men. He w»> wont at times to re- 
mart: to the yvtcc^; men aroood him thai dmin^ the Vxi^ coorsr of his 
naiUtaiy caix-. '^r him. bex dat be oonld not 
l e pt o ach Idv - - ;:ie one of these. Thes,, be 
ertxited krc. x-ople and won for faimsielf the 
aSection an^". -.sTtoa. 

Henc« it - est. which is appearance seems oahr 
destined to c - of w:artike deeds, beco^KS. by the char- 
acter c( the stroc:- -^ n^»Ss and of the san wfacm it glorifies, 
a mocomest .-"' —- ^- between two natioas. To-day, j^s as 
they did oe-. 'o~ vvais ag^o, the soldiers and sailors of 
France and c< -..-.. - - - 'e by side; &ey svremnd this 
monoment: thex -\ f^aat co^mnad: Aey blead in 
one cocmBon cbor -at *g tbetr co^^wn 
c!-ocT ;hev ^rve thi vendstap. 



Unveilitiq; of the S/a/iir 93 

Tliis friendshii) you liavo proven lo us. The French Anlilks have just 
suffered the shock of a. t'agic event, of a catastrophe the Hke of which 
the worhi has not witnessed for twenty centuries. The President of the 
United States, Congress, and the American people have vied with one 
another in generosity and promptness to send reHef to our .stricken coun- 
tr\-men. Permit me to avail myself of tliis .solemn occasion and to thank 
publicly, in the name of my Government and country, you yourself, 
Mr. President, and the entire population of these United States., 

You have shown by this act that something new had taken birth between 
the nations, that they might be united by a bon<l of disinterested sympa- 
thy and of mutual good will, and that those ideals of justice and of liberty 
for which our fathers fought and bled together one hundreil and twenty 
years since had really borne fruit in the hearts of men. 

A little more humanity has won its way into international relations, and 
three years ago we beheUl representatives from all nations gathered together 
to devise means of insuring the maintenance of peace between the nations. 
It is a happ\' coincidence that, even while I am speaking here, the youth- 
ful and generous sovereign who had summoned the peace conference at 
The Hague and the President of the French Republic are together in 
St. Petersburg. Thus we may behold everywhere, even in the remotest 
regions of the earth, a manifest expression of the same sentiments of union 
by and between the highest and supreme representatives of nations. 

Xor are these mere barren manifestations. The world, gradually gain- 
ing in self-consciousness, begins to frown more and more severely on those 
who seek to disturb its peace; and when we measure the work accom- 
plished, and the advance made since V.'ashington and RocH.\MBE.\u fought 
together for the good of humanity, we may well conclude that they have 
not combated in vain. 

This monument shall bear witness to this fact, and shall endure as a 
symbol thereof in the eyes of the generations to come. 

A light fall of rain during part of Ambassador Cambon's re- 
niark.'^ in no wise dampened the enthusiasm of the occasion and 
but temporarily gave it a somber transformation by the sudden 
appearance of a sea of umbrellas, in place of the thousands of 
earnest faces beaming with love of coimtr\- and gratitude to 
France. 

At the conclusion of the French ambassador's address the 
French band performed " Les Chasseresses" (The Huntress) 
one of Leo Delibes's most sprightly dance movements. 

In harmony with the remarks of the ambassador of France 
the American ambassador continued the voltime of reminiscent 
and patriotic oratory. 



04 L'nz't'iling of the Slaluf 

ADDRESS OK OEXERAL PORTER. 

Two years ago it became my pleasant iluty to take part in the <le\licatioii 
of the statue of the distinguished French Marshal crectevl in his native 
city. Vendome. \\"hen upon that occasion I saw our country's flags evtry- 
whei? displayed from the housetops, heani our national airs played through 
all the streets, and w-itness<Kl the touching demonstrations of the people 
without regarxf to cla^. expressive of their sympathy for America, I felt 
that the effect of the treaty of friendship and alliance made a century and 
a quarter ago was still potent for good. 

Upon returning from the land of RocH.\MBE.\l" it is an especial pleasure 
to piirticipate in the inauguration of his statue in the land of Washington. 

Two countries claim a shaiw in the glory which illuminated his career. 
His remains repose on the h3nl:s of the Loire: it is fitting that his statue 
should stand on the banks of the Potomac. 

In the heart of the nation's capital, in the presence of this vast assem- 
blage of representative citizens of the Old World and the New. in memory 
of a contest in which French and .\merican blooil moistene^l the same soil 
in battling for a common cause, we meet to deilicate a statue in honor of 
a heiv> of lw\> continents — the illustrious Roch,vmbe.\1'. 

Its purpose is to recall the reconl of imperishable deeds, to testify that 
his name is not a dead memory, but a li\-ing reality : to quicken our sense 
of appreciation and emi^asize the fidelity of our aBection. In erecting 
yonder statue in honor of this great rejMiesentative soldier, .\merica has < 
raiserl. constructively, a monument to the memory of every Frenchman 
who fought for the cause of her national independence. Its dedication 
celebrates the joint victory which terminated a struggle that ga\-e freedom 
to the .\merican Colonies and consecrated all the new world eventually to 
liberty and the rights of man. 

To fully appreciate the genuineness of RoCH.\MBE.\r"S character as 
exemplified in his .\merican campaign. w« must recollect that he was a 
member of the old French nobility and the wearer of decorations feestowed 
bv royal hands, yet coming here to gain battles in the interest of advanced 
republican principles. It w-as not his own country for which he was fight- 
ing; he had no intention of remaining here to share in the prosperity 
which would follow succes*:: he therefore did not have the powerful stim- 
ulus of patriotism to animate him. He came to our shores with a pioud 
armv. handsomely equippe^i. brilliantly uniformed, and disciplined in the 
rigid school of a leading military power of the Old World, to find himself 
associated w-iih the modest \-eomanry of the Colonies, who constituted the 
American forces, who were not supplied with clothing enough to cover 
their honorable Avonmls, and the march of whose shoeless battalions 
could be traced by the blood which flowed from their lacerated fe«t. 

Frequent cv^mmonication with France was impossible, ami Rocham- 
B£.\r ha«l been given almost unrestricted liberty of action. Vnder these 



a3T;i01 3DA>]Of 



■II 
JilrnoT e'JnciO I i" 



GE>iER.\L HORACE PORTER 



> v.^rk, iv-. 



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Unz'ri/iiii^- of tlic Staliie 95 

cirouiiislancc's a man with less modi-sly ami iiia};iianiiiiily of character 
ami a less eariK'st spirit of accotnmoiiation, might have been overbearing, 
arrogant, and indisposed to look with favor npon plans jiresentcd by the 
American commander; bnt he manifested from the outset an undisguised 
willingness to adojjl all measures which might facilitate the joint military 
operations upon this difficult theater of war and sank all considerations 
other than those which would conduce to the complete success of the 
allied armies. 

In all their intercourse they both showed themselves adlierenls uf the 
principle that it is time to abandon the path of ambition when it becomes 
so narrow that two can not walk it abreast. 

R()CH.A.MBKAli, in landing upon our shores, defineil his policy toward the 
Americans in the comprehensive words, " I am the frieml of tluir friends, 
and the foe of their foes." 

His modesty was proverbial. He .says in his memoirs, in .speaking of 
the surremler of Vorktown, "Lord Cornwallis was ill and General O'Hara 
marched out at the head of the garrison. On arriving, he ])reseuted his 
sword to mc. I ])ointed opposite, to (General Washington, at the head of 
the American Army, and I said that the French army, being auxiliary 
npon that continent, it was to the American general that he must look for 
his orders." 

There is a mute elo()uence in the very attitude of yonder statue which 
.speaks of his accustomed modesty. The out.stretched arm, which in life 
had .so often pointed out the path to victory, is now extended toward 
Mount Vernon, as if obeying the generous impidses of the living subject's 
heart in diverting attention from himself to his illustrious brother in anns. 

RoCH.\xiuu.\u left this country crowned with the laurels of .success and 
the bearer of every token of recognition which a grateful country could 
bestow. If he were pennitted to return to earth, he would see in the 
matchless prosj>erity of the country an ample vindication of the princi- 
])Ies of government for which the battles in America were fought. He 
W'Ould find that the 13 feeble colonies had grown to 45 vigorous States; 
that the 3,000,1x50 of people had been swollen to 85,000,000; that the 
l)opulation had been strengthened by an interweaving of the stoutest 
fibers of other nations and nurtured by the best blood of many lands; that 
the flag which had once .struggled for bare existence in a few Atlantic 
States hail moved across a vast continent, and had been planted even in 
the opposite ends of the earth. He would find here all things changed, 
except the sentiments of gratitude for his services. These will be ever- 
lasting. Living, he dwelt in the affections of his American comrades, 
dead he is enshrined in the hearts of their posterity, for the friendship 
of the fathers is a precious legacy to the .sons, and a connnon heritage of 
ancient glorj' can never be divided. 

This statue is not simjily to commemorate war, but to typify jieace and 
good will between the newest Republic of the Old World and the oldest 



q6 Uni't'iliHir of the Statue 

Republic of the New World. Seas made us distant, comradeship has made 
us near. This inausuratiou takes place Ixfueath the three resplendent 
colors, which at the present day are those of the rcs}>ective 1-anners of the 
sister Re]ml>lics. Their folds have a right to l>e plaoeil in close touch, for 
the old flags which they represent were interlaced in battle, waved together 
in victory, and were iutertwined in ])cace. May the ruthless hand of 
<\iscord never rend them asuntler. 

Lei ine close by <iuoting the eloquent words of President Loul)et, the 
distinguished Chief Magistrate of tlie Krench Republic, spoken bv him 
two years ago nt the inauguration of the statue of I„afayette, the gift of 
the American sclux>l children to the city of Paris: "This fnendship, born 
in the comradeship of artns, has developeil and grown stronger during the 
century which is ending; the generations which succeetl will not sutler it 
to grow weaker I " 

A vigorous applause greeted the terniiiiation of Ambassador 
Porter's eloquent words of exaltation of the deeds of RociiAM- 
BEAi" and his men ashore, and of the valor of the .soldiers of 
the sea under De Estaing, De Teniay, De Barras, and De Grasse 
afloat. The I'nited States Marine Band rendered the stirring 
notes of "Hail to the Spirit of Liberty." 

The entente cordiale of the two nations reached a climax 
in the oration of the day by Henry Cabot Lodge, a Senator of**- 
the United States, front Massachusetts, who was most cordially 
received as he made his saliitator>- bow in entering upon the 
delivery of his eloquent lines. 

OR.\TION OK SENATOR LODOE. 

Statecraft has a cynical maxim that there is no .such thing as jjratitude 
l>etwe<;n nations. If we must accept this as true of those practical deal- 
ings when sentiment comes into hopeless collision with self-interest, we 
may at least s;>y thaf no nation really great will ever hesitate to make 
public ackni>wledgiuent of its obligations to others in the past. The new 
world of North .\merica has had a longaiul close connection with the j)eo- 
ple of France. .\t the very dawii of the sixteenth century Hreton fishermen 
\\aA followe»l in the track of the Cabots. and were plying their dangerous 
trade ofT the coast of Newfoundland. Thirty years later Cartier was in 
the St. I^iwrence laying the foundation of New France by the mighty 
river of the north. When the century had just passeil its meridian the 
Huguenots came to Florida, and the great name of Coligny links itself 
with our history as the inspirer iif distant expeilitions to the untrcnlden 
shores of America, even when France herself was torn witli the wars of 



HENRY CABOT LODGE 

Senator from Massachitsetts 

HENRi'' CABOT I^ODGE. born in Boston, 1850,10 his progressive and thorough course 
of study reached graduation from Harvard College in 1871 and Har\*ard Law School in 
1S75, recdved degree l^L,. B. and was admitted to the bar of Suffolk, 1876. The same 
year he Kceived degree of Ph. D. from Har\^ard for his thesis on the "Land law of the 
Anglo-SExons.'' Having adopted literature as his chosen profession, since 1877 he has 
contribued many original works of classic merit, and edited volumes of great value 
and proiounced skill, to the realm of American letters. He is a member of many 
societies having for their object research and promotion of history, arts, science, 
genealoiy, and antiquities, and is also a doctor of law by patent of three universities. 
In 1900, he was permanent chairman of the convention at Philadelphia which nomi- 
nated 'ttilliara McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. In the Republican national conven- 
tion of 904 he was chairman of the committee on resolutions. He was a mem her of the 
Alaskai Boundan.' Commission, by appointment of President Roosevelt. In legislative 
affairs le ser\-ed two terms in the lower branch of the Massachusetts legislature, four 
terms— "if tieth to Fifty-third sessions — in the lower branch of Congress, and entered the 
United ttates Senate in 1S93, again by reelection in i6y9, aud agaluiu 1903. Mr. Lodge 
is chaiman of tlie Committee on the Philippines, member of the committees on Foreign 
Relalio-S, Immigratiou, aud others of leading importance. 



— 7 



U)ivc{li)is[ of the SlcUiic 97 

religion. It is a dark and splendid story, well-nigh forgotten now, which 
comes up to us out of that dim past, touched with the glory of the Aibniral 
of France. There in the old books we can read of Ribault and Laudon- 
niere and their comrades, of their daring and iiftelligence, and of the 
settlements they founded. Then come Menendez and his Spaniards, the 
surprise and sU(Ughter of the French, massacred on account of their reli- 
gion, and then a few years later De Gourgues swoops down upon the 
Spanish forts, and the Spanianls in turn drench the sands with their 
blood and swing on gibbets to remind all men of the passing of the 
avenger. Thus driven from the south the French still held their grip on 
the heritage of Cartier. Champlain gave his name to the great lake of 
New England, where rival nations were one da}' to fight for dominion. 
French missionaries died for their faith among the red men of New York. 
Pere Marquette explored the West, and the gallant La Salle bore the lilies 
of France from the source to the mouth of the Mississippi. The French 
names mark the passing of the French discoveries from ?.Iontreal to St. 
Louis and from St. Loui^ to New Orleans. 

.A.nd while the "Roi Soleil" was raising his frowning fortress on the 
banks of the St. Lawrence, dispatching Auvergnats and Normans and 
Bretons to settle Canada, and urging his explorers across the continent, 
some others of his best subjects, driven forth into the world by revoked 
edicts and certain things called "dragonnades," were bringing their wit 
and quick intelligence to strengthen and vipbuild the English colonies, 
which were growing up not at all in the orderly way dear to the heart 
of a grand monarch, but in a rude, vigorous, scrambling, independent 
fashion, after the manner of races who found nations and establish states. 

Presently it appeared that there was not room enough even in the vast 
wilderness of North America for the rival powers of France and England. 
A few shots fired by sundrj' Virginians under the command of George 
Washington, whose name springing forth suddenly from the backwoods 
was then first heard on two continents, began a stubborn war which ended 
only with the fall of the French power and the triumph of England and 
the English colonies. 

Thus was a new situation created in North America. Instead of two 
rival powers struggling for mastery, one reigned supreme from the St. 
Lawrence to Florida. The danger from the north, dark with Indian war- 
fare which had so long threatened the Atlantic colonies, had passed awaj'. 
The need of the strong support of the mother country against the power 
of France had gone and the position of the colonies in their relations with 
England was enormously strengthened. .A blundering ministry, a few 
meddlesome and oppressive acts on the part of Parliament, a departure 
from Walpole's wise maxim about America, "quieta non movere," and 
mischief would be afoot. It all came sooner than an\- one dreamed. The 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 7 



gS Unx'ciling of tJir Slatue 

rejoicing at the close of tlit- victorious war hatl liardly ended, the con- 
};;ralulatioiis to the "Great Commoner" had hardly ceased, the statue of 
George III was scarcely firm on its jjedestal, when the Americans rose in 
wrath against the stamp act; England gave wa^' sufficiently to make the 
colonies realize their power and yet not so completely as to extinguish 
suspicion and hostility. There was a lull, a period of smiling deceptive 
calm, and then the storm broke again, but this lime there was not wisdom 
enough left in London to allay it. The little minds which Rurke thought 
.<o ill-suited to a great empire were in full control, and the p^mpire began 
in consequence to show an ominous and ever-widening rent. 

Again I'rance appears uixjn the continent, where for so many years she 
had played such a great part and had fought so bravely and so uiiavail- 
ingly for dominion. The chance had come to wreak an ample vengeance 
on the power which had driven her from Canada. France would have 
been more or less than human if she had not grasped the opportunity at 
once so satisfying to wounded pride and so promising politically. Cov- 
ertly at first she aided the English colonies, and then after the surrender 
of liurgoyne at Saratoga the treaty of alliance was . ied and Hrance 
entered into the war with (ireat Britain. The French Government aided 
us with money and with men, by land and by sea, but the decisive force 
was that which landed at Newport in the long July days of 1780. 

To that brave, well-officered, highly disciplined army we raise a monu- 
ment to-day, by placing here in the nation's Capital tbe statue of its 
commander. For their service and for his own we owe him a debt of grati- 
tude, for which we should here make lasting acknowledgment, one which 
will stand unchanged beneath the simshine and the rain long after the 
words we speak shall have been forgotten. 

This statue is the counterfeit presentment of the gallant figure of a 
gallant gentleman. Born in 1725, of noble family, a native of Vendome, 
Jean B.\ptiste Donatien he Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau, had 
just passed his fifty-fifth birthday when he landed at Newport. His 
career had been long and distinguished. His honors and his rank in the 
army had been won in the field, not in the antechambers of Versailles. 
In an age when the greatest nobleman of France thought it no shame to 
seek advancement from royal mi.stresses, by who.se whims ministers rose 
and fell and the policies of state were decided, Roch.\mbe.\u in time of 
peace turned from the court to his regiment and his. estates. He had 
shared in all the campaigns of France from the time when his elder 
brother's death had taken him from the church, in which he was about 
to become a priest, and placed him in the army. At the siege of Xamur 
he earned the rank of colonel by the surprise of an outpost, which led to 
the surrender of the town. He was twice wounded at the head of his 
regiment at the battle of I.aufeld. He ca])tured the enemy's magazines at 
the siege of Maestricht, and won the cross of St. Louis leading the assault 



Unveil iu<r of the Slatiit 



99 



upon the forts of Jlinorca. He fought the Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick 
and captured the fortress of Regenstein in 1757. At Crefeld he sustained 
for a long time the attack of the Prussian army. He took a leading part 
in the battle of Minden, and was again wounded at Klostercamp. After 
the peace, RochambEau was often consulted by ministers, but never 
would take office. At last, in March, 17S0, he was made lieutenant- 
general and sent with the French army to America. 

He reached the United States at a dark hour for the American cause. 
The first fervor of resistance had cooled, the active fighting had subsided 
in the north, Congress had grown feeble and inert, government and finance 
both dragged heavily, and it seemed as if the Revolution, so successful in 
the field, would founder upon the rocks of political and executive inca- 
pacity. Washington and the army in the midst of almost unparalleled dif- 
ficulties alone kept the cause alive. The coming of Rochajibeau and his 
men was a great good fortune, and yet its first result was to induce further 
relaxation of effort on the part of Congress. Washington, realizing all the 
event meant, opened correspondence at once with Rochambeau, but it 
was not until September that he was able to meet the Frencli commander 
in person at Hartford. It was a great relief to the heavily burdened gen- 
eral to meet such a man as Rochambeau, and yet, even then, as he turned 
back with lightened heart and lifted hopes, the news of Arnold's treason 
smote him on his arrival at West Point So the summer had .gone and 
nothing had been done. Then Rochambeau was unwilling to move with- 
out further reenforcements, and Washington was struggling desperately to 
wring from a hesitating Congress and from reluctant States the men, 
money, and supplies absolutely essential if the great Opportunity which 
had now come was not to pass away unused. So the winter wore on and 
spring came, and in May Washington and Rochambeau were again 
in consultation, Washington determined to strike a fatal blow some- 
where. He considered Florida and the scheme of taking the British, 
under Rawdon, in the rear; he thought of Virginia, where Cornwallis,' 
forced northward by Greene's .stratagem, was established with his army; 
long and earnestly he looked at New York, the chief .seat of British power' 
Rochambeau .showed his military intelligence by leaning stronglv to 
^■irginia. But the one vital condition was still lacking, \^■ashi^gton 
knew that he must command the sea, if only for a month, at the point 
where he was to deliver the decisive blow. So the days slipped by, the 
summer waned, and then of a sudden the great condition sprang into life. 
De Grasse, to whom we owe a debt as great as to Rochambeau, appeared 
in the Chesapeake with his fleet. Xo longer was there room for doubt. 
Cornwallis, in Virginia, was clearly now the quarry for the allied forces. 
Time forbids me to teJl the brilliant story of that campaign; of the 
manner in which De Barras was induced to bring his squadron from the 
north; of the adroitness with which Clinton was deceive<l in New York- 



^ 



icxD ( 'f/rr/V/f/x'' of llir Slatiir 

of tile skill ami rapidity with which the Kri-iicli and Aiiierican armies were 
hurried from New York to the Chesapeake, and thence to Yorktown. The 
great, the jjolden iiiuineiit so longed for by Washington, when he could 
unite hoth land and sea power, liad at last arrived. De Grasse was master 
of the bay. 

The I'jiglish licet was scattered and divided. Clinton slumbered in New 
York, and Corinvallis, with some 9,1x10 men, was in Yorktown with the 
united French and .\inerican aniiies drawn close alxiut him. I'ast fol- 
lowed the siege, nearer came the inclosing lines. I.auzun dashed back 
Tarleton's cavalry at the very beginning and every Hrilish sortie from that 
moment was repulseil. Day by day the parallels were pushed for\vard, 
and at last Washington declared the advanced British redoubts practicable 
for .assault. The I'rench, under Yiomenil, the grenadiers of Gatinois, the 
regiment of .\uvergne and IVux-l'onts stormed one, and here the iiu)st 
famous of the French regiments recovered from their king the proud 
motto of " Auvergne .s;ins tache." The other recloubt was assigned to the 
Americans under I.afayelte, led by .Vlexander Hamilton and John I, aureus. 
Hoth ass;uilts, brilliantly delivered, were successful and the .\niericaii lines 
included the ground which lunl been so gallantly won. \ desperate sortie 
under Colonel Graham completely repulsetl a vain attempt to escape by 
water and then all was over. 

On the iSth of October Corinvallis surrendered, and on the following 
day the Hritish filed out and laid down their amis, passing between the 
ordered lines of the French, drawn up under the Lilies, and the ranks of 
the Americans standing beneath the thirteen stars fixed on that day in the 
fimiainent i>f nations. The .\mcricaii Revolution had been fought out and 
the new people had won. 

Through all these events, through all the months of weary waiting, 
through the weeks of rapid march and the hurrying days of siege and battle 
there shine out very brightly the fine qualities of the French general. 
Nothing is more dilVicult than the management in war of allieiL forces. 
Here there was never a jar. Rocn.\Mmj.\i' was large minded enough to 
understand the greatness of Washington, to realize the height of mind and 
the power i>f character which invested the .\inerican leader with a dignity 
bevoiid aught that royal birth or kingly title could confer. No small 
jealousies inarretl their intercourse. They wrought together for a common 
cause, and the long experience, the thorough training, the keen military 
intelligence, the wisdom and honest purpose of RocH.\MBK.\r were all 
freely given to the .\mericans and their commander. Honor and gratitude 
then to Rocn.\MHK.\r for what he did for us, and gr.Uitude and honor 
likewise to He Grasse and He Uarras for the sea iwiwer with which tliey 
upheld and sustained both Wa.shington and RoCH.\MHK.\l'. 

lUit there is something more in the story than this, something of deeper 
iiieaning than the plans of statesmen to humble a successful ftx,-, and take 
a tardy revenge for past defeats; sometliiiig more profound tlian the grasp- 



Um'cili>i<r of f/ic Statue loi 

iiifj (if a vouti^ peoplo at a frieiully haml In draw tluiii fnrth from the 
stormy waters of a desperate war for liberty. Look a^aiii on those men 
.gathered under the while flag; in the mellow October sunlight. The pride 
of victory is in their hearts, for they have done well for France; they have 
crnellv avenged llie loss of Canada. The world smiles upon them as the 
Hritish pas.s by and pile their arms. Happily for them they can not read 
the future. They do not even ,i;rasp the meanint; of the war they liave 
helped to briny to an end. They can not interpret — 

Time's (lark events, 

Cliarj*ing like (;easeless clouds across the sky. 

liut their future is our pa.st, and we know their destinies. There i.s 
ROCH.VMBE.^U himself, chief figure among the French. He will go home 
to added honors, he will take part presently in the movement for reform 
and will receive from a new Government a niar.shal's baton. Then a tor- 
rent of blood flows. Other.s in his rank will fly across the frontier, but he 
is made of sterner .stuff. He will retire to his estates, be dragged to pri.son, 
will be barely saved from the guillotine by the ninth Themiidor and will 
live on to receive the compliments of the greatest .soldier of modern limes 
and will die full of years and honors. 

There is Lafayette. l'"or him an Austrian prison is waiting. There is 
\"iomenil, who commanded the force which took the redoubt. He will die 
in hiding, wounded in defen.se of his king's palace a.gainsl the onset of a 
maddened people on the loth of August. 

There is Damas, wounded at the Yorktown redoubt. In a few years he 
will be a fugitive and an exile, fighting against France. There is Lameth, 
wounded also at the redoubt. I"or him, loo, the future holds a pri.son and 
a long exile. There is Lauzun, type of the ancient regime, the victor over 
Tarleton's Horse, the bearer of the brave news to Versailles; he, too, will 
.slay by F" ranee, and his end will be the guillotine. The pn^phet who 
.should have foretold such falds as these for that gallant companj- would 
have been laughed to scorn. From no men did disaster seem more di.stant 
than froni those brave gentlemen of France on that October morning, and 
yet the future held for them exile, prison, and the guillotine. 

.A.iul it was all inevitable, for the American Revolution not only made a 
new nation, but it was the beginning of the world-wide movement at once 
mighty and relentless. There was .something stronger than government 
or ministers, than kings or politics, which brought the F'rench to .America. 

Across the square there stands the statue of Lafayette. He brought to 
.\merica no army, like Roch.\mbe.\1"; no fleet, like I)e Grasse. He came 
by no command of his kin.g. Yet has he always been nearer to the hearts 
of Americans than any man not of their own people. The reason is 
not far to seek. He came of his own accord and brought with him tlic 
sympathy of F'rance. He represented the new spirit of a new time, the 
a.spirations, the hopes, the visions which had come out of the intellectual 



■«, 



I02 I'nzci/iiic of tlir Statue 

revolution wrounlil l>.v Vollairo, Rousseau, and Uie Eneyclope<listes. 
l^^^l>■>ses of state, caloulations of chances, selfish ilesires nii>;ht j;uiile the, 
I'rench Oovernnieul, but Uifayetle was the livinj; enilKxiinient of the 
syuiiwthy of tlie Kreuoh people for the cause of the Vniteil .States. He 
came Kvause he loved that cause and luul faith in it. and so the .\nierican 
IKHiple >;ave f.iith and love to hiui. .\Md this imixdixitile spirit of the time 
stirring stronglv hut Windly in Fnince was even then more pt>werful than 
monarchs or cabinets or coalitions. In America it i>assed for the first time ■ 
from the world of speculation to the world of action. There in the new 
countrv, on the edge of the yet unconquereii continent, theory became 
practice and dix-trines lived as facts. There a people had risen up declar- 
ing that they were weary of kings, had fought their own Ixtttle for their 
own land and won. The democratic movement had begiui. 

From .\merica it jvissed acnvis the sea, .s;iying to all men lh.it what had 
l>eeu done in the new land could be done likewise in the old. 

The army of KocnAMliK.vf, tlushetl with victory. Kire Kick the message 
with them and it fell upon listening ears. France had helpeil us to liberty 
and independence and we had shown her how both were won. The force 
which we had summoneil they, too. evoked, and bandeti F.urope, blind to 
the deeper uieanings of the American war, went to pieces in dull suqirise 
before the onset of a \>eople annetl, the makers of a Revolution in which 
thrones tottereil, privilege and feudalism went down to ruin and the 
ancient lH>uudaries of kings fadeil frvMii the map. The Lilies which had 
floiitetl so triumphantly in the Virginian air gave way to the American 
colors, which French armies carrieil in triumph from Paris to Moscow and 
from the Ikiltic to the Nile, wiping out forever the jietty tyrannies which 
sold men to tight in qujtrrels not their own and clearing tlie ground for 
the larger liln-rty and the united nations of to-day. The United States, 
with indeiH'iidcnce achieved, p,isse<l out of the netwxirk of European 
politics in which for a century and a half the .Xmericai; colonies had been 
eiilangkHl. but the iutluence ami example of the American Revolution 
were felt throughout the civilization of the West. 

We unveil this statue in honor of a brave soldier who fought by the side 
of Wasliiugton. We place it here to keep his memory fresh in remem- 
brance and as a iiiouument of our gratitude to France. But let us not 
forget that we also commemorate here the men who first le»l in amts the 
democratic uiowment, which during a century of conflict has advanced 
the cause of free«loni and popukar governtnent thrvnighout the world of 
western civiliration. 

.\t the close of Senator Lodg:e's oration the French band 
rendereil the "Star Spangletl Banner."' 

The enthttsiam of the atidience seeinetl to reach a cnhnina- 
tion when General Brtigere, chief of the official Mission. 




GENERAL BRUGERE. 
Francs. 



GENERAL HENRI-JOSEPH BRUG^RIL 
Generalisshiio oj the Army o/J'tUfUit, oj^ift vj tH^.Z-ijcum q/ fionvt 

Born in 1841 nt Uzt-ichc (Correxe); entered V'jftcofe'wojyil^^h^iqilc't^ctobcr, iflfii; 
joined the Artillery: Chevnlieruf the I.t'ulon of Hollfti', net**ml»er, \^7, for K^iod con- 
duct durinR the cholera in Algiers, In the Frnncor I'lniMtaw wtir served ns CHiiUin iit 
the Army of the Rhine in the battles of , Horny, Kezonvllk', t.'.i;u,veloUe, u.ud Servigny. 
Tflken prisoner iit Metz October ^S, 1870; refnsed to surrender imd e,Hcaped November 
2. Repaired to Tours and offered his services to the (government of (lie nntlbnfil 
defense. Served grftJl*»"tly in the An»y of the I,6irc, eaJHiirinK n PfnMMiin gftm^ At 
Juvanvillc, for which he was nnide chief of squadron lJecemI>er, 1H7U. l-'or bravery 
in action was awarded tUt; crgss cjf officer uf the I.egio" of Hoiioi. Serving i» the 
Army of the Hast on the Swiss frontier, he escaped capture, rettirnint^ to Bordeaux. 
Reported for scrx'ice ; 'sent to Alfjlers; made several campaiKus. 1x^1-7^2. iiiider r.eneral 
I,allennind. Returning to France and serviiij; with his refiimcnl, in Kehruury, iS;^*>, 
wus assigned to duty as pevKoual aid tn the PresidcuL of the Republic; lieiUenniit- 
colonel October 25, 1S79. In April, j8Hi, left for Tunin in command of the artillery of 
the brigade nndcr (ienerat J.ogerot; colonel December ;i(), iS8i. Same month received 
a brevet on the stalT; Jhly, 1S82, assigned to command Twelfth Keglment of Artillery 
at Vincennes; 1886, oti the order of the I'reMdent of the Rei>nl»Hc. wrtMnwlgned to dtity 
atthcKlys^e; 1887, general of brigade ; chief of the military hunuehold of M. Carnot 
ami secretary-general to the I'resi<leiit until iSyi; general of divisiun iByuj con)tnuudcr 
of Corps d'Armee 1S9S; niilitarj' governor uf I'jiiifi iS</^; assigned to the functions of 
generalissimo iijoo ; direcleil the movements of the l''reiich army in u^uu, igcii, i<>)2, 1904, 
aiid 1905 while attached to the I'residency; iK7<>-iSS2 had chai-ge of editing and pub- 
liAUiiiglhe " Memorial desofliciers d'Artillerie,"' in 22 volumes. His iitndieson picratea 
during fifteen years were a valuable contribution ty the adoption of Uie new cxplustveH 
irt \ise in the I-rench artillery, for wliich he was highly coinmeniled l)y Cienerals Cissy 
l(tS73). Harail (1874), Billot (1RR2). Thibaudin (1883). 



3fl3C' 



3) 3ri3i?x'J )m i»8t at inoa 

-"' ■-'• '' r-^-^i 

irb 
:iJ 

T 

.fa 

"I 
:lt 
'A. 



r=?\FRAL 



Utwciliui^ of the Statue 103 

advanced to the front to make the closing address of the oc- 
casion. After bowing his recognition of the phiudits of the 
assemblage, several efforts to begin were interrupted bj- new 
outbursts, often repeated before the veteran French soldier was 
able to go on with his remarks. 

General Brugere spoke in French, saying: 

Monsieur i.e President des Et.\ts-Unis, Messieurs: Fidele aux 
sentiments de reconnaissance qu'elle a voues a tons ceux qui ont contri- 
bue a son independance, la nation americaine a deja honore par d'impe- 
rissables monuments, eriges taut en Amerique qu'a Paris, la memoire de 
son fondateur et de ceux qui out eu le grand honneur de collaborer a son 
oeuvre. Elle a aussi montre qu'elle n'etablit aucune di.stinction entre ses 
propres enfants qui ont combattu pour son independance et les soldats 
fraufais qui, soit spontan^ment, soit par ordre, sont venus dans des temps 
difBciles lui apporter, sans compter, le concours de leur devouement et de 
leur valeur militaire. 

II y a deux ans a peine, le 4 juillet igcKj, j'a.ssistais, a Paris, a I'inaugu- 
ration des statues de Washington et de Lafayette, dues, la premiere aux 
femmes americaines, la .seconde aux enfants des ecoles des Etats-t'nis, et 
je n'ai pas oubli^ les temoignages r^ciproques de fidele et reconnaissant 
souvenir auxquels ont donn^ lieu ces deux belles et touchantes c^r^monies. 

Aujourd'hui, a Washington, je retrouve ces memes sentiments dans 
cette fete patriotique organisee en I'honneur de Roch.\mbe.\u et de ses 
vaillauts soldats. Aussi, ma premiere pensee est-elle de remercier, au 
nom de la mission frangaise, le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'avoir 
convi^ la France a cette manifestation grandiose qui ne peut que resserrer 
les liens, plus que seculaires, qui unissent les deux peuples. 

Nous sommes tons tres fiers et tres heureux d'avoir ete designes pour 
repr&enter la France dans cette circonstance solennelle, <i'autant plus 
que ce monument n'a pas seulement pour but de rendre hommage au 
comte de Rochambeau, mais comme le disait en 1S81 le President de la 
Republique franjaise a I'occasion de I'inauguratiou de la statue de 
Lafayette, de " perpetuer le souvenir d'une union que de nobles et labo- 
rieuses aspirations ont fait naitre et que nos institutions, communes 
aujourd'hui, doivent resserrer et developper pour le bien des deux pays." 

Lor.squ'au moment de la guerre de I'lndependance des Etats-Unis la 
France est intervenue, il s'agissait du droit et de la liberie dont la defense 
a toujours ete consideree par elle comme une cause juste et par suite 
sacree. 

Je ne veux certes pas diminuer la valeur de I'appui materiel et moral 
qui a ete apporte a cette ^poque a I'armee americaine par les troupes de 
RocHAMBE.\u et celles du comte de Grasse, dont la tenue et la discipline 
ont ^te exemplaires pendant toute la campagne; mais ces troupes n'etaient 



104 t ^Hzt'i/tM^ of tht' S/a/Mt' 

^lM^ lies aaxilMi>«$; elles ^taient $oos Ics onlres <lc Wa&hinjrtoa. et c'e$t 
a lui sful que revu-iu I'honneur d'avoir nM>>lu U libcne a son pa>-s. • 

ToutetViis, j* ne sais oe que Ton doit le plus admirvr. ou du c<c>mte de 
RiX~HAMRK.vi", lieutruant-jren^ral des armees de France, Tun des meil- 
leurs laotioiens qu'ail fwnies 1.* guemf de Sepl-Ans. s'effa^ant toajoars 
devant le j:«neral americain. ou »W riUustre Washington, qui ne com- 
niaiHie jamais le gxfn^ral t'Tan^ais qu'avec la plus grande deference et qui 
semble lui siHinjellre des pr>>jx>siuons lorsqu'il lui donne des ordres. 

i}uelle eniolion nVpiv>u\>f-l-«.>n pis en lisant les lignes suivantes, qu'a- 
vlresssut RvVHAMBEAV" ,\ Washinji^ton le jour vie son arri\-^ en Amifrique: 
'■ Les oixlres du Roi. u»on nwiilre, ni"anienenl anx otxlres de \-otre Exc«K 
lence. J'y arri\-e a\-ec loute l-i s*>umissiv^n, tout le lele et toute U venera- 
V.o;; que j"ai jv>ur vv^re }>ers^u»ne et pour les talents dislingues que voos 
uiv^utr^'i A s^Hitenir une guerre .» jamais nienK>rahle," 

Kt plus tanl. lv>rs*iue la taohe acconiplie. Rochamke-VV remeixrie le Pre- 
sident du Congres vies temoignages de satisfaction qui lui sont adreises, il 
nf n\l eiKvxre hontnvage au conmtandant en chef des forces alliees en ecri- 
vant: "Sii j"ai ete assei heureus pour meriter I'appivlialioo de \-\<re 
Excellenoe et celle du Congres. ce ne pent etre qae dans moo acti\-ite i 
suivre les plans du general AVashington." 

iV son cO>ie. le co»ute de Orssss;- ecrit a RochambsaV. en paiiant de 
W.isJiington : "Je ssrais • ' x- i>riv< de reoewnir des lettres de ce 

j;^aeral. 1! ecrit aussi bit , ; U guerre. Ah! qoel homine." 

Vn pareil chef, entooi^ de tek d^tvoements, ne poarait ^tre que rain- 
qoeur. et il le fut. 

La guerre temtinee. la nation oaissamte avait hien coaqms TiiKlepea- 
vlaiKx- >- - ■ 'rwment ecooomiqoe et sociile. 

I\ir ians le genie militaire qui avait 

lihere ><«; Ic r«i^«. . :ear qui devait poser les bases 

d'une p*ix . pi^{«irer ~- . vttos mefreilleax qn'nne naiioQ 

pnisse rfN^er. 

Comment oe pas citer, pour terminer, le passage saivant d'oDe lettre de 
Washington, ectitt en 17^61. Ce petssage wut aotant d'hoonesr an gene- 
ral americain qui I'a ecrite, qu^aux generaux fran^ais aoxqaels il s'adres- 
sait ; ■■ l^a &lelite. Thonneiar et la hra\x>tiie- ile \x«s tioopes. le patriotisaie 
eclaiie et les ssntim^ ■ - '.' .-.ainMaent an si giaad 

oooibre »le vv>s conv. - oie vanter vi'eae inti- 

meiaetn lie. et jvir-viessii? r<t qu* votre il!ttstre moBaiqne 

et its avleU-s >v.-c:s ont r: - - - - armes americaiaes ei a raffer- 
mtssaenten: ..lepetHlaace. c: v^* raida dtere \«Cre luitioii et oat 

forme iles ..- ., -;;icheiaeat et Uisse des nnpKssaoos qoe ai le teoife;, 
w les evene«»ents ne poorroat vietruire ..." 

1>Ue etaii. laessieorsv ane des denuetcs peftsees du grand Washington. 
Elle repood trop a nos sientiBaeaCs poor «|n'a))res la r«c«pcioD azaic-ale et 



Unveiling of the Statue 105 

chaleureuse faite ri la mission franjaise, apr^s les ov;itioiis enthousiastes 
ilont elle est rolijot. ajires les liiscours ijloquents et patriotiquos que nous 
venous d'cntenilre; enfiu, aprcs le gouereux teuioij;uage ile fralerncUe 
solidarite donn^ a nos nialheureux conipatriotes ile la Martinique par le 
Gouverneinent et le peuple ani^ricains, je n'U<5site pas a in'(5crier, coinine 
RocHAMBEAU en 1781: "Entre vous et nous, A la vie, a la iiiort!" 

GENERAI, BRUGIJRK'S AODRKSS 

[Trailslutioll] 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemeu : True to the tVelinjjs of ,i> latitude 
which the American nation has displayed toward those who fought ft>r its 
independence, the X'nited States has honored hv imperishable monuments, 
erected here and in France, the meniorv- of its liberator and those who 
had the great honor of fighting by his side. This proves tliat you make 
no distinction between your .sons who fought for their own indej)endence 
and the French soldiers who came of their own free will or by order of 
the King ami brought you in that critical period the devoted aid of their 
tnilitarv experience. Just two years ago, on the I'ourlh of July, 1900, 1 
was present in Paris at Uie unveiling of the nionmnents erected to the 
meuiorv of Washington and Lafayette. One of these was erected by the 
women and the other by the children of the United States. I shall never 
forget what true and grateful remembrances of the past were brought 
before ns bv those two impressive ceremonies. To-day in Washington 
the.-;e same remembrances are revived in this patriotic ceremony in honor 
of RocHAMREAU and his brave soldiers. 

Mv most agreeable duly is to thank the fTovernnient of the l"nited Stales 
on behalf of the French Mission for having invited the French nation to 
participate in these imposing exercises, which can but strengthen the 
' bonds of friendship uniting the two nations. We are all very proud of 
having been diosen to represent France on this memorable occasion. 
E.specially as the monument which stands before us is not onlj- designed 
to honor Count RocH.\MBE.\r, but, as the President of tlie French Repub- 
lic said in 18S1, on Uie occasion of the unveiling of the monument of 
Lafavette: "It will commemorate the ancient bond of friendship existing 
between our nations, a bond which now, under similar political institu- 
tions, is destined to grow stronger." 

When France took an active part in the war of Independence, right 
and libertv were at stake; the cause was just and sacred. I do not wish 
to underrate the value of the material and moral aid which the troops under 
RocH.\MBEAU and De Grasse brought to the American Army. Their 
discipline and morale were excellent. 

These troops were but auxiliaries under the orders of Washington, and 
to him alone is due the honor of having won liberty for America. I do not 



ic)6 Liizfi/ing of the Sfatur 

really know which to admire more — Count DE RochambeaI", lieutenant- 
jrenenil of the French army, one of the best tacticians of the "Seven 
Years' War." who placed himself without hesitation under the orders of 
the American general, or George Washington, always considerate of the 
French general, always seeming to consult rather than command. 

How noble those words from RocH.\MBE.\r, addressed to Washington on 
the day he set foot on American soil, " By order of the King, my master. I 
shall ser\-e henceforth under the command of Your Excellency. I will do 
so with all the zeal and admiration I feel for you and the great ability 
which you have displayed! in this memorable war." 

Later on when the task was acconiplishetl. Rochambe.w thanke^l the 
l^resident of the Congress for the expressions of satisfaction which were 
addressed to him. Again he paid homage to the talents of the commander 
in chief of the allied fort:es: " If I have been happy enough to deserve the 
approbation of Your Excellency and the approbation of Congress, it can 
only be for the acti\-ity with which I have followed the plans of General 
Washington." 

At the same time the Count de Grasse, writing to RocH.\xiBE-\r,says of 
Washington: "I would be very sorry not to receive any more letters from 
this general. He WTites as well as he wagres war. What a manl " 

Such a chief aided by such devotion most ever be \-ictorious. So he 
was. At the end of the war the new nation had won independence. It 
was necessary to insure its own economical and social development. By 
happy chance the military genius who had won freedom for his people 
was capable of laying the foundation of a fruitful peace and directing as 
marvelous a development as a nation could desire. 

In a letter written in 17S6. Washington savs; "The sincerity, honor, 
and bravery of your troops, the high-minded patriotism, and the delicate 
sympathy which animate so many of your compatriots with whom I can 
venture to say I am intimately acquainted, and above all the keen interest 
which your illustrious monarch and his loyal subjects have taken ia the 
success of the American cause and in the development of our independ- 
ence, ha\-e made your nation ver\- dear to us and have formed ties and left 
us impressions which neither time nor circumstances can destroy." 

These are. gentlemen, the last thoughts of W.iishington. They find a 
clear echo in our hearts after the friendly reception you have gi\ien the 
French Mission; after the ovation with which you have greeted us; alter 
the eloquent and patriotic speeches we have jiist heard, and also after the 
generous proofs of svmpathy the .\merican nation has given lately to our 
unfortunate compatriots in Martinique. And in conclusion I reiterate 
the words Roch.vmbE-W pionouncevl in 1781: "Entre vouset noos. a la 
vie. a la mort!" (, We are one in life or death. J 



UnvciHtiff of the Sliiliic 107 

The last touch of the liiiished word porlraiUire of the human- 
ity, the heroism, and the honors of Rochambeau and his 
Frenchmen were complete. The homing of the lessons were 
drawn in the skillful rhetorical flights of the orator. The 
United vStates Marine Band struck up "America" — 

My country 'tis of thee. 
Sweet land of liberty. 

The last strain of this impressive melody, still lingering on 
the ear, was followed by the Right Rev. Henry Y. Satterlee, 
Bishop of Washington, in this benediction: 

BENEDICTION 

May our Heavenly Father, the God of nations, bless and perpetuate 
those sacred memories which bind the United States of America and the 
Republic of France together in lasting friendship, and grant that each 
Commonwealth may stand among the nations as a witness and defender 
for the true principles of liberty, fraternity, and equality. 

Bless the rulers with wisdom and the people with honorable industry, 
sound learning, and pure manners. 

Increase among all nations the spirit of unit3-, peace, and concord, and 
may the Lord bless us and keep us; the Lord make His face to shine 
upon us, and be gracious unto us; the Lord lift up His countenance 
upon us in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. 
Amen. 

WRE.\TH FROM THE "DAFGHTERS" 

At the conclusion of the benediction a mammoth wreath 
of latirel, intertwined with American Beauty roses and ribbon 
of national colors, surmounted by flags of the United States 
and France, was placed on the Rochambeau statue by an 
ofiBcial deputation of the National Society of the Daughters 
of the American Revolution, consisting of Mrs. Charles W. 
Fairbanks, president-general, and the Franco- Americau memo- 
rial committee, Mrs. Robert S. Hatcher, chairman; Mrs. Adlai 
E. Stevenson, Mrs. John W. Foster, Mrs. Daniel Manning, 
Miss Mary Desha, Mrs. Mary Lockwood, Mrs. C. C. Darwin, 
Mrs. Alice Akers, and Mrs. George M. Sternberg. 



loS l 'iii'cilino- of t/ir Statin- 

A COI.ONl.Vl. WKK.VTII .WD .\I>nKESS 

The Socict>- of the Colonial Dame.>^ of America, throiijjh a 
delegation sent for the purpose, placed a w realli upon the statue. 
An interestinj; association with the lives of one of the heroes of 
long ago, was the descent of the head of the Washington dele- 
gation in the third generation from Count de Grasse. This 
society, l>y the hand of Miss Roudiimt. another surname memory 
of the Revolution, presented to Count de Rtxiiamheau an ad- 
tlress in the following words: 

Vor our prosiilciit, in her absence, and in liehalf of llie Society nf the 
Colonial Dames of America, it is my pleasant duly to lay this wreath at the 
foot of this statue, in grateful remembrance of the service rendered our 
ancestors by Lieutenant-t";eneral le Comte DK Rochambk.^I', Marshal of 
I'rance. I'urther, I am bidden to extend a hearty welcome to the mem- 
bers of this special emlxissy from France, coming so far for the purj>ose 
for which we are gathered here to-day. Among these we note the belovetl 
name of Lafayette. Monsieur le Comte and Mme. le Comtessc de Ro- 
chamlieau and Messieurs, I pray you, in the name of the Colonial Dames 
of .\merica, "Soyez les bienvenus." 

OKI" lOK THK KHVIEW 

.\t the close of the exercises the rre.-^ident lingered some 
minutes in conversation with the guests of the nation. He 
then led off with Ambassador Camhou, descending from the 
grand stand, followed by the memhers of his Cabinet, of the 
French Mission, and of the Diplomatic Corps. After a tour 
of insixxnion around the base of the statue the President and 
the Ambassador led the wa>- to the reviewing stand on the 
opposite side of Pennsylvania avenue. 

TKO<,>rS IN MOTION 

The moment the unveiling ceremonies were conipleted the 
troops massed in Lafayette Park were in step with the right of 
the column located on Pennsylvania avenue and lughteenth 
street N\V. 

At this jxMUt the Second Brigade, consisting of the National 
Ouard of the District of Columbia, was in line extending west 




■lurti >i (malm oilw .vij 
lo 98313 siiJ 1o f- 



:n1ill dim 






1 oS 



t:„- 



ii the 1: Count de Grasse. This 



ilress iu 



fl-Hll of I "l"' 

. , 1" •■xtc'.il ;i hi-.trtv ". 1 1. ..!m- lo tlie meiii- 
GEN. FERfWANP flP, Cfcl^^PAR 

Commander Fourleeuth iiifsntn- BriWde. d<*^ndant oTrto-atier teon R.p»lste 
MnrRuerite <^e Chalendar, native of Bonai, ri«!»V W hiV, who MlerW R*Si>>»«fiit 
Gntlnnts 1771. .inJ was specially distiugnished in the affairs of the siege of Yorktown. 
Vo., i;Si. beiuR promoted to captain. 



'.lie 



the rev the 

. avenue. 

MOTION 

the mi\ the 



•^ti 



('.I 



Lhit'ciliiio- of ///(■ Sta/iw 109 

along Pemisylvania avenue, the head of the cohmiii resting; on 
Eighteenth street. 

The saluting battery, after performing its special i)art in the 
ceremonies from the White House grounds, moved to another 
position on Eighteenth street south of Pennsylvania a\'enue. 
The cavalry formed on Eighteenth street north of H. 

By this arrangement the infantry of the First Brigade were 
enabled to reach the right of the line fiom Lafayette Park 
along H to Eighteenth streets, prepared to move off when the 
order "March" was sounded. 

From this ]K)int the column moved east along Pennsylvania 
avenue, reaching the reviewing stand, at the intensection of 
Executive and Penn.sylvania avenues, nearly in front of the 
White House, at 12.45 p. m. The reviewing party consisted of 
the President, the French ambassador, and General Brugere. 
Near them were the members of the French Mis.sion, members 
of the Cabinet, military, navy, and civil officers. The colors of 
the United States and France were blended in great profusion in 
honor of the occasion. 

THE COLUMN 

In advance of the marching forces moved a detachment of 
mounted police. 

Then followed Maj. Gen. S. B. 'SI. Young, surrounded liy a 
numerous staflt representing each branch of the militar}' estab- 
lishment, the Engineer's Band playing "Hail to the Chief." 

First Brigade, Lieut. Col. E. D. Dimmick, commanding. 

Battalion of Engineers, right of the line, Maj. AV. AL Black, 
commanding, with band playing "Hail to the Chief." 

Battalion United States Marines, Maj. Charles A. Doyen, 
U. S. Marine Corps, commanding, with the U. S. Marine Band, 
W. H. Santelmann, director. 

Battalion of seamen, preceded by drum corps and band of 24 
pieces, playing an American air, Lieut. F. AL Urvoy, command- 
ing (detached from the cuirasse d'escadre Gaitlois). 



no Un7'n7ii/i^ of llir Statue 

Hattalioii of United States seamen, Lieut. B. W. Wells, com- 
niaiulin.i;, from the Ignited States battle ships A'carsars^f Mid 
.Ualxjina. 

Fourth Field Battery of Artillery, I'. S. Army. CajH. 1'. M. 
Foote, Artillery Corps, commanding. 

vSecond Squadron, Second Cavalry, l'. S. Army, Capt. 1,. M. 
Brett, Second Cavalry, U. S. Army, commanding, with hand, 
24 pieces, on white horses. 

Hospital Corps company. U. S. Army, Capt. and A.s.sist- 
ant vSurg. Frederick P. Reynolds, U. S. Army, commanding. 

Brigade of the District of Columbia National Guard, Brig. 
Gen. George H. Harries, commanding; staff; brigade band; 
company of F^ngineers, First Lieut. Roy B. Hayes, commanding. 

vSecond Regiment of Infantry, Col. M. Enmiet Urell, com- 
manding, composed of the Fifth Battalion, ]SLaj. R. D. Simms; 
Sixth, Maj. W'm. E. Harvey; Fourth, Maj. Anton Stephan. 

First Regiment of Infantry. Col. Henry May, commanding; 
Second Battalion. ^laj. L. II, Reichclderfer; F'irst, Maj. S. 
Porterhouse. 

First vSeparate Battalion of Infantry, Maj. Arthur Brooks, ' 
commanding, headed by the corps of field music. 

Signal Corps, First Lieut. William Xiemeyer, commanding. 

Xaval Battalion, Lieut. Comm.'uuler S. G. Hopkins, com- 
manding. 

Ambulance Corps, First Lieut. W. D. Fales, conunanding. 

In passing, each flag was dipped and marching salutes were 
executed to the President. 

The troops, and particularly the French appearing in the 
character of specially favored participants, were received with 
great applause along the entire route. 

COMPLIMKNT.S OK liRUGEKE 

General Brugere watched with the eye of a .soldier and dis- 
ciplinarian the appearance and action of the United States troops 
in passing and complimented the President, as their Connnander 
in Chief, upon the precision of their movements. The Presi- 
dent replied in words of praise of the fine appearance of the sea- 
men of the Caulois, although they were "out of their element." 




^'■i 



M3MA32 HOKfJ''^ ^" 



' 1AM awA 




II hand', 



■. .n instrict ct 
H. Harrie-* 
ineers, I 



ornTnaiuliti.;, 



Mininanding. 



vey: I'Durih Maj. .\ . , i 
COLUMN OF AMERICAN TROOPS AND' AMERICAN AND FRE;Nqr1 SEAMEN 

AND MARINES PASSING IN REVIEW ,■,,-. 



! 1 i I ; rt II I ic >i , 



'■I'l"" 



saiii.c-. \i 



'ppearing in the 
i:iiii>, were received with 



Ci 

^Tr'11^r^l Urtit^^re 

cii ■ 
ill • 
in 



ier ?,Tir1 rlis- 



;ii' II 1 1; 111' c >..;/.'.'/.> , iHUhmi'' ii tni.'v \\ i 



■<», 



Unveil iiif:: of the Stalitr iii 

The day was fitful in ineteorolog'ical conditions, l^ejj^inning 
with bright sunshine and beautiful cloud effects, cuhninat- 
ing in a brief but fierce downpour during Ambassador Cam- 
bon's address. The temperature was at summer heat and the 
liumidity high. 

At the end of the review the President and Cabinet returned 
to the White House under escort of a detachment of " Minute 
Men." 

In taking leave of the " Minute Men " the President said: 

I want to thank ^-ou very nuich for havini; come in the uniform of the 
Continentals to escort the President of the United Stales on an occasion 
so frau^Iit with historic reminiscences. 

The menilters of the P'rench Mission were escorted to their 
hotel b>- a troop of ca\-alry. 

HNI) OF THK P.\U.\r)K 

At the end of the route of march, at iMfteenth street, the _ 
United States artillery and cavalry moved north to K street 
and thence to the post at Fort Myer. 

The foot troops. Regulars, paraded down Pennsylvania 
avenue to their respective .stations. 

The National Gtiard were reviewed by General Harries and 
then proceeded to their armories. 

The United States marines and sailors acted as escort to the 
"rench battalion to the railroad station, where the usual com- 
plimentarx- parting manetivers took place, after which the 
marines continued to their quarters. The French sailors 
boarded their trains in waiting and returned to the Gaulois, 
off Annapolis. 



AT THE CAPITOL 



During- the afternoon the foreign guests under escort of the 
President's commission and Mrs. Peirce were conducted on a 
tour of sight-seeing, their first object of interest being the 
Capitol. 

REPRE.SENTATIVE m'CLEARY RECEIVE.S GUESTS OF THE NATION 

The party were met at the main entrance b}- Representative 
James T. McClearj', chairman of the Hou.se Committee on the 
Library, who accompanied them to the office of the .Speaker. 

SPEAKER HENDERSON AND GENERAL BRUGERE EXCHANGE 
FELICITATIONS 

After the usual greeting Speaker Henderson, in a few happy 
remarks, said: 

American mothers teach their children that France was the friend of 
the Colonies in the struggle which ended in the birth of the States as a 
nation, and instill in their hearts a sentiment of gratitude toward our 
friend and ally. 

He was greatly pleased to welcome the members of the French 
Mi.ssiou and of the families of Rochambeau and Lafayette to 
the constituent body of the American people in the law-making 
branch of the Government. An expression of the feeling of 
grateful remembrance was manifested in the adjournment of the 
House of Representatives as a mark of respect to the memory 
of Rochambeau. 

General Brugere, in behalf of the Mission and others in the 
company, speaking in French, which was translated as he pro- 
gressed, said he felt impressed with the spirit of friendliness 
which had met the Mission everywhere. He could say the 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 8 113 



114 -'/'' 1 1"' ( (ip'tol 

same feeliiij^ existed in all stations in life in France. Althouj^li 
his time was entirely taken up in the affairs of his own country, 
he felt himself highly honored and equally happy when he was 
designated to the Commission to take jiart in the unveiling of 
the statue of the great French general of the auxiliary armj' 
of France in America. 

COMTESSR DR ROCHA:\rBEAU SPEAKS FOR THE OLD FIELD 

MARSHAL 

The Comtesse de Rochamheau, with captivating grace, spoke 
in behalf of the name and American fame of Rochambeau. 
The enthusiasm which moved everybody, from the President 
of the United States to the humblest citizen and soldier, in 
perpetuation of his memory, she realized was sincere, and 
therefore greatly appreciated. 

In passing the Hall of the House of Representatives on their 
way to the Senate wing of the Capitol, Mr. McClearj- pointed to 
the life-size full-length portrait of Lafayette, on the left of the 
Speaker's chair. General Brugere and the entire suite were 
deeply sensible of this great national honor to their countrymair, 
Lafayette, considering it as conveying in the highest degree the 
relation in which France, through this volunteer in the cau.se 
of liberty, .stood toward the people and their Representatives 
in the Congre.ss of the LTaited States. 

CHAIRMEN cannon AND DINGLEV EXPL.MN EXPENSES 

After visiting the rooms of the Committee on Appropria- 
tions, where Chairman Cannon, after a cordial welcome, 
explained how the Government legislated the hundreds of 
millions of dollars every year to meet the expen.ses of the Gov- 
ernment, and of the Committee on Ways and Means, where 
Chairman Dingley made a few remarks in explanation of how 
the vast revenues were raised to meet these expenditures, the 
partj' were taken to Statuary Hall. Representative McCleary, 
a man of profound learning in all that pertains to American 
hi.storj', pointed out particularly the statues of the men who had 
figured in the Revolutionary contest as statesmen and .soldiers. 



At ihr Capitol ' 115 

In each the General and those with him showed the deepest 
interest, and especially in New York's representative in this 
assemblage of greatness in marble and bronze, Chancellor Liv- 
ingston, who, by negotiation and purchase from France, made 
the immense territory of Louisiana an integral part of the 
domain of the United States of America. 

ASSEMBLY OF THE .STATES 

Thence, proceeding still under the thoughtful care of Mr. 
McCleary to the Rotunda, the Mission and those with them 
regretfully took leave, each in turn, of the distinguished Min- 
nesotan, who had so much enlightened them on American affairs 
pertaining to the people's share in the law-making power, in 
order to pass into the hands of the Sergeant-at-Arms of the 
Senate, Mr. Ransdell, who was in waiting. 

The great Rotunda paintings by Trumbull profoundly im- 
pressed them. The.se best life pictures of Roch.-mmbeaii in 
America were known to be from the pencil and brush of this 
father of American art. The great scene of the surrender 
at Yorktowu, with Rochambeau and his Frenchmen on one 
.side and Washington and his Americans on the other, with 
O'Hara between them surrendering the .sword of England to 
General Lincoln, deputed by Washington as the representative 
of the allied armies, especiall)' engaged their attention and oral 
tribute in the language of Rochambeau. 

WELCOME BY PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE 

The Sergeant-at-Arms then led them to the room of the Presi- 
dent pro tempore, Mr. Frye, who gave an eloquent welcome 
on behalf of the Senate, which he said represented the States of 
the Union — the original thirteen, for the independence of which 
Rochambeau and his army of Frenchmen fought as auxiliary 
to the Continentals under Washington, commander in chief, 
having now increased to fort\'-five in number, in one of which 
the population in the 3-ear 1900 was more than twice and in 
another twice that of the whole of the thirteen combined at the 



ii6 .// Ilir CapiUyl 

time of the Revolution, both of these States ha\niig been among 
the ori.i;iii;il thirteen. He called attention to the admiration 
whicli Washin.>;ton had for RociiAMHKAf. as handed down in 
his \vritin>;s, ami jiointinv; to the IVale ])ortrait on the wall, 
coMtinned, " here we have the conunander in chief himself in 
lifelike expression. After the events of to-day we shall ha\e 
RoCHAMBEAU in bronze to remind us of the devoted coadjutor 
of \Vashin>4ton in the transacti'ins of arms." 

GKNEK.Vl, liKlciCKE Ki;ri.IKS 

General Hrusere sjwke for I'rance in a]ipreciation of the 
heartj' welcome of the President ]>ro tempore of the Senate. 
He Said, haviuu reali/eil to tiie fullest extent the sentiments 
of friendship of the Presiiient in his address at the unveiling of 
the monument, representing the nation nationally and inter- 
uationully; of the Speaker, representing the body iwlitic of the 
.\merican jK-ople; he had now reached the climax of the Presi- 
d-ut pro tempore, representing the body politic of the States 
in their sovereign capacity luider the supreme Constitution, and 
aggregately the organizing force that goes to make up the' 
strength and greatness of American institutions. 

SEN'.\T(1K WKTMOKK TlI.W'KKn 

Senator Wetmore, chairman of the Joint Conuniltee on the 
Library, also extended his felicitations to the ]iarty, who recog- 
nized in him in the Senate, as in Representative MeCleaQ- in the 
House, the persons to whose exertions the rai.sing of a nionu- 
nietit to Rocii.vJiBE.'VU and his French troops was due in the 
course of Congressional enactment. 

The party manifested the deepest interest in the magnitude 
and interior arrangements of the official home of the law-making 
arm of the sovereign people, and asked numerous questions. 

TO THK I.IBKAKY OK CONCiRESS 

After leaving the Capitol the members of the Mi.ssion and 
their escort were driven to the Library of Congress, where they 
were received by the Librarian in his office. After a brief con- 



.// I he Cii[^ilol 117 

vcrsation the party was shown about the building by the Libra- 
rian and certain chiefs of divisions. The visitors were impressed 
not only by the magnitude of the accommodations for books, 
but by the beautiful architectural effects of marble, mosaic, and 
fresco, especially in the grand entrance hall and staircases and 
reading rooms. They were also interested in the mechanical 
appliances for calling for and delivery of books at the de.sk. 
Several very interesting practical tests of the pneumatic tubes 
were made, the members of the party calling for volumes which 
interested them, fuuliiii; a i|nirk response. 

l-'IX.M.K .\T TIIK I'KICNCII KMH.V.SSV 

The closing functitm of the dav and of the week of Rocn.\M- 
BEAt' was a reception at the I'Vencli embassy from 9 to 11 p. ni. 
Owing to the death of I<ord Pauncefote, the British ambassador 
and dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the outdoor features of the 
entertainment, a nuisical concert by the band of the Gaidois 
and an illumination of the embassy with pyrotechnic .scenes of 
the Revolution, were abandoned. 

The Amba.s.sador and Mnie. Cambon, assisted by General 
Brugere and Cointe and Comtesse Rochambeau, standing within 
the entrance to the main drawing-room, received the invited 
guests, who numljered several hundred. Among them were 
the entire per.sonnel of the Diplomatic Corps, members of the 
Cabinet, a large number of officers of the Army and Navj-, the 
representatives of the Irish Historical Society, and the higher 
officers of the Government. 

The ho.stess, in a superb gown of while satin, and jewels, 
wore on her left shoulder the .sparkling star-shaped order 
of the Chefakat, bestowed upon her by the Sultan of Turkey. 
The Comtesse was gowned in white satin and lace, jewels, 
pearls and diamonds. 

M. andMme. Margerie, Captain and Mim-. X'ignal, M. Boeufve, 
Lieutenant de Faramond, M. Ilermile. and M. Ayguesparsse 
were unremitting in their attentions and contributicjns to the 
plea.sures of the evening. 



iiS .// I In- Ciipilol 

'1'Ik- ilia\viii;4-rooni was luuii; witli tliu tlas^s and festooned 
with the colors of the two nations. The mantels were banked 
with American Beauty roses and white lilacs in ijreat jirofnsion. 

SONS OK THE AMKKICAN KKVOI.t'TION GIVK C.KKKTINC. 

An interesting feature of a special meeting of the Sons of the 
American Revolution in honor of Ambassador Porter, jiresident 
of the Society in France and former president-general of the 
National Society in the United States, was the presence of Comte 
deRochambeau, accompanied by M. Jules Boeufve. The Count 
was escorted from the French embassy by a connnittee of the 
society to the place of meeting, arriving at 10.30, after the reg- 
ular proceedings had been concluded. As he entered he was 
greeted with great cheers of welcome and formall\- introduced 
by Noble D. Larner, president. 

The Count made a .speech in reply, in French, which Ambas- 
.sador Porter, at his request, repeated in luiglish, thanking the 
society for its thoughtful invitation and the cordial greeting 
they had given him. He had long heard of the society, its pur- 
po.se and its efforts, and particularly its interest in his country- 
men. It made him extremely happy to meet and speak to the 
descendants of the soldiers of Washington, and their companions 
of the Army, of RocH.VMBE.vr. He congratulated them upon 
their work and wished them every success, especially in keeping 
alive the memory of the alliance with France and the cama- 
raderie of the .soldiers of the two chieftains. 

COfKKIKK DES ET.\TS-fNIS ON THE C0JIMEM0R.\T10N 

The Courrier des Etats-Unis, the organ of the French people 
in America, and their mouthpiece among their couutrymeu at 
home, commenting on the events of the day said: 

Not .iloiie ito we see side by side the highest representatives of the Re- 
public of the United States and the envoys of President Loubet, grouped 
under the folds of the French and American flags, but also a .strong 
detachnienl of " I'usileers ;Marines";inarine fusileers), debarked, from the 
b.atlle ship Gaulois, under arms, marching 1)y the side of eomjianies from 
the American squadron at .Annapolis. 



A/ till' Capitol 119 

Al)ovc all the aildressL'S pronounoeil by the representatives of the two 
countries were an homage renilereil to the "alliance" which united 
France and the United States, the remembrance ')f which will be trans- 
mitted from generation to generation. 

MIMTARY ORUKK Ol' TIIH- FRENCH ALLIANCE 

Oil February 17, 1903, as a military social recognition of the 
events cliaracterized by the celebration at the American capital 
on May 24, 1902, and the genial spirit of in(li\-i(hial and inter- 
national amity which grew out of the presence of the French 
Mission antl the menib(5rs of the families of the two most dis- 
tinguished Frenchmen connected with the military operations 
of the Continental and French armies, the Militarj- Order of 
the French Alliance was instituted by descendants of the offi- 
cers of the allied armies of France and America in the war 
of the Revolution, as a special tril)Ute to the French alliance of 
1778, and to perpettiate the martial deeds and \-ictories of the 
allied armies, as well as to preserve the bonds of fraternal 
fellowship formed by comiianionship in arms, and to keep in 
mind the debt of gratitude which America owes France. 

The eligibility applies to male descendants of officers of the 
allied armies and navies of both countries, on invitation, as 
hereditary comjianions. Any officer of the present French 
army and navy, ujion w iiom has been conferred the Cross of 
the Legion of Honor, and officers of the United vStates army, 
upon wliom has been conferred the Medal of Honor, are eligible 
as hereditary companions. 

During the morning the President received at the White 
House the members of the Cercle Litteraire Franco-Americain 
(Franco- American Literary Society), L' Alliance Frangaise de 
Brooklyn (French Alliance of Brooklyn), the Irish- American 
Historical Society of New York and New England, and Na- 
tional Association of Frenchmen of Philadelphia, who had 
come to Washington on a special train in order to a.ssist at the 
dedication. 



120 .// the Caf)ilol 

TOUCH Ol' ART IN COOI) WILL 

A circuiiistaiice in liannony with the pre\ailiiig seiUiiiiciU of 
reininisceiicc and coiiimcmoratioii was the receipt at the French 
einbass)- from France — simultaneously with the arrival of the 
"Guests" at Washing-ton and Mission at Annapolis — of three 
superb oil paintings, as one of the incidents of the friendly 
exchanges between tiic two countries, all skillfully treated in 
llie characteristic style of I'rench art. 

CONNKCTION WITH Till; KOCllAMHi: AC MONt'MKNT KXHRCISICS 

The largest, an inunense canvas by Fernand de Quesne, 
portrayed Louis XI\' in the Salon de la Paix. at his palace at 
\'ersailles, handing to the famous explorer Chevalier de Cadillac 
letters patent, bestowing upon the French ])ost at the connect- 
ing waters of Lakes Huron and Krie, the franchises and grants 
of a city of Xew France under the name Detroit (Strait). 

The King in cx)stume of ceremony, in buff, antl Cadillac in a 
tirillianl .shade of green, occujiy the foreground. 

Behind the King stands Louis Boucheret, chancellor of 
France, in a trained robe of pink, and on his right the ministers 
of state, M. de Bartsezieux; war, M. de Colbert; foreign affairs, 
Marquis de Torcy; controller-general of the finances, Louis 
Phclypeaux, Comte de rontcharlrain ( father); navy, Jerome D. 
Pontchartrain (son\and .several other distinguished personages 
of his court; on the left are three mousquetaires du roi. Be- 
neath the painting is the legend " Presented in the name of the 
French Republic by his Excellency, M. Jules Cambon." It is 
also accompanied by a key. 

It nuist not be omitted to say the elder Pontchartrain in the 
painting was the grandfather of Comte de ^Laurepas. who suc- 
ceeded his father Jerome de Pontchartrain as secretary of .state, 
but being rather haiuh- with his wit, pointing an epi.gram at 
"the ^Lldame " (,de Pompadour), so offended the royal favor- 
ite that he was exiled from court for a quarter of a century, but 
was recalled in time to participate in the negotiations with the 
States, which reached a finalilv in the treatx' of alliance. 



"ifia 




iiatiictci I. 

CONNECTION WITH THE MOCHA.MBEAU MONl'MF.NT KXKRCISKS 

The largest, an immense ■ c Quesne, 

XI\' ill r I- 

-. totlie 
towing upon thf 

_;raiUs 

LOUIS klV AND CXlimiAC ' "^ i" * 

The founding of Detroit, New Francf, afterwatil / Michigan, United Stales 

of America » 



j ules L 
elder Pontchartrain 



ith his wit, pointing; an 

r), so o! 

_ ,:t r,,; , 

particij 
SUiUb. vvUi.-h icd^iK^J a finalit^ 



A/ llic Capitol 121 

After remainint:; at the embassy on private exhibition some 
mouths the painting was forwarded by the ambassador to the 
mayor of Detroit (Mr. WilHam C. Maybury) "in the name of 
the French Government." 

The mayor promptl>- transmitted this letter with a message 
to the common council of the city, observing — 

This gift of the Republic of France is most acceptable to us, more 
especially in view of the fact that it recalls the founding of Detroit by 
the French and calls up their early efforts amid hardships and privation 
to found this goodly city upon foundations of liberty, religion, justice, 
and equality. 

The gift having been accepted under resolutions of council 
unanimously adopted, a committee of three, together with the 
mayor, was appointed to draft resolutions of thanks, which 
were handsomely engraved, for presentation to the French 
Republic. 

The painting, in order to be more suitablj- exhibited and 
cared for was temporarily placed in the Museum of Art. The 
other two paintings of Lafayette and Rochambeau represent 
them in the uniforms of the period, the former as an officer 
of artillerj^ the latter as lieutenant-general commanding the 
auxiliary army of France. They remain at the embassy for 
the present, but ultimately will adorn a collection of art of 
national reputation. 

fk;.\k(), morning and .vfternoon 

On the morning of the 24th, .simultaneou.sly with the instal- 
lation of the monument at Washington, the Figaro, newspaper, 
of Paris, France, issued au 8-page supplement — which appeared 
the same day, in the American language — entirely devoted to 
RoCH.AMBE.vu and Americans at home and in Paris, historical 
and caricature illustrations, reprints of contemporary accounts 
of the surrender at Yorktown in the Paris and London news- 
papers, and other relevant facts and comments of the time, 
embellished with many portraits retrospective and present. 

The Figaro in the afternoon gave a "5 o'clock" in honor 
of the RoCHAJiBE.^u fetes at Washington. The guests were 



122 .// Ilii' Capitol 

uliuost (.•xolusivcly representative iiiL-mbers of tlu- Aiuerican 
colony. 

A imisicale ami theatrical ciilcrtainiiicnt which followed was 
as much nii honor to that journal as it was to the snhject of 
conuiicnioralion. 

Anion.tc the specialties was a collection of bugle calls and 
drum and life nuuchcs used l)\- tlic regiments of UocUAMHEAf,' 
assend)led symphonically by Ivdward Philipi)e, and rendered by 
the band t)f tlie"Guarde Republicaine de France" in full 
iiniforni. 

These sounds of harmony, interspersed with the martial 
l)iping of fife and rattle of drum in the charge of " les soldats 
du Royal Auvergne" and other iucitlents of Vorktown, raised a 
jierfect frenzy of patriotism and international emotion. 

A number of veteran officers of the United Jstates wars, 
among them General Winslow and Major Huntington, said, in 
the way of revivifying military traditions, that this in thrilling 
efTect was beyond anything lhe>- had ever known. 

In the great throng present were officers of the Thirteenth 
Regiment of the line in the arnues of Louis XVI, the famous 
Hourbonnais of American fame; al.so the Ivighteenth Regiment 
of the line, the gallant Royal Auvergne, particularly celebrated 
at Vorktown. 

Another inspiring scene was an ciTecti\-e allocution to 
Rocii.\Miu;.\i- by Gaston Deschanii)s, concluding with an elo- 
quent peroration to Roosevelt, not onlv as a Chief Magistrate, 
but as a brave and gallant .soldier doing homage to the memory 
of another. 

The cable advices spoke of the occasion, its sentiment, its 
members, character, and enthusiasm as the .sen.satiou of Paris. 



A/ thr Cnpilol 



123 



In introducing the " RociiAMiiKAU extra," the editor of 
Le Figaro had this to say : 



PARIS 



!^II Ppli'-llK'll* «»X<-«'|»( lOIIIK' 



LE FIGARO 



WASHINGTON 



II. I)E VILLEMESSANT 

l-oudateur 



SAMEDI, 24 MAI T902 ""Sf^^^^^^t^ 



l''i"iii<;;iis <r Aiii«'i-i<iii<' <•( \iii('-ric:iiiis (l<- I'i-iiikm-, 17SI-lJK>;i 

KHTKS i)K kOCHAMBliAf 



Tin-: inaugnralioii ;il \\';is]iiiigloTi of a 
statue of KociiAMBKAU iiiiposcs iipoii tlic 
I'igaro a duty to itself and to its readers in 
America. The I-igaro lias for years been 
recognized not only in tlie United Stales, 
but in the American colony established in 
Paris, as the standard-bearer of French ele- 
gance, culture, and art. The American 
readers of the Figaro, therefore, have a 
right to expect that an event which tends 
more closely to forge the long-standing 
bonds between the two countries, the value 
and signification of which have been so 
admirably set forth in the letter of Tresi- 
dcnt Kooscvelt to M. I^oubet, should be 
properly presented by the Figaro. 

Under this sense of obligation the Figaro 
has published this supplement, in which 
by tlocument and design the dates 1781- 
1902 are contrasted and brought together. 
It containsja reproduction of tlie slatne of 
RocHAMUEAU. u photograph of the pedes- 
tal, and one of the artist, M. Ilaniar. 
Next comes successively a jjortrait and 
medallion of Rochamdeau. portraits of 
Franklin, Washington, and Lafayette, re- 
produced from precious and authentic 
prints. There follows a curious drawing 
of the famous scene where Voltaire blesses 
the grandson of Franklin with the words 
" God and liberty," and an allegorical 
print of Admiral d'F^staiug, the naval hero 
of the war of Independence. The battle of 



Vorklowu is explained in a plan made 
upon the spot by engineers of the King of 
France, showing the relative position of 
the I'rench and American troops. Then 
follows the nmsic to which marched the 
victorious armies, a print reproducing the 
obelisk jnit up at Port Vendres to com- 
memorate these great events, some curious 
caricatures of Knglish statesmen of the 
time, the first bank notes issued by the 
United States, a series of personal souve- 
nirs of RociiAMBKAU, the room in which 
he lived, the portrait of Washington, which 
was given to him after Yorktown. his 
tomb, and his coat of arms. 

The above are framed in a text which 
includes extracts from newspapers of the 
time and historical documents, of which 
some — as, for example, the article on the 
capitulation of Yorktown. printed in Phila- 
delphia—are unique. So nnich for the past. 

Tlie present is represented by the most 
well-marked personages of the American 
colony, those best known in the world of 
business, of politics, and of letters, and 
such French writers, artists, and states- 
men as contribute daily to the develop- 
ment of friendly relations between the 
two countries. These are accompanied 
by comments upon the American enter- 
prises in l-rance, and upon such arts, tastes, 
arnl sports as Hie two countries share in 
common. 



BANQUET 

rf? 

The capital of the sister RepubHc beyond the sea was 
synchronously the scene of prandial and eulogistic proceedings. 

On RocHAMBEAU Day at Washington a banquet was given 
at the Hotel Continental by American university men in Paris. 

The reception room was tastefully decorated with American 
and French flags, relieved by portraits of Washington, Rociiam- 
BKW. and Roosevelt. A conspicuous feature was a model of 
the statue unveiled at Washington. The banquet hall, elabo- 
rately festooned with the Stars and Stripes of the States and 
Tricolor of France, was adorned with banners on the walls 
bearing the names of the different Commonwealths of the 
American Union. 

At the request of Mr. John Munroe, president of the Ameri- 
can University Club, M. Guillemot, the mayor of Vendome, 
RoCHAMBEAU's birthplace, presided. 

The seat of honor was occupied by Marquis de Gras.se, in his 
character as lineal descendant of Comte de Gra.s.se, commander 
of the French fleet in the combined operations against the 
British army at Yorktown. 

Among the other descendant guests was Marquis de Deuras 
Chastelleux, a great-grandnephew of the Marquis of that name 
and memory, member of the French Academy, personal friend 
of Washington, major-general in Rochambeau'S army, and 
writer of v4ue on contemporary affairs and personages in 
America. Also Comte de Chaffaulte, great-grand.son of one of 
Comte de Gras.se' s marine officers, and the young Comte Guy 
de Rochambeau, Virother of Comte de Rochambeau, represent- 
ing the family at the unveiling ceremonies at Washington. 

125 



126 Haiiijitrl 

M. Henry \'isnaud. charge d'affaires of the United States and 
stall of the American embassy ; .Spencer Pratt, and manv French- 
men and resident Americans iiromiuent in art, industry, and 
letters sat arounil the festive board. 

"HANDS ACKOSS TIIK SEA" 

The following cable dispatch from the United JBtates Secre- 
tary of vState, John Hay, addressed to the mayor of X'endome, 
the birthplace of Rochambeau, was read by that functionary: 

Monsieur le Maire: On this joyous anniversary the President requests 
me to send his cordial greetings to' the French and American citizens 
assembled in Paris to celebrate the historic friendship of France and 
America. 

JOHX H.\Y 

To which, amid great enthusiasm, was .sent tliis reply: 

Have just received your kind telegram and have read it to the Americans 
and F'reiich united at this table. We thank 30U warmly for yonr kind 
words. Present our respectful homage to President Roosevelt. 

CUILLEMOT 
Mayor 0/ V'endomc 

Amid great applause Baron d'Estournelles de Constant made 
an eloquent address, in conclusion propo.sing the health of 
President Roosevelt; which was drunk standing by the entire 
assemblage. 

Among the other speakers were Marquis de Gra.s.se, Max 
O'Rell (Paul Blouet), M. Theobold Chartran, M. Louis Her- 
bette, M. James Hyde, M. Jules Siegfried, M. Lazare Weiller, 
and Prof. Leopold Mabilleau, the last three dwelling especially 
upon their experiences during a recent visit to the United .States. 

About 25 Poles, some kinsmen of Kosciuszko, representing 
the "Polish Kosciuszko monument committee," being present, 
through their spokesman, paid tribute to the career of their 
gallant countryman in the cau.se of liberty on twq^continents. 

It was proposed to organize a Franco-American league to 
cement and perpetuate the spirit of amity which exists between 
the French and American Republics. 



EVENTS OF THK DAY 



SfNiiAV. May 25 



^ 



A MASS IN COMMEMORATION' — AT 
'- THE GRAVES OF HEROES— ON A 
TOl'R OF OHSERVATIOX— "LE 
GArLOIS" EN VOYAGE 



o T,v. Washington, I). C 



/77.\/;AMA')' 



ITINERARY WASHINGTON TO NIAGARA FALLS 

*?? 

The vSabbath observances suitably brought to a close the 
dramatic scenes and festivities of the week of commemoration. 

At lo o'clock Ambassador Cambon, with the members of the 
Mission and associates, members of the President's commission, 
and manv of the Diplomatic Corps in full uniform, arriving at 
the main' portal of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, were 
met by Reverend Doctor Stafford, the rector, and conducted to 
front seats The chancel was adorned with palms and the altar 
with hundreds of lighted candles. A large congregation was 

assembled. 

The special service, arranged by order of the rector, con- 
sisted of low mass, celebrated by the Very Rev. Alfonse Magnien 
D D president of St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Md.; the 
Right Reverend Monsignor Rooker, of the Apostolic delegation; 
Reverend Doctor Chapelle, of New Orleans, and other priests, 
a .score of altar boys assisting. During the services the choir, 
under the direction of M. Armand Gumprecht, sang from the 
celebrated St. CeceUa mass, which was selected by the rector 
as a movement in sympathy with the commemorative and me- 
morial spirit of the special services. The " Kyrie Eleuson" 
formed an imposing overture to the grouping of sacred melodx', 
bringing out with excellent execution the tonic effects of this 
mast'erpiece of Gounod's contributions to the grandeur of the 
Roman ritual. The "Gloria in Excelsis," following, enhsted 
devout attention, especially of those in recognition ot whom 
the services were arranged. In deepest reverence, all knees 
bent, and voices responded to the solemn intonation of the 
"Credo in Unum" (We trust in one Almighty God). After 
S. Doc. 537. 59-1 9 '^9 



130 The Cardinal's Sermon 

the "Offertory," the "Sanctus, vSanctus, Sanctus, Domimis" 
(Holy, Holy, Holj', Lord God Almighty), afforded a suitable 
theme for the delicately metered parts, while the " Beuedictus " 
and "Agnus Dei" closed a most suitable rendering of the 
musical numbers of the sacred celebration. 

cardinal's sek.mon 

The sermon preached by the Cardinal presented a thrilling 
retrospect of what P'rance had done for savage America, colo- 
nial France, and the United States, from the standpoint of 
exploration, religion, and civilization. 

The Cardinal said: 

Sons of France, it is meet and proper that yon shonW assemble in the 
temple of Goil to give thanks to the .\lmif;hty for the great things which 
have been accomplished by your countrymen in this hemis])here in the 
cause of religion and civilization. For over two centuries after the discov- 
ery of the American continent, French missionaries cro.ssed the seas and 
preached the gospel to the aboriginal inhabitants. They carried the torch 
of faith in one hand and the torch of civilization in the other. They 
explored our lakes,, our rivers, our mountains, and they gave evidence 
that they were men of science, as well as men of God, by the charts of 
North America which they forwarded to Europe, some of which e.xist to 
this day and are still regarded marvels of geographical accuracy. 

But you have come to the capital of the nation for the special purpose 
of taking part in the unveiling of the statue of your illu.strious countryman 
Comte DK R()CH.\.MBK.\i", whose .services in the cause of .American inde- 
pendence were so signal and so con.spicuous that he could truly say of 
exploits accomplished, "Quorum pars Magna fui." 

Without detracting from the merits of his brothers in arms, I caii affirm 
that RoCH.^MBE.-^u was the flower of the French allied army. Mature in 
years, experienced in military campaigns, a veteran of the Seven Years' 
War, calm, deliberate, self-poised, he was a man according to Washing- 
ton's own heart -the general on whose counsel and prudence he could 
rely more than on that of any other commander. 

When the .'\merican troops under Washington and the French forces 
under RocH.\MnEAi- were on the march to Yorktown, Washington gal- 
lantly propo.sed to give the post of distinction to the French army. 
KoCHAMBEAU gracefully declined the honor, and in doing so he followed 
the impulse of his own heart, as well as the general instructions he received 
from his Government — that he should always subordinate himself to the 
American commander in chief. 



Phoioffraphic Remembrance 131 

The aniiy of Cornwallis was surrounded on land by the French and 
American troops, and was prevented from escaping to sea by the fleet 
of Admiral de Grasse, which guarded Chesapeake Ba}-, and thus the 
defeat of the English commander was inevitable and he surrendered his 
sword to Washington. The capitulation of Cornwallis was the most 
decisive event of the American Revolution. Even Washington himself, 
in a letter to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, makes the avowal, " I need not 
remind Your Excellency of the desperate condition of our affairs. With- 
out the help of your country we shall be iniable to expel the enemy or 
continue the contest much longer." 

May our country never close her eyes to these momentous facts! May 
the friendship existing between France and America — a friendship coeval 
with our history as a nation, a friendship to which we owe our very exist- 
ence as an independent sovereign power — may this historic friendship be 
perpetuated! May it be strengthened and consolidated by the iron bonds 
of commerce and by the golden links of brotherly love! May the two 
great Republics of the world go hand in hand in the march of liberty and 
progress and civilization, and may the monument erected to Rochambeau 
in the capital of the nation ever remind the American citizen who may 
contemplate it of the everlasting debt of gratitude which the United States 
owes to France! 

The service in all its parts was a most imposing and solemn' 
tribute to that Power on High which meastires and moves the 
soul of man and rules the destiny of nations. 

During the afternoon nttmerotis calls of etiquette, official and 
otherwise, e.specially among the members of the Diplomatic 
Corps, were made. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC REMEMBRANCE 

In the afternoon, there being no other time at their disposal. 
Ambassador and Mme. Cambon, General Brugere, Admiral 
Fournier, and their aids called at the White Hotise. At the 
request of Major Bertholet, the President and military and 
naval members of the Mission repaired to the grounds south 
of the Mansion and posed for several grotipings, to be taken 
back to France as a remembrance of their visit to the United 
States and the hospitality of its President. 

Comte and Comtesse de Rochambeau and Comte de Lafayette 
spent a few hours visiting Arlington National Cemeterj- and 
the United States cavalry post at Fort Myer, on the hills of 



132 Preparing for Departure 

\'irginia, under escort of CajHaiii Lewis, >Second United States 
Cavalry. 

The visit was shortened liy arrangements for departure on the 
proposed tour later in the day. 

G.VLI.Ol' To THI-: "zoo" 

An incident of the ])re,sence of the Mi.ssion not soon to be 
forgotten was an invitation from the President to accompany 
him and several others on a gallop. 

Accordingly the party assembled in front of the White Mouse 
about 4 p. m., the French officers in Ijrilliant array. 

The personnel con.sisted of the President, his son Theodore 
and daughter Alice; Secretary Root; Senator Lodge, of Mas- 
sachusetts; General Brugere, \'ice- Admiral P'ournier, deneral 
Chalendar, and Captain Lasson. 

The President with General Brugere, in advance, led the waj' 
along Connecticut avenue, over the hills of Mount Pleasant, and 
into the picturesque vale of Rock Creek and the " Zoo." 

After enjoying the attractions of animate and inanimate na- 
ture in this haven of .science the jiarty returned to the White 
Hoti.se. 

"GAfLOIS" OFF FOR NEW YORK 

At 4 a. m.. May 25, the battle ship Gaiitois, escorted by the 
cruiser Olympia and battle ships Alabama and Kcarsargc, 
weighed anchor and sailed for New York. At 4.26 p. m. the 
Gaulois and escort passed the Capes of \'irginia, and put to sea. 

PRKP.\RIXG FOR l)EP-\RTrRK 

A little past 7, after the usual final arrangements and 
farewells between parting friends, the distinguished guests, in 
carriages or automobiles, as suited their fancy, left for the 
station. 

The party as the}' drove up were received by members of the 
President's connnission, who were to be companions of the 
journey, and were assigned to their places on the .sj)ecial train. 



TOUR OI- THE GUESTS 

ATTENDING THE UNVEILING 

OF THE 

ROCHAMBEAU ISIONUMEXT 



134 



PARTANT 

^^ 

At 7.30 p. in., the hour scheduled, the " Rochambeau Spe- 
cial" departed from Washington. 

THE TRAVELERS 

The following comprised the members of the party: 

GUESTS OF THE NATION 

His Excellency M. Cambon, the French ambassador. 

Her Excellency Mme. Cambon, the French ambassadress. 

General Brugere, general of division, vice-president of the supreme 
council of war of France. 

Vice-Admiral Fournier, inspector-general of the navy of France. 

Comte de Rochambeau. 

Comtesse de Rochambeau. 

Comte Sahune de Lafayette. 

M. Croiset, member of the French institute, dean of the Faculty of Letters 
of Paris. 

General Chalendar, commander of the Fourteenth Infantry Brigade. 

Captain de Surgy, captain of the armored cruiser Gaiilois. 

Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-Marc, aid-de-camp and personal representative 
of Emile Loubet, Pre.sident of the French Republic. 

M. Lagrave, representing the ndnistry of commerce. 

M. de Margerie, counselor of the French embassy at Washington. 

Mme. de ^Margerie. 

M. Jean Guillcmin, subdirector of the cabinet of the foreign minister. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Hermite, connnander of the Sixth Foot Artillery. 

M. Renouard, painter and engraver, representing the ministry of public 
instruction. 

M. Robert de Billy, secretary of embassy. 

Major Berthelot, aid-de-canip to General Brugere. 

Captain Vignal, military attache to the French embassy at Washington. 

135 



136 Parian/ 

Litiitonaiit Coiiitc ile Faiainoud, naval atlaclic to tlii: I'riiich iiiibassv 
at Wasliiiijtton. 

M. Jules U(cufv<5, chancellor of the I'rench enibassv at Washinjjtoii. 

I.ieut, Anilrc Sauvaire-Jourdaii, aitl-de-canip to N'ice-Admiral l'"ournier. 

I.iciit. Gustavc le Jay, aiil-(k'-caniii to Vicc-Aihniral I'mirnier. 

l.ifiit. Haroii Maxiiiiilicn dc Rcinach tie Werlh. aiil-ile-caini) lt> Vice- 
Admiral I'oiiriiicr. 

Capl. rouilloilo do Saint- Mars, captain of artillery. 

Capt. Rtienne iMlloneau, aid-de-canip to General Bru>;ere. 

Captain Lasson, attaclnS of the general staff of the jjovernor of I'aris. 

Viconite de Chanilirun, attache of the I'rench embassy at Berlin. 

ri;i'ri:si:nt.\tivi;s ok thk pkx.sidknt 

Mr. Herbert II. I). Peirce, Third Assistant Secretary of State, chairman 
of the I'residenl's conimis.sion. 
Jlrs. Herbert H. I). Peirce. 
Col. Theodore .\. Hin,t;hani, V . S. Army. 
Connnandcr Raymond P. Rodgers, I'. S. Navy. 
'Mr. PMwin Morgan, secretary to the President's commission. 





IvVl'.XTS OF TIIK DAY 




Mmnmav. May 26 




^ 


NIAi'. 


ARA 1 AI.I.S— I'll!-; ••C.AVI.OIS" AT 




Ni;\V YORK 




/rixKK.iKy 


Milfs 




440 Ar 


lluftalo. N. Y 8.00 n.ni. 


I.v 
22 Ar 


BuflaU). N. Y 8,ioa. m. 


Niagara I'alls. NY 9.00 a. ni. 




Carriafif drive in forenoon, terminating at 




special train, which was ctmveniently side- 




Irackcil to serve hinch in <liiiinK car. Trip 




over tireal t'lOrge r«^*ile in the afteriuH>n to 




I.ewiston and return 


l,v 


Niagara l-'alls, N. \', . .) >«' p ni. 


; 22 Ar 


Ilnffalo, N. Y |.=.op. ni. 


! >.v 


lliiffalo. N. Y 5 '-■ !'■ '"■ 



l>^ 



NIAGARA 



The RoCHAMBEAU Mission reached Buffalo on schedule time 
after an luieventful run of twelve and one-half hours from 
Washington. The party breakfasting on the train, reached 
the Falls at 9.30 a.m. Here the>' left their coaches, entering 
carriages for a drive of .several hours through the park on the 
American and across the bridge to the Canadian side. Upon 
reaching Table Rock there was a halt to afford the visitors time 
to stroll about and enjoy this wonderful object of nature. 

Reentering their carriages they returned to their train for 
luncheon. During this intermission the mayor made a formal 
call and extended the freedom of the city. 

At 1. 15 p. ni. two special cars were run into the station and 
boarded b}- the party for a trip over the stretch of sublime scen- 
ery, making stops at the Whirlpool Rapids, Lewiston, and acro.ss 
the new bridge to the British side. General Brugere, General 
Chalendar, and the other military members of the group were 
greatly interested in an account of the battle of Queenstown 
Heights, of the war of 181 2, which was given them from the foot 
of the towering column which marks the spot where the Brit- 
ish General Brock was killed. Continuing through the gorge 
along the scenic railway, they recros.sed into American territory 
by the upper steel bridge, reaching the .station at 3.45 p.m. In 
their tour Major Berthelot and others were busy with their 
cameras and M. Renouard with his pencil and pad. 

Among the pleasing incidents of the day was the pre.sentation 
on behalf of the vSisters of Mercy of St. Mary's convent, by a 
bevy of young girls arrayed in white, to Comtes.se de Rocham- 
beau, of a large bouquet of carnations and American Beaut.\' 

139 



140 .4/ Niagara 

roses held by red, white, and l)hie ribbon, and attached to a 
small silk American flag. 

The Comlesse manifested particular delight and thanked liie 
young ladies for their remembrance. 

After a day of unmistakable enjoyment the party left at 
5 ]). m., bound eastward via lvmi>orium Junction, Harri.sburg, and 
Philadelphia to Jersey City, thence to West Point. 

AKKIVAI. OK THE "C.AfLOIS ".XND HKK KSCORT .VT NKW VoKK 

While the travelers were beholding the sublimit\- of Niagara 
the Ciaiilois was entering the harbor of New York. 

On the 26th, about an hour before noon, the cruiser and the 
escorting .squadron entered New York Bay. Approaching 
Battery Park, the Gaiilois leading, the Olynipia flying the rear- 
admiral's pennant, the Alabama floating the flag of the Assistant 
Secretary of the Navy, and the Kearsargc following, in single 
file, the .scene was particularly striking, the vessels being 
greeted with the blowing of steam sirens. Coming abreast 
of Governors Island the first gun in salute came from Castle 
William, answered by a hull gun from the Gaulois, a second 
from the battery, a respon.se from the deck of the cruiser, a 
third from the shore, an auswer from the military top, and 
thus alternating, gun for gun, through the resounding honors. 
The towns and villages which formed the perimeter of the 
lower bay presented a forest of flags. Particularly in evidence 
were the ' ' Stars and Stripes ' ' broadly floating from the toxvering 
sky .scrapers in the great city of New York. 

Proceeding up the North River the squadron dropped anchor 
off West Thirty-fourth .street. As the anchor of the Frenchman 
went overboard the bands of the American ships played the 
French national air. 

No sooner had the vessels made fast than launches were 
lowered and visits of ceremony began. 

A short time after the dispatch boat J'>o/f>/ii>i passed the 
squadron, lx)und for West Point, to convey the oSicial and 
unofficial "guests" to New York the next dav. 



liVKNT.S ol' riU': 1>AV 



Tri-si>Av. May 27 



^ 



MILITARY HONORS AND A CADKT 
Ri:VIK\V METROPOLITAN MTNICIPAL 
FELICITATIONS " KMl'IRE STATE" 
GUARO ON DRIvSS rARADIl-SOCIICTY 
OV THE CINCINNATI Ri;Mi:MliI-;RS 
ROCHAMni:Af 



/y/AV'AMA-) 

507 Ar. Jcrst/y City. X. J 7.10 a.m. 

o Lv. Jersey City, N. J 7.258.111. 

53 .\r. West Point, N. Y 8.50 a. 111. 

Party relumed to New York on the V. S. S. 
Dolfihin, leaving n a. in.. arri\nnp at New 
York City .^ p. in. Train release*! at West 
Point and returned to Jersey City. 



142 



AT WEST POINT— A CADET REVIEW 



At 8.50 a. 111. the Rociiambeau Mission special train deliv- 
ered its distinguished visitors at West Point. The j^reat j^niis 
made the historic hills reverberate lively enough to make the 
guns of old seem i)la>lhiugs in comparison. 

In conformity with the circular of arrangements and general 
orders issued by Col. A. L. Mills, .Superintendent of the Acad- 
emy, the "French ambassador and the distinguished gentle- 
men compo.sing the Mis,sion of the Government of France" 
were received at the railroad station by the Superintendent and 
military and academic staff at 9 a. m., the United States Mili- 
tary Academy detachment of cavalry acting as escort. 

Upon their arrival a .salute of 19 guns was fired. The dis- 
tinguished party was conducted by way of the library, in front 
of the cadet barracks and gymnasium, to the Superintendent's 
([uarters. 

As the escort reached the plain another salute of the .same 
number of guns was given. 

The battalion of cadets, in full-dress uniform, was drawn up 
on the walk at cadet barracks, the band at the clock tower, and 
the left of the battalion toward the gymnasium. 

The battalion w^as innnediately paraded on the plain for 
inspection and review. 

After the review the party was attended to the Superintend- 
ent's quarters for refreshments, after which they walked to the 
gymnasium, where there was a short drill. 

Thence they proceeded to the cadet barracks, the academic 
building, chapel, library, and memorial hall. At the latter 

143 



144 l.tuuiiiii^ ill .\cii< )'<)rk Cilv 

point tlic \isitois and Ihi- olTicers altendinj; tlieni, escorted by 
tile c;uali\-. drove to the south dock hy way of luirt Clinton, 
the hotel, Battle Monument, and Superintendent's quarters. 

hi Iioiuii of the occasion academic duties were susjiended 
until J p. 111. Cavalry exercises of the first class and instruc- 
tion of the fourth class in fencing and KyuH'^'^tics were also 
suspended. 

A heavy downi>our of rain unfortunately jjreatly marred the 
spectacular features of the scene, the cadets at the time being in 
formation for review. 

The military and naval members of the parly, especially, dis- 
played the {.greatest interest. The graduating cla.ss stepped 
from the ranks and .saluted. Comte de Rochanil)eau, through 
an interineter, said a few complimentary words. 

From the review the party passed to the gynniasiuni, where 
the fourth-cla.ss men gave an exhibition of military gymnastics 
which drew forth great applause. 

The part\' were then shown through the academic building, 
barracks, memorial hall, and chapel. 

The British and llessiau colors, taken at Yorktown and pr?- 
serveil in a case, greatly interested Count de Rochamlieau. The.se 
colors were jire.sented by Congress to Washington. Washington 
him.self on the field, with the later approval of Congress, pre- 
sented to Comte DK Rocn.\MBKAU and Comte de Gra.sse each 
two cannon taken at the British surrender. 

Before leaving, General Brug^re and Count de Rochambeau 
again addres.sed the corps in most laudatory terms-and bade 
tlKiu farewell. 

At the wharf the party, after many expressioiis of apprecia- 
tion of their entertainment, and of compliment for the institu- 
tion, boarded the Pol/^/ii/i and steaiiieil away. 

LANDING IN NICW Vl^KK CITY AMID I'lKINf. OV CU'NS 

At 3.30 ]i. 111. the Dolfiltin dropped anchor oil the Battery. 
The rain in the Cat.skills in the morning extended to the 
metropolis in the afternoon. .\s the guests left the steamer 
in launches, .salutes were fired in their ln)nor. As they stepped 



Escorted fo the City Hall 145 

ashore at the stone pier near the United States barge office 
they were met by Mr. James B. Reynolds, secretary to the 
ma3-or; Major Greer, of General Roe's staff, and Mr. Willett, 
chairman of the aldermanic committee. Notwithstanding the 
rain, a great crowd had gathered in Battery Park within the 
police limits. Drawn up in double lines in front of the barge 
office were about 100 seamen of the Gaulois and about 100 
each from the Alabama and Kcarsarge, lauded for the occasion. 
Carriages were in waiting for the guests. A troop of Squadron 
A occupied a position east of the United States sailors. 

At 4 p. m. the guests, headed by M. Cambon, the French 
ambassador; Vice-Admiral Fouruier, General Brugere, and 
Comte de Rochambeau, were received by Mr. Reynolds and 
directed to their carriages in this order: 

First carriage, Ambassador Cambon and Assistant Secretary 
of State Herbert H. D. Peirce, chaiiTaan President commission, 
with Mr. Reynolds; then following General Brugere, Colonel 
Bingham, Major Berthelot, and Captain Filloneau; Vice-Admiral 
Fournier, Commander Rodgers, Lieutenant Sauvaire-Jourdan, 
and Lieutenant le Jay; Professor Croiset, General Chalendar, 
Captain Vignal; Count de Rochambeau, Count Sahune de 
Lafayette; Captain de Surgj', Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint-Marc, 
Lieutenant Count de Faramond, Lieut. Baron Maximilian de 
Reinach de Werth; M. Lagrave, M. Guillemin, Louis Hermite, 
Lieutenant-Colonel Hermite; M. Renouard, M. de Billy, Cap- 
tain Lasson, Captain de Saint-Mars; Vicomte de Chambrun, 
M. Boeufve. 

The Comtesse de Rochambeau, who was to accompany her 
husband, remained on the Dolpliin. but later landed and 
witnessed the review. 

ESCORTED TO THE CITY H.\LL 

A few mintites after 4 o'clock, as the first carriage entered 

the line, the sailors came to attention; the colors dipping, the 

French officers saluting, and civilians touching their hats. The 

troopers of Squadron A wheeled into column of fours iu front 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 10 



^ 



i.|(> f!trei\rt/ />y llir .] favor 

<W ilk- l'n--l o.u iiai;o ami llu- march ii|i Hioailway ln-^an, TIk' 
haiul iif till' American sailors struck up a mailial strain, 
followed li\ a ([uickstcp by the buy;les and drums of the l-'rench, 
with the full accompaniment of their hand. Alonj; the jjreat 
thoroughfare — on sidewalks and in windows and hnikliugs 
lavishly decorateil — were thousands of people waxing and 
cheering. The scene was metropolitan in all resjiects, and so 
impressed the guests. 

uKci:i\M:n nv 'iMii': M.\Yin< 

It was .|..'o p. m. wl\cn the guests reached the Cit\ Hall and 
entered. 

Ihlder inslruclions from headquarters, the guests were 
accorded ihi' freedom of the cily. A detail of 51x2 patrolmen 
kejit the route of march and the park clear of the crowd. 

The visitors were immediately conducted to the mayor's 
private ofhce by Secretary Re\ iiolds, from whence, tlie Secretary 
leailing with the I-Veuch ambassador, the entire persoiniel fol- 
lowing, they proceedeil to the goven\t)r's room, where \.\^ 
mayor was in readiness to receive them. He was surrounded 
by a utunber of friends, among whom were C^icu. Horace Porter. 
and)a.s.sador to l''rance: Cornelius N. lUi.ss, former Secretary of 
the Interior; Robert .\. X'.in Wyck, former mayor of New York- 
I'hilii> Rhinelander; Commissioners l-'olks, Wilcox, Lederle, 
anil Hawkes, and Comi>t roller Cirout, and others. 

After the usual salutations and handshaking, tlie luayor s;\id. 
"I am glad to welcome you here." To which the I'Vench 
amba.s.sador uiaile acki\owledgmeut ,uid, turning, ]iresented 
(.icucral l?rugi!'re. After an exchange of compliments, in 
I'Veuch, the General introduced the rest of his countrymen, 
at the conclusion of which the mayor said: 

Mr. .\nil>nssiulor, 1 take groat plon.-iiiro ill prv-si-nlini; to you proiniiK'nt 
oili/oiis of lliis oity — ox-iiiayors, olVu-crs of thi- oily gov ernnunt . ami others — 
wlu) have kiiully coi\sci\tetl to .•iorvo 011 the honorary oommittoe to bid 
you weleoino. Tlie aUloriiianio coinniitteo will .shortly wail upon us ami 
invite you to their l^nnH•il oliaintHM-, \\ luTf 1 will welcome you in the name 
of the cilv. 



Rrtck'cd hv I lie Mdvor 147 

KOUMAI.lTIICS AND SPKECHES 

I")iirini;' a hri(.-f iiiKTini Uk- iiKiyor lircuii;ht lo the.' notice of 
the visitors near him a writing; table, obscrvinj; that it was used 
by Washiuj^ton while President of the United vStates. The 
ambassador, Ck'neral HriiR^re, and associates examined it with 
the deepest interest. 

The aldernianio cuiuniittee, luu'inj; nutilied the mayor that 
tlu' Ixiard was in readiness to receive the visitors, they were 
presentL<l ti) the h'rench ambassador with the rormal remark; 

Mr. Anil):is,s:i(lor, may 1 pri'st'iit lr> you llic alcU-niuiiiii' coiiiiiiillcc' who 
have l)een appoiiili-il U^ a.sk ymi (d llir ahk-nii.-iiiio i-haiiibiT? May I 
present to 3'ou the chairman nl' Ihiir txnniuiltee, Alileriiuin Willelt? 

The entire group, led by the committee, Mayor l^ow escort- 
ing the French amba.ssador and Colonel Ihngham General Bru- 
g^re, the rest following in order, moved toward the chamber. 
As they entered the members of tlie board ro.se in place. The 
chairman, Alderman Willett, .said: 

Mr. I'resiileiil, 1 liavi- tin- luuini Id aniiouiu-c llu jiresence of the distiii- 
fjui.shed cU'lefjalioii iiom l^'rauce in>\v in thi.s country to participate in the 
ceremonies atteniliuf; the unveiling; of the RocnAMHlv.vu .statue. 

The president. Mr. h'ornes, in welcomini; the \'isitors, .said: 

I deem it a jfreat [jrivik'n'e and honor to tender, on behalf of the board 
of aldermen, to yon, Mr. Amba.s.sador, Count de Rocluunbeau, and your 
associates, representing the Republic of I'rance, a mo.st cordial welcome 
to the legi.slative hall of the city of New York, and al.so to express our 
high ap])rcciation of the honor your presence confers upon us. 

The noble, lii.storic event which your sojourn in our conntrj- conunemo- 
rates awakens a precious memory of the heroic deeds of your kindred and 
countrymen in the establi.shment of a republican form of government, where 
the only .sovereign is the will of a majority of its citizens. We, represent- 
atives of the city of New York, exjjre.ss in its behalf the hope of an endur- 
ing friendship between the citizens of our beloved countries, .so that as 
the governments create histories the brightest pages thereof will record 
the blessings and prosperity of the French and American Rei)ublics. 

May the .same noble spirit which prompted the valiant Marshal Ro- 
cnAMHKAU and his loyal comrades ever be alive in the birth, growth, and 
.stability of republican forms of government, and the entwined flags of 
l"tanre and the t'nited Slates, reminding us of Ibr union of heart and 



148 Received by llir Mayor 

liaiiil of \Vasliiii(jtoii ami RocilAMUKAr, l)e typical of the howA of friend- 
slii]) and j;o<m1 will betwei-ii the yoiinj; and vif;orous Republic of the Old 
and the powerful and i)ro>jressive Repulilic of the New World. 

We trust your visit to the nation your kin<lred so materially helped to 
inauj;urate in a career of j;reatness will ever he the cause of ])leasiiiit 
mutual recollections. 

The I'lench amhassailor was then (.■scorted to a seat on the 
right and ficncral 15ruj;erc on the left of the jiresident. The 
rest of the visitors were seated on the ri^lu of tlie chamber. 

The mayor, rising, .said: 

:\Ii. .Vuibassador, and ji;entlenieu of the RoCH.\Miii:.\i" Mission, who so 
worthily represent the Repidjlic of 1'' ranee: The mayor of the city of New- 
York carries on his official business in the presence of the portrait of La- 
fayette, who represents to us .Americans the {generous ardor of the I'rench 
people for the ideals of political liberty. The representatives of New- 
York are glad to have the opportunity to-day, in greeting your distin- 
guished delegation, to acknowledge the .services to this city of the I'rench 
nation thn>ugli the cooperation of the regular army and navy with the 
forces of the American colonies. The decisive battle resulting from this 
cooperation was fought at Yorktown, upon the soil of \'irginia; but it ush- 
ered in the historic .scene of I'Vaunce's Tavern in this city, where Washing- 
ton baile farewell to the officers who had been his comrades in anus at th? 
end of the Revolutionary war. This fortunate result was directly due to 
the cooperation of I'rance; but even the service of the volunteer Lafayette, 
and of RocM.\Mlii:.\r and l)e Gras.se of the French army and navy do not 
coni]irise all that we owe to the generous nation whom you represent. 
You freely sup])lied the American forces with the sinews of war, and 
your help in another form has made the French name of I.c lion Homme 
A'ic/itinf as fiuniliar in our ears as Yorktown itself. [.Applause.] 

These things we, of the city of New York, hold in grateful remembrance, 
but we do not forget that I'rance itself has interpreted their permanent 
significance in the statue that the French people have placed in our beau- 
tiful harbor, of " Liberty enlightening the world." This is the deep and 
eternal purpose of liberty, that it should tljrow light upon the path that 
civilization it.self must follow with the jirocession of the .suns. 

We of .\inerica do not owe more to France in the domain of political 
liberty than we owe to her in the fine example she sets of freedom in the 
domain of art. Science to-day in all lands is happily free, but the wliole 
world goes to the I'rench school of the l>eautiful arts, liecause under the 
free sky of liberty in the realm of art the art of France has become the 
teacher of the nations. For these reasons and many others that might be 
toUl, 1 have the honor to welcome you in the name of the city of New- 
York to our beloved city, [.\pplause.] 



Reply of iJir Frriu/i Ambassador 149 

Tin.' rlcrk then read tin- t'olliiwini; ivsdlutioii, adojited hv the 
board April 29: 

Rcsolrcii, That we, the iiK'ml)frs of tlie hoard of alilcrincn, voicing the 
deeply felt sentiment of the people of New York, tender our most cordial 
welcome to the representatives of the French Governmetit and people on 
their arrival on our shores, and respectfully request his honor the maj'or 
to appoint a committee to show our distinguished visitors all the courte- 
sies possible during their stay among us. 

The French ambassador was warmly applauded as he arose 
to reply to the welcome of the mayor. Couching his happy 
respon.se in luiglish, he .said; 

Mr. Chairman, Mr. Mayor, and gentlemen, representatives of the city 
of New; York: I thank you verj- much for this kind, generous, and 
splendid reception which 3'ou have given to my countrymen, the mem- 
bers of the French Mission. The President of the I'rench Republic 
has sent you the most di.stinguished representatives of the French army, 
of the French navy, of French science, and of French commerce, and also 
of our art, because we know that France is represented among you, not 
only by the army and the navy, but al.so by the connnerce, the arts, and 
the sciences. A\'e would be very glad if we could live always with you in 
America. We are very glad to have the honor to know you, these dis- 
tinguished per,sons whom we have met in America. You know the more 
we are in America the better we like it. [Applause.] 

I am sure that my countrymen when they get back to France will say 
to their countrymen that Americans are the finest people they know. 
This ceremony of unveiling the statue of Roch.\xibk.«' is a remem- 
brance of the nations and of the friendship which always existed between 
Wa.shington, Lafayette, and RoCH.\MBE.vr, and these ceremoines will act 
as a remend)rauce to the .sons of France and America that the sons of 
RocH.\MBK.-\U and \Va.shington — the citizens of the United States and 
of France — are also as Rocii.\MHE.\r and Washington were, the firmest 
and best friends in everything, in every way, and for all time. 

The visitors then withdrew to the governor's room, the alder- 
men rising and appkutding. 

The entire party, preceded by the mayor. Ambassador Cam- 
bon, and General Brngere, followed by the members of the 
Mission and invited friends, left the building: Mayor Low, 
General Brngere, General Chalendar, and Colonel Bingham 
occupying the first carriage, the rest coining after. 

With their escort they proceeded up Broadway to tlie review- 
ing stand at the Worth .Monument. 



ISO (7 rand Panuir and Rn'inv 

TiiK (".I'AKD IN r\K.\i)i'; AND Ki:\i i:\v 

'PIh' inliahilants uf tlie assdciiitid lionm^hs of Maiiliattau, 
Hroiix, Brooklyn. Oiicciis, and Ricliiiioiul, now j^rowu to the 
nia^iiitiulc of the- socoml greatest cit\' on (.-avtli. were picjiared to 
make anKiuls for llie discourtesy of a foreign foe refusing; admit- 
tance to \\'ashini;ton and RoCiiamhicai' on several occasions,, 
when in former days they had eomI)ined npon a call. 

The ancii'iit Hattcry and Castle William were a wavini; con- 
stellation of Stars and Stripes, where then the " Uion an<hniicorn," 
standard of Kin>; ( reor.i:;e, floated in oppression of the liberties of 
ihe iK'ople. 

The ,t;reat city itself was en fete in ready response to the 
])roclaniation of the mayor announcing;: 

Ti) tlio iHiijiU' (if till' oily of Niu VmU: Tlu' (listtMj;iiishf(l ini-int)iTS<>f the 
Rocn AMl<i:Ar Missimi. aiipoitiloil l<> rt-])rfSiMit llu- Rc|>ubltcof I'"r.-iiice at tlio 
iiiivoiliiiji; ill Wa.shiujjlon of llic .■ilaliieof the Count Uli Rocn.\Min;.\r, our 
RevoUitioiiary ally, will arrive in New York on the aflernoou of Tuc-iday, 
May 27, at 3,300'clock, and will reinain here until Tliur.silay iiiglit, May 29. 
During this interval cilizen.>i are a.sked to dLsplay llieir lla>;s freely in cour- 
teous iecoj;iiition of tlie visit of the nation's quests, who are themselves so 
heartily weleoineil to New York. 

The arteries of trade and transit were a waNiiig mass of the 
colors of the two Republics, The city hall, the objective of 
municipal j;rectini;-, was the scene of a patriotic display of Ivmpire 
vState and national federated emblems, Kla^s, jiennants, and 
streamers waved brightly and defiantlN- from a forest of stafTs. 

During the ceremonies the troops, inchidiiig all the New York 
and Brooklyn regiments, were forming at the lower end of the 
great thoroughfare for martial di,splay. Hundreds of thousands 
of men and women of all conditions in life thronged the side- 
walks and crowded the windows to witness the warlike pageant. 

As the cortege and its trooji and ,sailor escort of two nations 
pas.sed to the scene of review, the regiments which lined the 
route between the city hall ami the Worth Monument succes- 
.sively stood at "present," The vast crowds cheered vocifer- 
ously and made other manifestation of greeting and good will. 
Traflic was suspended and the way was open to the full ]H.'r- 
fection of the spectacular features of the occasion. 



Griutd Parade and Rcz'iciv 151 

It was 6 p. 111. when the detachments from the American 
and French war ships took their position in donhle Hues ojipo- 
site the reviewing stand. Close 1)\- were (hawn up the Veteran 
Artillery of the War of 1812, in the unil'orm of their organiza- 
tion in that conflict. 

The shouts of command, swinging of arms in position of 
salutation, roll of ilrums, blare of bugles, and melody of bands 
gave signal of the arrival of the chief officer and distinguished 
guests of the city. 

The niaj"or, French amba.s.sador, and chief representatives of 
" the Government and people of France," surrounded by their 
militarj-, naval, and civil associates, stepping to the front 
beneath a canojn- of miliiary design, the order "Forward" 
was given. 

At 6.20 p. m. Major-General Roe and staff, followed by 
Sipiadron A ami Troop C, pa,s.sed the stand, the squadron's 
band playing " Le Marsellai.se," to which the French officers 
saluted. Owing to a sad accident in the collap.se of the plat- 
form at Kighteenth street and Fifth avenue there intervened a 
considerable gap before the Twenty-,seeond Regiment swung 
by, followed by the Thirteenth Infantry, Third Artillery with 
rapid fire guns, and the First Artillery with improved field pieces. 
The French officers displayed great interest, pas.sing many 
comments upon the science, art, and machinery of modern gun- 
nery. General McLeer, at the head of the Second Signal Corps, 
was followed by the Forty-seventh, Twenty-third, and Four- 
teenth regiments from Brooklyn. 

The Twenty-third came in for great applause from the French 
officers, who admired the precision of its movements. They 
were even more enthusiastic when informed it was the crack 
regiment of Brooklyn and the rival of the Seventh of New York. 

After the First Signal Corps had passed, led by General Smith, 
came the Seventh Regiment. Again there was great applau.se 
among the foreign officers, as the reputation of this celebrated 
military organization was known to them. The regimental 
band was also loudly cheered. 



152 Sodf/y of llw Cmciiniati Fulcrtoi'iis 

The renowned Sixty-ninlli iniincilialely after was hailed to 
the eelm, its l)aiul pla\in^ " Lc Marsellaise. " A voice on l^ie 
stand shoutins; " Three cheers for the Irish," created aspirit of 
luerrinienl and a still louder volnnie of applause. 

The Ivighth, Ninth, and Twelfth regiments, which made a 
fine apjiearance. were nnich admired hy the foreign exj>erts. 

Tlie Seventy-first Re>;iment in passing was the sij;;nal of 
cheering on a tremendous scale, its fame being known to the 
foreign officers. The men luuins; lost their uniforms in the 
destruction of their armor_\- were in hhie flannel shirts, khaki 
trousers, leggings, and campaign hats, .somewhat in contrast to 
the other spick and span organizations. The French officers 
joined energelicalK- in the applause of the Seventy-first, re- 
nt, irking the men looked more like United States Regulars than 
volunteers. 

The Naval Militia, which closed the parade, ]>assed the stand 
at 7.20 p. m. The numl)er of the city's troops in review was 
8,5C». 

The mayor and distinguished visitors at once returned to 
their carriages and left the .scene of such uumistakahle welcome, 
while the police heUl the great mas.s of spectators in restraint. 

The I'Vench and American .sailors marched to the river front, 
and h\- S o'clock were being towed in latuiches across the water 
to their .ships. 

After the review the mayor nuule a formal call ujion the 
I'rench amhas.sador, the members ot the Mission, and guests at 
their hotel. 

SOCIKTV Ol' TllK CINCINNATI KNTKKT.MN.S 

In the evening the A.stor (.^lallery of the Waldorf- A.storia 
was the scene of a sumptuous banquet, by the Military Order of 
the Society of the Cinciimati in honor of the Mis.sion and the 
representatives of the families of Rocii.\Miu-:.\r and Lafayette, 
both original names on the roll of the orgauizatiou. 

The great banquet hall was appropriately decorated. 0\'cr 
the seat of the toastmaster was the shield of the stx:iety in pale 
blue and white, with the Stars and Stripes on either side. The 



Society of the C/i/riinia/i Entrrlains 153 

walls were adorned with silk l)aime'rs, beariiii; the fleur-de-lis 
of France in gold and the American flags in use before the 
adoption of the present national enihleni. 

The guests consisted of the members of the French embassy, 
Mission and civil associates, and commander of the (raii/ois. the 
President's commission, admiral and connnanders of ships of 
the North Atlantic Squadron escorting the Gau/ois, Ambas- 
sador Porter, the officers of the United States Army and Navy 
connnanding in the military department, at West Point, and in 
New York waters, major-general commanding the National 
Guard of New York, and the escort of the day. The military 
and naval officers were in full uniform, and diplomats and mem- 
bers of the order wore their official ribbons and decorations. 
These, about 125 in number, were seated around an oval table 
richly appointed and abloom with banks of red peonies, varied 
with intermingling cherry and apple blossoms and standards of 
American Beautj- roses. 

The posts of honor on the right and left of the chairman, 
Nicholas Fish, were held, respectively, by Amba.ssador Cambon 
and Ambassador Porter and General Brugere, Vice-Admiral 
Fouruier, and Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, of the 
President's connnis.sion. 

At the opening, the toastma.ster called on Amba.ssador Porter 
for a response to the toast, "The President of the United 
States." His .speech bristled with points pertinent and periods 
persuasive. President Roo.sevelt was extolled as a man of 
conviction, backed b\- courage, who "marked the hours while 
others sounded them." lie alluded to President McKinley as 
"one of the noblest in the line of Presidents," and spoke feel- 
ingly of the uni\-ersal expressions of sympath>' and condolence 
from prince and peasant upon the sad tidings of his tragic death. 
His encomium upon the members of the embassy and the Mis- 
sion, the men on the bridge and deck of the Gaidois, and upon 
' ' the memory and descendants of Rochambeau and Lafayette ' ' 
elicited tumultuous applau.se. In reference to the Mi.s.sion, he 
mentioned it as second to none ever sent abroad by the French 
Republic. 



154 Sorirty of tlir Cii/riiiuafi Fi/frr/uiiis 

Ti) llic toast, " Tlif Prt'siilcnl of tin.- l''ri-iioli Republic," 
Ambassador Caiiilioii. in a spirited vein, alhided to Presidijnt 
Roosevelt as a man of marvelous enerj^y, unmistakable 
gooduess of heart, breadth of character, soundness of learninj^, 
comjirchensiveuess of inlelliscnce, and gallantry in the field. 
The l)est ends of civilization and lunnaiiity, he declared, could 
not be better advanced than by a coniliination of the French and 
American Republics and a contiiuiance in firm bonds of the ties 
of friendship which had existed between them for such a lonj^ 
period. I'or that reason he asked the cunqianv to drink t" the 
' ' health of the two Presidents. 

The chairman proposed a toast "To the meniorv of (len. 
George Washington, thst ]>residenl-general of the Order of the 
Cincinnati," which was drunk slaudiug. in silenci- and in 
attitude of reverence. 

To "The .\rni\ of h'rance," General Brugere, speaking in 
French, referred to the actual ties of friendship and associations 
between the armies of the twt) peoples. He could not express 
an oinnion on the ITnited States Arm\'. but liis long and clo.se 
acquaintance with General Porter enabled him to form the» 
judgment that he represented the spirit of the American Army, 
to whose health he drank. 

' ' The Xavy of I'rance ' ' found a happy response from \'ice- 
Admiral Fournier. Having met so man\- American naval 
officers since his airixal in .Vmerican waters, he fell impressed 
with every branch of the ser\ice. He was also touched by the 
excellence of the American marine nuisic. He also referred in 
the highest terms lo the discii>line and soldierI\- appearance of 
the National Guard as he had seen it during the day. The 
educational system at Annapolis he regarded as worthy of the 
highest ailmiration and projiosed the health of the "American 
Navy." 

"The Institutii)n of the Order of the Cincinnati" was 
responded to by Asa Hird Gardiner in a retrospective sketch. 

The hour being well advanced, the foreign guests withdrew, 
in view of the many duties of hospitality awaiting them during 
their brief stav in the big borough. 



^ 



EVENTS OK Till' DAY 

\VEi>Ni;snAY. May ^S 

•T- 

IN Ml'.MOKlAM -^A'./.\"/' 

A MrNicii'Ai. ■i)r..!i:r\i-;R'- 
A'( )( ■//. / 1//;/;. ; / " nk'i gkr/-: 

A T.A r.I.oIRI-:. A " I.K GAn.dlS" 

VIVl'; I,A I'RANCK 

KRENCII CllAMIU-.K ()!•• 

COMMl-.RCK 

DE (.KASSi-: FOCkW/EK 

"i^K GAri.ois" i,i:avi:s i-ok 

BOSTON 



156 



VISITS OF CEREMONY 



In the earl}' part of the following daj' Vice- Admiral Foiirnier 
and Aids Saiivaire-Jourdan and L,e Jaj-, and the officers of the 
(iattlois, with General Brugere and Captain Fillonneau, accom- 
panied by Commander Rodgers and Colonel Bingham, made 
a formal call upon Rear- Admiral Barker, commandant of the 
Brooklyn Navy-Yard, whither they were conveyed from New 
York on the U. S. tug A'iiia. 

The visitors were formall>- received by the rear-admiral and 
staff, Captains Harrington, >Snow, and Ross, and Commander 
Adams. A battalion of marines at parade presented arms and 
the band played ' ' Le Marseillaise ' ' as the distinguished visitors 
stepped ashore. 

After a cordial welcome the callers were escorted to the resi- 
dence of the connnandant, where bounteous refreshments were 
enjoyed and nuitual felicitations exchanged. As they departed 
a .salute of 17 guns was fired in their honor. 

The two days at the disposal of the French visitors while 
at the metropolis were none too much for the hospitalities and 
demands of etiquette and ceremony of the great city and its 
citizens. 

About half an hour Jiefore their return to the hotel Mayor 
Low appeared to escort the delegation on a round of observation 
and entertainment. The callers having rejoined their associates, 
the entire party took carriages, General Brugere, Vice- Admiral 
Fournier, and Comte de Lafayette, with the Mayor occupying 
the first, the rest accommodating them.selves to the awaiting 
conveyances as most convenient. 

157 



15S r/s//s of Ccrcuiotiv 

COU'MDIA UNIVERSITY 

The sij:;litseers, preceded by a body «f niouiited police, 
moved uji I'iftli :nemu' throutih Central Park to Cohinihia 
University. 

As they entered the inclosure nf the latter a strong force of 
students in the south court set up the college yell with cries 
of "Low." The stentorian efforts of the students thoroughly 
delighted the visitors, who were enthusiastic in responsive 
salutations. 

Here the visitors with their host left their vehicles and under 
the guidance of a deputation consisting of Adolphe Cohn, chief 
of the department of French, and Speraza, Jordan, Bargy, Page, 
Nit/.a, and Todd, professors of the department of Romance lan- 
guages, repaired to the room of the trustees in the library. 
Here Nicholas Murray Butler, president, received the callers 
in a brief address of welcome and invitation to inspect the 
university. 

.\T THlv TOMH OK (IK.VNT 

After a stroll through the library and gymnasium the visitors 
resumed their journey to the tomb of Grant. 

Here the entire party again alighted and. entering the mauso- 
leum, luicovered their heads and bowed reverently. General 
Porter, chairman of the board of trustees, gave an interesting 
explanation as the visitors viewed the .sarcophagus from the 
gallery. At his request they were also granted an exeeptional 
privilege, they being the first, other than the family or trustees, 
to descend into the crypt. 

After a few minutes at the sepulcher of America's greatest 
captain, the visitors continued their journey to the hospitality 
of the executive of America's greatest and the world's second 
greatest municipality. 



JVsi/s of Crroiioiiv 159 

KKKAKIAST AT TIllv CLAREMONT 

The scene of this affair was the north and soutli plazas of the 
Clareniont, which coninianded a magnificent view of the Hud- 
son River, the shipping, the opposite shores, and cultivated 
hills near and far. The place without was a flainiting show of 
the colors of both countries, and within was abundantly set off 
with flowers and foliage. The uniform of the military and 
naval guests and elegant toilets of the women enhanced the 
brilliancy of the spectacular effects. 

As the guests were being seated an orchestra enlivened the 
situation with appropriate mu.sic, and during the happy event 
which ensued discoursed selections of popular melodies and 
operatic airs. 

The French ambas.sador having been summoned to Washing- 
ton, was obliged to absent himself. Mme. Cambon was escorted 
to the table by the Mayor, upon whose right she sat, and the 
Comtesse de Rochambeau b}? Ambassador Porter, sitting at the 
hosfs left. 

The main table was spread in the .south plaza of the building, 
the guests occupying seats vis-a-vis in this order: 

Mus. Low M.woR Low 

Levi V. Morton Comtesse de Rochambeau 

Mrs. Teirce Gen. Horace Porter 

1\L Croiset Vice-Admiral Fouriiier 

Captain Mahan Commander Rodgers 

Comte de Lafayette Mme. de Margerie 

Mme. Bruvvaert Rear-.\dmiral Higginson 

Lyman J. Gage Gen. B. F. Tracy 

Comte de Rochamht-au Rear-.\dniiral Coghlaii 

T. E. Bruwaert Whitelaw Reid 

George L. Rives Lieut. CoL Meaux Saint-Marc 

Mme. Vignal Colonel Bingham 

Morris K. Je.ssup General Chalendar 

Cornelius N. Bliss H. H. D. Peirce 

Admiral Barker Mme. Cambon 

Mrs. Reid 

General Brugere 



i6o 



I7s//s of CcrcDioiiv 



The reinaining guests occupieil several l:il)les, as follows: 



I'Mwanl ]>. Ailain.s 

\'ictor Aijjuiparsse 

W. H. H. »ei-be 

Mayor HfillK-lot 

RolK-rt lie Hilly 

Jules lUi'ufvd 

David A. Hoody 

Captain Hrownson 

C. C. Hurliiinluim 

Nicholas Murray lUitlcr 

Jacob A. Cantor 

Joseph Cnssidy 

(leneral <H Cesnola 

\'iconite lie Chanihrun 

Prof. Adolphe Colin 

Frederic R. Condert, jr 

George Cromwell 

Gen. G. M. Dodge 

M. Durand-Ruel 

I'ranklin Ivdson 

Lieutenant Kvans 

John v.. Eustis 

Charles S. Kairchild 

Lieutenant ViconUe de Faraniond 

Charles \'. I'ornes 

Thomas 1'. Gilroy 

I.ientenant-Coniniander (Tleaves 

Henry K. Gourd 

William R. Grace 

Gen. 1". \". Green 

Jean Guilleinin 

Edward M. Grant 

Louis F. Haffen 

McDougall Hawks 

Cai)tain Hemphill 

Louis Herniite 

Lieutenant-Colonel Herniite 

Robert J. HtK|uet 

Adrian Iselin, jr. 

Thomas L. James 



Augustus Jay 
Lieutenant Jourdan 
Geii. Horatio C. King 
John Lal'arge 
JSL Lagrave 
Captain Lassoii 
Lieutenant Le Jay 
Captain Lyon 
Gen. .Vn.son G. McCook 
Chancellor MacCracken 
James H. Mclnnes 
Gen. James MacLeer 
Pierre de JIargerie 
Captain Miller 
Edwin Morgan 
Judge James A. O'Gorman 
Colonel Partridge 
General Pier.son 
Captain I'illoiineau 
James W". Pinchot 
M. Renouard 
James B. Reynolds 
Major-General Roe 
Cai)taiii de Saint-Marc 
William F. Sheehan 
George R. Sheldon 
General Sickles 
John .\. Sleicher 
Gen. George Jloore Smith 
Henry Sanger Snow- 
Louis Stern 
J. FMward Swanstrom 
Robert A. \'an M'yck 
General VarniiiM 
Mr. Velteii 
Captain \'ignal 
General Webl) 
ftiroii Werth 
Wni. R. Willcox 
Prof. B. D. Woodway 
Frederick W. Wurster 
Richard Young 



I7s//s of Ccroiioiiv i6i 

Before separating, the mayor, Mr. Low, requested his guests 
to drink to the health of President Loubet, of France, which he 
proposed in a few fehcitous words, concluding by toasting his 
guests as follows: 

We appreciate highly the conipliuieiit paid to u.s by the French people 
ill understanding how thoroughly we arc in sympathy with thcni. 

General Brugere, in resjionse, said the delegation had 
received a welcome and hosi)ilalil\- in New York and the 
United vStates which had gi\-en birth to memories which woidd 
be carried back to France and would not soon lie obliterated, 
closing his fervid oratory with a sentiment to "'riie Mayor," 
and quaffing heartily to his good health and grace. 

Vice- Admiral Fournier, with the gallantry of his profession, 
proposed ' ' The Ladies, ' ' with a corollary to the effect that 
they were the flowers of France and the crowning glory of 
vigorous and progressive America. 

So ended the entertainment, it being 2.30 p. m. The gue.sts 
de]iarted without formality, some returning to the hotel and 
others going to the pier (Thirty-fifth street and North River), 
from which point the lainiches from the s(piadron carried them 
and other invited guests to the Caii/ois. 

G.WKTIKS ON TlIK " CAt'LOIS " 

Between the hours of 4 and 6 p. m. the French war siup was 
astir with hilarity, smiles, and melody. 

Dtiring the interim of time set apart for this peaceful intru- 
sion upon the routine of duty, the sprightly little launches, 
flitting between shore and ship, delivered about 300 guests. 
The pier at Thirty-fifth street and North River was itself 
noticeable for the contra.st of the elegant equipages of the 
elite of the city with the ordinary vehicles of transportation 
and trade. 

The Gauh/s, which swung at her cables in midstream, was 
dressed iu the highest .style of naval decoration. Aloft and on 
deck was a display of bunting and of roses, by which the mech- 
anisms of war were completely hidden. 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 — II 



^ 



162 r/s//s of Cr/r///i)i/r 

Ovtv tlK- (ki-k was spreail an iiniULiisc canvas, with lliu sides 
iiiclos<.il wiili Hags. 

From tlie al'lc-r-ik-ok laiiic sounds of music from the ship's 
hand and on the (luartcr, forward, and ujiper decks hnicheon 
was scrveil from hniniUousl\ kuleii tahles. 

C.eiieral Bni);cre and \ice-A<hniral iMiurnicr, hastening from 
the Ckiremonl, had arrived on the hattle ship in atUance of the 
gue.sts. 

About 5 !>• m- tile Maxor ami Mrs. Ia>w, arriving in an anio- 
niohik', were received on the ]iier b>- Lieutenant HiU. of tlie 
Olvnif>iii. who alteuiUd them lu the great craft in one of the 
war .ship's humches. 

As they stepped on deck a detachment of marines paraded, 
came to a " ]>resent," driuns ruffled, and A'ice- Admiral Fournier 
and tieneral Hrugere came forward and welcomed them most 
cordially. 

The guests were fidlx' representative of the official, .scxrial, 
financial, and luisine.ss interests of the five boroughs located 
at the niouili of the historic Hudson. Manx- had jiarlicipated 
in the affair at The Claremont and had come aboard to extend' 
expressions of cou.siileratiou. The entertainment was entirely 
informal and highly ciijo\able. The officers of the ship were 
zealous in their attentions, showing the guests about and doing 
all in their power to gratify the natural euriositx' of land people 
in general and ladies in jxirticular concerning a man-of-war. 

CKIiKTINr. OK TMK I'RKNCIl elIA.Ml!i:R Ul" COMMiCKCK 

Among the social events recognized in the programme ar- 
ranged by the Dejxirtmeiit of vState in advance of the arrival of 
the official and unofficial " (lUests of the nation " was a banijuet 
by the French Chamber of Commerce of New York in lionor of 
M. Jules Cambou, ambassador of F'rance, and meml'>ers of the 
Roc H .\ M BH .\ r M ission . 

This was in every respect up to the hi.gli plane of the hospi- 
talities shown the "Representatives of the French Government 
and people" and "The members of the families of Rocham- 
HKAU and T.afavette. " 



f7s//s of Crroi/oiiy 163 

TIk- hall was adorni-il with l''n.MU-li anil Aiiu-rit-an na.i;s, tin- 
f()liai;c of tropical and tlowers of teniperalc clinics. 

The jiiicsts to the nnmher of 107 were disjiosed before an o\-al 
table in the center of the main hall, faced by two of crescent 
slia])c. At the table of honijr sat M. Canibon, ambassador of 
I''raiicc at Washintcton, having on his right Mr. Low, mayor of 
-New York, and at his left den. Horace Porter, ambassador 
of the United States at Paris, and \i.s-a-vis M. Henry li. 
Gourd, president of the Frencli Cliamher of Commerce, and as 
Hanking guests, right, Cicneral lirugere, and left, \'ice-.\dmiral 
h'ournier. 

The array of n.imes of the in\-ited guests was representative 
of Ihe inilneuce and association of the iMxaich element with 
the mercantile, connnercial, political, and social life- of the 
metropolis and cotuitry of their adoiHion. 

The occasion was illustrati\-e of the jiotent touch of language, 
tradition, kindred feeling, and ]iatriotic remembrance main- 
tained across the sea. 

It is interesting to chronicle the list: 

The Ainb;is,sa(lor of I'mncc ami ^Iiiie. Catnlniii. 
C.eiieral Hrugcie. 
Vice-.\(tiiiiral Ernest Koui-nitr. 

M. Alfred Croiset, doyen of Ihe I'acully oi l.eltcr.sof I'aris. 
(ieneral of lirigade Ferdinand de Clialendar. 

Captain de Snrgy, connnandant of the I'rench battle slii]) /.<■ (.d/i/ois. 
, I.ieul. Col. I'aul Meaux Saint-llare. 
Conite and Conitesse de Rochanibeau. 
Conile I'anl Sahune de Lafayette. 
M. bagrave. 

M. an<l Mnie. de Margerie. 

M. Ivlniond Bruwaert, eon.sul-general of luance. 
M. Velten, deputy eousul of France, 
M. Loui.s Hennite. 
Viconite de Chanibrun. 
M. \'ictor Ayguespar.s.se. 
M. Jean tUiiUemiii. 
Lieut. Col. Marcel Hennite. 
M. Renouanl. 
AL Robert de Billy. 
Connnandant HertUelot. 



164 IVsi/s of Ceremony 

Captain and Mine. \"ij;nal. 

Lieult-nant <lo Vaissi-au lU- I'aranionil. 

M. Jules Uivufvo, i-hancellor of the rrench enil>assy at Washington. 

Lieutenant ile Vaissenu Antlr<5 Sauvoire-Jourilan. 

Lieut, t'lustave le Jay. 

Lieutenant Riron lie Reinach ile Werth. 

Capt. Poilloue de S;iint-Mars. 

Capt. Htienne Fillonneau. 

Capt. Henri Lasson. 

Herbert H. D. Peirce, Assistant Secretary of State, ohainnau of the 
lYesident's oonmiission, and Mrs. Peirce, 

Col. Tluxxlore .\. Hinjjhani, V . S. Anny. military aid to the President 
of the I'nited States. 

Commander Rayinoml P. Rodj;ers, V. S. Navy, nieuilier of the Presi- 
dent's coniniission. 

Edwin Morgan, secretary of the President's connnission 

Seth Low, mayor of New York. 

Gen. Horace Porter, ambassador of the I'niteil States. 

Levi P. Morton, fonner \ice-President of the l'nite<l States. 

Maj. lien. Jolm R. Krooke. fonner governor-general of Culva, com- 
mander of the Department of the .\tlantic. 

Rear-.\dmiral liarker, cominandint; the Br<H>klyn Navy-Yard. 

Rear-Admiral Higj^nson. conimandins; esoortin.u sciuadron to the 
Gaulois. 

Whitelaw Reid, fonner minister of llie I'nited Stales to France. 

Jlorris K. Jessup, president of the Chamber of Commerce of New York. 

Reverend I'ather Micher. 

Gen. James M. Yarnum. 

Captain Lyon, I'nite^l States cruiser Olympia, riagship of tlie escorting 
squadron. 

Captain Urownson, rnite<l Slates l>attle ship .-</ii^<?/HJ, escorting 
squadron. 

Captain Hemphill. l"nite<l Stales battle ship Kearsargf. escorting 
squadron. 

Lieutenant-Conunander Cleaves, commauding dispatch steamer DolpfiiN. 

Captain Poin.>t. of the French liner Stizvif. 

Captain Tournier, of the Giisaigiif. 

Mr. llrout, comptroller of Uie city of New YorK. 

Jacob A. Cantor, president of the Inirough of Manhattan. 

Charles Y. Fornes, president of the Inxird of aldennen of New York. 

M. Dietlin, vice-president of the French Benevolent Society. 

James B. Reynolds, secretarj- to the mayor of New York. 

Prof, .\dolphe Cohn. 

M. Jouvand. 

>L Revillou. 



I'/s//s of Ccrnuniiv 165 

The iiivnu cover was onianienleil witli an artistic jilioto- 
t;Tavure of the fiiU-lengtli i^ortrait of Marshal RocilAMMKAr, 
by Regtiauh. 

An orchestra kepi in harnion\' with the spirit of the eveninj;, 
disconrsins;" the poinilar airs of the two hinds. 

As the ihnner jirogresscd, M, Henry I{. C.oiird, master of 
ceremonies, called attention to another part of the enjo\ inent 
of the evenin>;, which would then begin. 

Addressing the .Vnihassador. he said: 

I believf it was :iii aphorism of Brillal-Savarin: "Ask to a repa.st liiiii 
who will cliarife hiinself witli happiiR'SS liuriiig all the time he i.s under 
voiir roof." My duty as master of the house is to cau.se none displeasure, 
and even to assist you to conceal your modesty. I .shall therefore pass over 
the sentiment of esteem, re.spect, an<l affection with w Inch you have 
iu.spired us, and shall simply thank you for being able to assist at this 
fete. I salute you for it. I repeat what I have said in the past, that of all 
the representatives of our Government you have been most prominent 
ainona; those who have contributed for the past twenlv years, to my 
knowledge at least, as much by acts as by speech to assure to France the 
valued sympathies of this country. 

Then addressing the members of the Mission and as.sociates, 
he continued: 

General, delegates, and gentlemen: This is to me a rare good fortune to 
be called by my duties to wish you a welcome among us, and I hold it a 
very great honor that it falls to me to extend it in the name of the cham- 
lier of commerce before an assemblage so imposing. 

The object of our as.sociation, as the name indicates, is to strengthen 
the relations of business between the t'nited States and France, but its 
mission, as we understand it, is not limited to a .study of the solution of 
questions purely connnercial or economic. Its .sphere of action is more 
extended. It embraces everything which contributes to renew the ties of 
amity which have already existed more than a centurj' between our two 
countries, to assert our influence, our prestige here. .\s a result this 
occasion is but the manifestation of the ailvantages we now enjoy. 

It is for this rea.son, gentlemen, we applaud the friendlv initiative of 
President Roosevelt, and that wc are rejoiced to .see M. President Loubet 
respond to the invitation with a fullness which must thrill the hearts of the 
descendants of Lafayette and Rochamhk.M', in proving that the recollec- 
tion of the services of their ancestors still lives in the .soul of the two great 
nations. 



i66 JVs//s of Cr rem any 

The President of the Republic, iu addition, has shown particular inspi- 
ratioa in the choice of the delegates whom he has chosen to repre^nt 
1-rance in connection with this memorial commemoration. It is an honor 
for the X'nited States, as for us. to receive M. le General Brugere. com- 
mander in chief of our army, whose energ}- and great inilitarA- skill are 
the sure guaranties of the maintenance of peace and vigilant preparation 
for war. 

M. TAdmiral Kouriiier, long connected with our navy, and pointed out 
by public opinion and even by the Government as the eventual successor 
of that irresistible leader of men. Admiral Ger\-ais. 

M. Alfretl Croiset, the eminent niemljer of the Institute and the dean of 
the venerable Sorbonne. which h.is not sutferetl from the pmgress of time, 
and which, always young, though nearly eight centuries old, pursues its 
mission of good for the great glor>- of French letters and science, as well 
as for the great profit of the aspirations of mankind. 

Some of the representatives are distinguished in the ministry of foreign 
affairs, commerce, and the fine arts, one being a sculptor of undoubted 
talent, who kno\vs how to give to his works the sense which nature has 
refused to himself, because they speak to us. 

.\lso the brilliant officers of the staff of all arms, who also contribute to 
the sincerity of the friendship of France, by their being with us this 
evening. 

After paying ati eloquent iribtite to the discipline, self-sacris 
fice, aud patriotism of the French army, ujxDii which all must 
rely for the maintenance of territorial integrity, the homes of 
the people, and the preservation of the national honor unsullied, 
the speaker referred with a feeling of patriotic pride to that 
redoubtable floating fortress, the Gauiois. and the tricolor flag, 
symbolizing in the bltte the infinite space where rests the Throne 
of the Almighty, who holds in his hand the destiny of nations: in 
the white, the sustenance which makes strong men good citizens 
and brave soldiers : in the red the blood of ancestors and con- 
temporaries who have fotight on ever>- field for the glor>- of 
France and "for the sacred cause of liberty.' 

After extending his thanks to the many distinguished guests 
who had honored the chamber by their presence, he spoke of 
the recent impressive proofs of friendship which had pro- 
foundly tonclied every Frenchman — the catastrophe at Mar- 
tinique and the sublime spirit of generosity exhibited by the 
United States in extending the hand of succor to France and 



} '/s//s oj Crrnnoiir 167 

her afflicted people, as Lafayette and Rochambeau had to 
America and her people struggling for liberty, concluding — 

I ask you to associate in the same toast the two powerful nations so 
brilliantly represented here to-night, the members of the French Mission 
and the guests of distinction who have responded to our invitation with 
such a spirit of remembrance of the close ties which iniite France and 
America. "I drink to France, to the United States, to our guests, and 
friends." 

Auiba.'^sador Cambon, amid a tumult of applause, after eulo- 
gizing American soil, American people, and American instittt- 
tions, again pressed the importance of the recent demonstrations 
of Franco-American amity. This amit_\', he .said, needed but 
an opportunity to manifest itself. It was found on the day of the 
inauguration of the Rochambe.^u monument. It was eagerl\' 
seized and all France was touched. He referred to the atten- 
tions which the American Government had shown the envoys 
of France. He thanked the members of the American commis- 
sion for all their kindness not only toward the Mission, but also 
toward France. In reviewing all that had pas.sed during the 
eight days all Frenchmen nuist be convinced that the United 
States feels closer to F" ranee than to any other country. The 
French sensibility- found an echo in the hearts of Americans, 
which also explains much easier that ' ' there is in the veins of the 
American people more French blood than we think, the French 
colonies of Louisiana and the States of the West having received 
a large part of their population from the great country — our 
Fatherland." 

He continued : 

I am further delighted to have the opportunity to speak to my own 
countr\-men on these friendly shores and to speak in my own tongue. 
You have had an opportunity of seeing for j'ourselves the causes of Amer- 
ica's great prosperity. America owes its present development to the energy 
and moral backbone of its people. New York is the greatest American 
city, and yet it is unlike other American cities. 

It is like Ale.xandria in old Egypt — proudly energetic, ambitious, and 
full of buoyant enthusiasm. It is here that Europeans get their first 
glimpse of a mighty continent. 



1 68 I'isi/s of Ccrrvwtiy 

After haviiip; thanked Mr. Low for the hospitahty and the 
welcome accorded the I-Vench envoys, the ambassador paid a 
glowing tribute to the exalted character and fixity of purpose 
of President Roosevelt, to whom and to President Loubet 
he proposed a toast "Good health, long life, and abundant 
happiness." 

M. Lagrave, repre.senting the French minister of conunerce, 
gave an interesting epitcjme of the great increase and strength 
of French trade as shown by stati.stics. 

A French chamber of conunerce in the greatest connnercial 
city on the Western Hemisphere and with hardly a rival in the 
world was a forceful indication, he thought, of the spirit, energy, 
and enterprise of his countrymen resident on these shores, and 
hoped they would exert their great influence in causing the 
French flag to float on every .sea. 

Concluding, he said — 

Our nation, realizing how much we could learn from America, decided 
Id found an industrial .school here for the training of our young engineers. 
We want them to .study every phase of the great life here. 

This entertainment, said the presiding officer, will always 
bear a prominent place in the aunals of the French colony of 

New York. 



EVENTS OF THE UAV 

Thi'ksday, May 29 



AT "OPHIR HALL "—FRIENDLY SONS 
OK ST. PATRICK HO.ST.S— NEW YORK— 
"LE GAULOIS," BOSTON 



//'/.V/TA'.-IA')' 

Special train placed for occupancy in station at 
11.30 p. ni. 



170 



FETE CHAMPETRE AT OPHIR HALL 



The French ambassador and einljassy suite, accompanied b^' 
their wives, Comte and Conitesse de Rochambeau, General 
Brugere, Admiral Fournier, General Chalendar, and their aids 
and the civil members of tlie Rochambeau Mission were 
entertained on the following day at a luncheon at Ophir Hall 1))" 
Whitelaw Reid, fornier ambassador to F" ranee. 

Among the Americans present were Mayor and Mrs. Low; 
Ambassador Horace Porter; Gen. Benjamin F. Tracy, former 
Secretary of the Navy; Captain Mahaii, U. S. Navy; Captain 
Brown.son; the members of the Pre.sideiit's commission; Gen. 
James H. Wilson; Gen. Alexander F. Webb; Aiigustus and 
Mrs. Jay; Charles Steward Smith; Loyall Farragut; Mr. and 
Mrs. Nicholas Fish; W. D. Sloan; Mrs. Peter Cooper Hewitt; 
Mrs. H. McK. Twombly; D. O. Mills, and others; in all 74. 

The guests left the city on a "special," arriving at the farm 
at 11.30 a. m. The French flag was displayed over the porte- 
cochere and the vStars and Stripes at the peak of the tower. 
The guests having pas.sed the time pleasantly in conversation 
in the spacious entertaining suite or in strolling through the 
gardens and greenhouses, at i p. m. sat down before a single 
table in the main dining hall, the overflow being acconnnodated 
in an adjoining room. 

There were three toasts "The President of the United 
States." "The President of France," and "The Roch.vmbe.W 
Mission." 

The response to the first two was the playing of the national 
airs of the Republics, respectively; to the last General Brugere 
made a happy response, which added to the laurels he had 
alread>- won in the arena of impromptu speech making. 

171 



172 



Tclr Chaw pr tie at Op/iir I fall 



After lliL- liuiclKiin tin.- host :iiul his retinue of guests on the 
way to the station made the tour of the farm and buildings, 
arriving in the city at 4.30 p. m. 

KRIN CO HKAIUI — IRKI.AND 1-OKKVKK 

The services of the Irish regiments, Walsli and Dillon, in the 
military and naval operations of France in America under the 
treaty of alliance, gave the banquet tendered by the Society of 
the Friendly vSons of St. Patrick to the Rochambeau Mission 
eminent fitness. The entire affair in its mutuality of senti- 
ment and .spontaneity of enthn.siasm, was a renewal of the 
ties of sympathy and friendshi[) which had existed in time 
whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. 

PARADED AS ESCORT 

About 6 p. m. nine companies of the Sixty-ninth Regiment 
of New York, Colonel Duffy, commanding, formed in line in 
front of the Waldorf-Astoria. As the party emerged from the 
hotel the regiment "presented," drums ruffled, and colors 
dipped. After recognizing the .salutation, General Brugere and 
Admiral Fournier, accompanied by Colonel Bingham, entered 
the first carriage. Amba.S-sador Cambon and other members of 
the delegation followed. 

The march to the place of entertainment was a continuous 
ovation by the passing throng. Arriving at Delmonico's, the 
regiment formed opposite the entrance and again .saluted as 
General Brugere and his associates alighted, after which the 
regiment returned to its armory. 

The guests were received at the entrance by the French 
consul-general, M. Bruwaert, who escorted them to the brilliant 
scene of the evening's entertaimnent. 

The ties between the Irishman and France have reason to be 
close. That which France accomplished for the struggling 
British colonies in North America was attempted by that gen- 
erous nation for Ireland. When James II of England was dis- 
possessed of his throne as a result of the political and religious 
upheaval of 1688, his chief partisans followed him to his hos- 
])itable court of refuge. Among their English countrymen they 



Fttc C/iaiiipi'/rf at Opiiir Hall 173 

received the name "Jacobites," which adhered to them in 
maintaining the rights of James .Stuart, the "old," and Charles 
Edward, the young pretender. 

The King set up his fight against the so-charged usurping 
Orange. At the opening of the .second campaign of Stuart in 
Ireland James and Louis XI\' arranged an exchange of troops, 
in order to give prestige to the royal cause. Under this private 
pact Le Grand Monarch Dieudienne .sent to Ireland a division of 
6,000 of the elite of his arnu' under Comte de Lauzun, one of his 
\-ery best officers and of ancestral kin to the gallant legionary of 
the French army of Rochambkau in America, Le Due de Lauzun- 
Biron. "The .same convoy which brought to Ireland the PVench 
troops of Lauzuii, carried back to France the same nund^er of 
Erin's bravest sons. The character of these nien may be Ijest 
known by sajdilg that among them was the famous brigade of 
Montcashel, whose discipline and exploits were most renowned, 
even in the annals of the warlike Irishman. 

After the defeat of Boyne, the Stuart king fled to France, and 
with him went many of his bravest soldiers. 

Next we find them at the courts and on the battlefields of 
the Continent, winning fame and titles, one a marshal of France, 
another a premier of Spain, and others distinguished under the 
Great Frederick, laying the foundation of the Pru.ssian monarchy. 

The bloody field of Fontenoy resounds to their valor. The 
regiments of Dillon and Walsh among the forces of D'Estaing at 
Savainiah had every officer an Irishman; Count Arthur Dillon 
leading one of the columns of assault up the British works. 
With these facts in view no entertainment in the series of 
national and private hospitalities was more appropriate than the 
banquet of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and so the members 
of the RoCH.\."MBEAU Mission recognized it. 

■ FKIKXDLV SON.S OF ST. P.VTRICK REMEMBER REGIMENTS 
DILl.OX A.\D WALSH 

The rooms were richly draped with the Stars and vStripes 
of the States, the Harp and Green of Erin, and the Tricolor of 
France. Red, white, and blue and green was the color scheme 



174 Fric Chamfyrtrc at Ofyliir Hall 

of the evenino;. Festoons of smilax and liny incandescent 
lights produced the effect of an enchanted bower, and the room 
was redolent with the fragrance of bloom. Patriotic emblems 
were numerous, and the nni.sic breathed the theme and sentiment 
of the evening. It was a modern realization of Tara's Hall. 
The presiding officer sat at the center of a raised table. As a 
background there stood forth on canvas a full portrait figure of 
Ireland's patron saint. As a legend overhead, " Cead mille 
failthe " (One hundred thousand welcomes). 

The disposition of the edibles having Ijeen completed, Justice 
James A. O'Gorman, president of the .society and presiding 
officer, enlivened the occa.siou by reading a telegram from 
President Roosevelt, expressive of his regret at not being able 
to be present, which was met by an outbreak of huz/.as and an 
orchestral outburst of the Star vSpangled Banner. 

The Justice increased the enthusiasm of the moment by 
proposing the health of President Roosevelt, and as a sentiment — 

We rejoice that the two great Republics of the world continue united 
in the majestic brotherhood of liberty. May they ever be the great 
exemplars and evangels of human freedom and justice, and may tlieir*» 
achievements be a hope and an inspiration to all the rest of mankind. 

The French ambassador, responding in Ivuglish to the toast, 
"The President of the F'rench Republic. " vcr\- effectively 
pointed out the unity of thought and effort w hich had exi.sted 
for centuries between France and Ireland. Continuing, he 
said — 

To-day the Sons of France are with yoti a.s were their fathers over a 
century ago. 

As a climax to his remarks the entire company broke out 
in the familiar "He's a joll\- good fellow." in which the French 
guests joined with great heartiness. 

.\RCIII!ISH01> IKELAND'.S ADDRESS 

Archbishop Ireland, who began in Fnglish and concluded in 
French his address, on "France and the United States," 
aroused a storm of applause, particularly emphasizing his 



Fete Cliaiiipftir a I Op/i/r Hall 175 

remarks by \va\iiig tliu flags of Ireland and of the two 
countries of the toast, all of which he held in his right hand. 

In every thought and sentiment his words were especially 
impressive and appropriate. He said: 

History has taught us that the banners of France and the United States 
should be unfolded with the flag of Erin. We were one at Yorktown. 
Our sympathies were in accord; our hearts throbbed in unison. All three 
were fighting for the realization of that latter day dream, for the establish- 
ment of freedom — for the apotheosis of freedom. The future of the world 
belongs to democracy, .\merica, born in poverty and nursed into manhood 
by the loving hand, of mother France, has become a mighty nation, a land 
of force, of .splendor, and a guiding star in the heavens. 

Since France sent her aristocracy and her money to our shores, America 
has changed, has become transformed, but she still remains true to her 
standard of freedom to all men; she still remains the land of libertv and 
order. Now that the United States is rich and powerful, all nations court 
her friendship and her regard, but we in the hour of our prosperity and of 
our happiness can not forget that in the days of nnsery and despondency 
France alone of all the nations extended to us its generous heart, its 
sympathy, and the service of men like Roch.\mbeau and Lafayette. 

He closed his remarks with the toast " France and Ireland," 
which was accorded heart}' apjiroval. 

An original poem by Joseph J. C. Clark on the kinship of the 
Celt was well received. 

Justice James Fitzgerald then spoke on the memory of 
"Washington and Roch.vmbecau." 

The theme of the evening, " France and Ireland," which had 
been proposed by the venerable Archbishop Ireland, drew forth 
the forceful and dramatic eloquence of Mr. Bourke Cockran. 
He .said: 

I'd leave my dying bed for an opportunity to be present at such a gath- 
ering. I have been impressed by the sincere manner in which my people 
have welcomed these distinguished delegates to these shores. I have been 
impressed by the sincerit}' of the acknowledgment of the American people 
of the great debt they owe to France. France never asked us for material 
compensation for the assistance tendered us. France never asked for a 
naval station, for a portion of our territory as a reward for the vitally valu- 
able services which she rendered us. She never looked on her great gift 
as a thing which needed reward. That gallant nation was as generous in 
peace as she was in war. She gave us liberty and left us to enjoy it. Her 



176 Fvtc CliampHir at Opiiir Hall 

gift was the supreinc contribulioii to tile civilization of the world. The 
American Republic is secure because it was founded and has been nurtured 
on moral law. To appreciate thoroughly what this means one nuist go 
back to the teachings on the shores ^^{ I'lalilee, when man was told that the 
ideal to be striven for was the brotherhood of man. Our nation has trieil 
to exemplify that ideal. To that conception it owes its soundness to-<Iay. 
Can we listen with patience to the reports that I'rance is sinking, that 
othei- nations are passing her, that her fortresses are smoldering, and that 
her institutions arc crumbling. You might as well try to eliminate the 
stars from the univer.se as to say that France can be disjjensed with in the 
great fraternity of nations in the jiroud advancement of modern civiliza- 
tion. Hoth I'rancc and Ireland have protested against Ivngland and her 
course in South .\frica. Hoth have watched with fear for the outcome of 
that dreaded conflict. Both have prayed that justice would be triumphant, 
that right will have victory over wrong, and that freedom will some day 
be spread broadcast throughout all the world. 

General Brugere took tip the .seutiiucnt :i.s a soldier speaking 
of the glories of the French arms on land. 

Vice- Admiral Foiirnier continiied. b\' extolling the achieve- 
ments of France on the sea. 

It was midnight before the '-urtain fell iipnn the scene and 
closed the generous hospitality of America's greatest ininiici- ' 
pality. 

From the banquet hall the ''Guests of the nation" departed 
to participate in the memorial ikmonstratious at Xe\v]iort at the 
grave of De Ternay. 

THK "C.VrLOIS" OFF FOR KOSTdN 

In keeping in touch with the shore movements of the 
RoCHAMDK.vr Mi.s.sion, the (iiiu/ois, accompanied by the Kcar- 
sargc, weighed anchor after sunset on the 28th and at 9.43 
p. m. passed Sandy Hook to sea, laying her course for Boston. 

The>- had been preceded by the United States cruiser O/vnifiia, 
of the escorting squadron, from Sandy Hook outward at 6.54 
a. m., also for Boston, where the vessels were to meet in antici- 
pation of parting honors on the sailing of the Gaulois, homeward 
boiuul. 



A Day of Mciitorirs lyy 

At the annual meeting of the Rhode Island State Society of 
the Cincinnati, held, pursuant to law, in the senate chamber of 
the statehouse, Newport, on the 4th of July, 1902, His 
Excellency M. Emile Loubet, President of the French Ki.-])uhlic, 
was duly elected an honorar>- member of the order. 

[Tniiislation,] 

PRF.SIDKNCY ok the R?;Pl'BLIC, 

Paris-, Dcccnthcy /, igo2. 

His Excellency General Porter has transmitted the communication in 
which you notify me that at the reunion of the members of the Society of 
the Cincinnati on the 4th of July last, I was unanitnouslv elected an 
honorar}' member of the societ}-. 

I highly appreciate the sentiment that has prompted the society to confer 
upon me this honor. It is doubly agreeable to me to accept it, as recalling 
the glorious confraternity of arms which has united the two nations and 
as a new and especial token of the ties of friendship which, since the 
establi.shment of the great American Republic, have never ceased to exist 
between I'rance and the United States. 

Believe me, General, with assurances of high consideration, 

(Signed) Emii.k KorisKT. 

After return of the Mission to France General Brugere wrote 
to the Hon. James M. \'arnnm, under date of December 11, 
1902, in which he said: 

The members of the French Mission, of which I had the honor to be 
head, were especially touched by the cordial reception extended to tluni 
in New York by the members of the Order of the Cincinnati. 

They will never forget the charming reunion of the 27th of May, 1902, 
which showed how close and lasting are the bonds which have united the 
Ignited States and France since their soldiers fought and shed their blood, 
side by side, under the leadership of the great Washington. 

I requested the Government of the French Republic to do us the favor 
of sending to the Order of the Cincinnati some object of art as a testimo- 
nial of our warm sympathy and profoinul gratitude, and I am happy to be 
able to announce that my request was favorably received and that the 
minister of foreign affairs will soon transmi'. to you, through our airrbas- 
sador, a vase from the National Manufactury at Sevres which was selected 
by myself and which I beg you will ha\-e placed among the archives and 
valued possessions of your Order as a souvenir of our too brief .sojourn 
with you. 

Ill due .season this magnificent testimonial was received. 
S. Doc. 337, 59-1 12 



I'X'IvXTS ()!• 'rill' DAY 



MIvMDRIAL DAY HONORS Tt) THK SOI,- 
DIlvRS AND SAILORS OV rUV. ALLI- 
ANCE— 1741 - Ni:\\i'oKT aktii.i.i-:kv 

COMPANY-ioiO— DKCORATION OF THIv 
CRAYH OK Die TICRNAY— SOCIAL FKS- 

TiYiTii-:s— i.rxcii AT Till-: casino- 

AKRIXAI. AT I'.OSTOX 



//•/.W-.A'.IA)' 
Afiles 

o Lv. New York i2.^\oa,iii, 

3.15 Ar. Newport. K. 1. 1 via Taunton) . . . 9.oon.ni. 

o l.v, Newport. R. I. (via 'rainiton> . . , 3.00 p. ni. 

69 Ar. Do^^ton, Mass . 5.00 p. ni. 



A DAY OF MEMORIES 

Having- participated in the dedication of a niominieiit to 
RociiA:\iiiKAt', having laid a wreath at tlie vault of Washington, 
having placed a garland at the niausolenni of Grant, the Mis- 
sii}n hail now come to lay a memorial tribute upon the grave of 
the Chevalier de Ternay. 

The stateliouse, city hall, other public and municipal build- 
ings, and residences of all classes from the millionaire sunuuer 
sojourner to the humblest cottager were xe'ierously decorated. 

The Read homestead, which was used b}- Count DK RocnAM- 
BEAU as his headquarters during the presence of his army at 
Newport and vicinity, was tastefully adorned with American 
and French flags. 

In order to accommodate the large surrounding population, 
the transportation comijanies increased their service and fixed 
a very low popular excursion rate. 

The several conniiands by <S.3o a. m. were in the positions 
assigned to them, the right of the formation resting near 
the s])ace in front of the railway station. 

The Newport Artillery Compan>', organized in 1741, char- 
tered in 1749, and which .served through the war of the Revo- 
lution, acted as guard of honor. A gun detachment uulimbered 
stood near by prepared to fire a .salute. 

At 9 a. ni., .schedule time, the " Rochambeau special" con- 
veying the Mi.s.sion came bowling into the station. On the out- 
.side the young and active soldiery of the jircsent, the fast aging 
veterans of the past, and a great crowd were in anxious wait- 
ing to begin the day of flowers and memory to the revered dead 
of the war of the rebellion and to the foreign dead of the war 
of the Revolution. 

179 



l8o A Day of Memories 

The oflk-ials i)rcsciU cliaigcil with the reception nf the repre- 
sentation were Charles D. Kimball, governor of Rhode Island, 
and stafT: the president of the Rhode Island Society of the Order 
of the Cincinnati, Patrick J. Hoyle, mayor of Xewport. Among 
those who witnessed the reception were former Mayor V. P. 
Garrettson, Connnander J. H. Murdock, U. S. Navy, and Col. 
Addison Thomas, representing; the Rhode Island Society 
Sons of the Re\-olntion and a depntation from the Cercle 
Litteraire Franco-American of New York. 

As .Vmba.ssador Candwn, General Brugere, and Admiral 
Fournier .stepped upon the plaiforui the governor gave them 
a cordial hand, which he emphasized in the following words: 

Mr. .Vnibassailor, it gives lue pleasure to bid you welcome to the State 
of Rhode Island. The State upon whose shores our I'rench allies landed, 
and many of whose citizens were their companions in arms, is compli- 
mented by this viisit. .\s years roll by and our country increases in ]K)wev 
and induence we add to our appreciation of the services of tlio.se to whose 
valor om independence was due. Their burial places are widely scattered, 
in some cases iniknown. But this State has the honor of lie! ng the last 
resting place of the French s;iilor to whose memory this day you pay. 
tribute. With that ceremony you have the hearty sympathy and the* 
earnest appreciation of the people of Rhode Island. 

The French ambas.sador replied feelingly, saying that tipon 
Rhode Island soil rested the remains of the hero who had safeh- 
conveyed the army of Rocii.vjiiui.vv across the ocean in the 
face of an alert encin\- and landeil it withont the lo.ss of a ship 
or a man. 

.\.S.V niKl) (..VRDINER'S .\nDKES.S OK WELCOME 

The address of welcome by the president of the Rhode Island 
State Society, Asa Hird Gardiner,'' was as follows: 

Mr. Ambassador, (.eneral Brugere, and .\ssociates of the Representa- 
tion: The pleasing duty devolves upon me, on behalf of the Society of 

nGeii. Asa Bin! Gnrdiiier, president of Ihc Rhode Island Society of Itie Cincinnati, 
was adjutant-general to Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. I'. S. Army, at the Yorktown 
Centennial, iSSi, and preinired the orders for the review of 20,000 regulars and militia 
by the President of the fnited Stales. lie also had entire charge of all the details 
of weleoiue, escort inilitan,' formation route of march, parade review, reception, tonr of 
the city, banquet, and departure. To General Gardiner's personal efforts and atten- 
tion and the ready cooperation of all jwrticipants. was due the great success of the 
events of this memorable day. 



-4 Day of Mnuorics i8i 

the Ciiiciiuinti in tUr Slntr nf K hoiU' Island and l'ii>virk>noi.- I'lantaliims, 
to welcome you to the State. 

In October, 1784, the Society welconud and iiileilainid in tlii.s city 
their brother ineuiber, Major-Geiieral the Marquis de Lafayette, aud in 
October, 1S81, welcomed the official representation sent b)' the I'rench 
Cioverninent to attend the Centennial Celebration of the Capitulation of a 
British army and squadron at ^'orktown, Va., on the 19th of October, 17S1, 
to the allied forces of France and the United States. 

That representation came to the United States on invitation of Congress 
as a result of a resolution offered by the present president of the Rhode 
Island Cincinnati and unanimously adopted at their annual meeting, 
held, pursuant to law, in the .senate chamber, statehou.se. Providence, 
R. I., on Monday, July 5, 1S80, to memorialize Congress to invite the 
( lOvernment of France to send a representation to that National Centennial 
Celebration. 

Under direction of the Society, the mover of the resolution presented 
the memorial to Congre-ss, and al.so .submittt'd the matter to the joint com- 
mission appointed by Congress with the result already indicated. 

The Rhode Island Cincinnati have ever been mindful of the alliance of 
the 6th of I'ebruary, 177S, with France, which finally .secured the inde- 
pendence of the United States on a lasting foundation. 

The Rhode Island Continental I.,ine of the Revolution had, while at 
Vallev Forge on the 6tli of May, 1778, paraded under I<afayette on those 
bare Pennsylvania hills to celebrate, imder Washington's orders, the alli- 
ance with F'rance, of which information had just been received. 

Their intimacy with their French allies was ever clo.scr th.in that of any 
other American troops. 

When Lieutenant-General and Vice-.\dniiral M. le Comte d'Fstanig 
landed his cooperating army above here on Coiumicut Island, in Xarra- 
gansett Ray, after running the target of the Briti.sh batteries in this harbor, 
Maj. Gen. John Sullivan's aid-de-camp visited him, and it is a pleasure 
to know that in the Cincinnati delegation which welcomes you is his 
grandson and representative, Bvt. Brig. Gen. Hazard Stevens, an officer 
who received the medal of honor from Congress by reason of having 
mo.st distinguished himself by gallantry in action during the war of tlie 
rebellion. 

One of the original members of the Rhode Island Cincinnati was a lieu- 
tenant in M. le Comte d'FMaing's fleet and subsequently, as a capitaine 
de vaisseau in command of a ship of the line, gave his life in defense of 
the tricolor flag of France. 

His grandson is now an hereditary member of this State society. 

When Lieut. Gen. M. le Comte dk RiiCH.\MBK.\ti arrived here on the 
loth of July, 17S0, be found the Fir.st Regiment Rhode Island Continental 
Infantrv, under Col. Christopher Greene, on duty in this city, where it 



i82 A Day of Memories 

remained under Rocha.mhiiai'S diri-il orders inilil December, 17S0, when 
he ordered the regiment to proceed to West Point, N. Y. 

Col, Christopher Greene's great-grandson and representative, Mr. Ivd- 
ward Aborn Cireene, is here present as an hereditary memlier of tliis State 
society to assist in welcoming you. 

.\s before remarked, it was the jieculiar good fortune of the regular 
Rhode Island infantry (always known as "Continental") to be more 
intimately as.soeiated with the French allies than any other American 
troops, and the Rhode Island State Society of the Cincinnati was princi- 
pally coniix)sed of Rhode Island officers. 

Lafayette declared, on the 26tli of October, 17S4, that "it hath been the 
lot of the French army and navy to receive particular favors in this State, 
for whicli they entertain an affectionate sense of gratitude." 

When the .\uxiliary Army, under Rocii.vmbk.^u, joined the .American 
Continental .\rmy under Wa.shington on the Hudson, the Rhode I.sland 
Continental Infantry were there and were never again separated from their 
brethren of the French army until the latter marched to Boston via Rhode 
Island to embark. 

Baron Croniot du Bourg, aid-de-canip on K()CH.\.MBK.\t"'.s .staff, has 
specially mentioned them in his diary. 

They were with their French brethren in the field of operations before 
the city of New York in July, 17S1, and then proceeded on the long march 
to Virginia. ^ 

On the )4th of October, 1781, General Washington directed an assault 
on two important British redoubts, Nos. 9 and 10. 

The capture of the first w-as assigned to a detachment of the .\uxiliary 
.•\rmy under that gallant veteran, Mar^chal de Camp M. le Baron de Vio- 
menil, who became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati in France. 

The capture of the second was assigned to a detachment of the .\meri- 
can .\rmy under Major-General the Marquis de Lafayette. 

The same night, on a given signal, the two <letachnients leading from 
the trenches emulously strove, under a tremendous fire, to accomplish 
their allotted task. 

The leading company of Lafayette's command was from the Rhode 
Lsland Continentals under Capt. Stephen Olney, who was the first man to 
mount the intrenchments of redoul)l Xo. 10 and was dangerously wounded, 
losing an arm. 

His grandson and representative in the Cincinnati and secretary of this 
State society, Jlr. George \Vashington Olney, assists in welcoming you 
to-dJ\-. 

Both redoubts were captured in the most heroic manner, and many of 
the gallant French officers who participated in the assault subsequently 
became members of the Order of the Cincinnati, in whose in.stitution of 
1783 a principal object was to peqietuate the memory of the alliance with 
France which brought such lasting glory and honor to both countries an<l 



A Day of Meviories 183 

which caused such enduring friendships between the officers of tile two 
services. 

Your arrival here permits the Rhode Island Cincinnati to express their 
sentiments of respect and esteem. 

On their rolls have been and are names of hereditarj- niembers whose 
praepositi belonged to the Society of the Cincinnati in France. 

Among these ma}- be mentioned the late JIarquis Duquesne, whose 
ancestor was the great admiral under- Louis XIV. 

Three generations of this family have been members of the Order of 
the Cincinnati. 

The late brigadier-general of Russian cavalry, the Marquis de Tra- 
versay , of this State society, was grandson of a capitaine de vaisseau in 
France, an original member of the Cincinnati there, who was sent to 
Russia by Louis XVI, at request of the Czarina Catharine, to instrtict the 
Russian navy and rose to be an admiral. 

The late JIarquis de Rochambeau, of this State society, whose second 
son is in your representation, was the third of the name to be members of 
the order. 

The Count d'Ollone, an hereditary member of this State society, is 
to-day ser\-ing France as a captain of the Twenty-fourth Regiment of 
Dragoons. 

His late father was a member of this State society, and his grandfather, 
Marechal de Camp M. le Comte d'Ollone, formerly of the Auxiliary Armv, 
was an original member in France. 

Another hereditary member in this State society is the Count Von 
Stedingk, a captain of the Royal Life Guards of Sweden, whose grand- 
father of same name was a colonel in the Regiment Royal Suedois of the 
French army, and was badly wounded at the siege of Savannah, under 
M. le Comte d'E^taing, on the gth of October, 1779. 

. He became an original member of the society in France, and afterwards 
a field marshal in Sweden. 

Thus it will be perceived that in this State Society of the Military Order 
of the Cincinnati, founded by Washington and the French and .\merican 
officers, the alliance of 177S-17S3 is ever peculiarl}- cherished and proper 
descendants of original French members always find here an affectionate 
welcome. 

Indeed, for the annual meeting to be held pursuant to law in the senate 
chamber, statehouse, in this city, on the 4th of July proximo, there is 
pending the application of the great-grandson of Vice-Admiral M. le Comte 
de Bougainville, senator of France, grand officer of the Legion of Honor, 
and fellow Of the Royal Society of London, who served in the French 
navy successively in Rhode Island with M. le Comte d'Estaing and then 
at Vorktown with ]\I. le Comte de Grasse. 

His son, Rear-Admiral M. le Baron de Bougainville, became an heredi- 
tarv member in France. 



1S4 -•/ l^^tv of ^f(^»l(>n'(•S 

Tims, jjcnlli'iiifii of llu- ri'prcsi'iitalion, you will pi-rciivi- llial llu- asso- 
ciation of tliis Stall.- Socitty of tin- Ciiu-iiiuati with their l"ieiicli brethren 
has been maintained since 1783, and they trust that your visit to the 
I'nited States will l)e both memorable ami enjoyable. 

Mayor Boyle then welcomed the gtiests in behalf of the city. 
After these formalities and felicitations the visiting "guests" 
were shown to their carriages. . As they appeared they were 
greeted with loud huzzas, the escort of honor standing at 
present and the artillery firing a salute. 

The ladies of the party were taken in charge h\ Miss Straiten 
and were driven inmiediateh' to the grave. 

IWK.MIIC I.V AIOTION 

The cohunn then moved in the following order: 

Marshal of the day: Col. 11. C. Ilasbrouck, Artillery Corps. 
SlafT: J. I. Greene, G. A. R., chief of staff: Capt. H. C. Schumm, Artil- 
lery Corps, adjutant; Col. A, K. McMahon, Maj. L. W. Crampton, Medical 
Corps, U.S. Army; Henry Bull, John B. Mason, and George A. Pritchard, 
representini; the G. .\. R.. and Uieiil. S. I. Hazard, Ne\v|x>rt .Artillery. 

Newport Band. 
Newport .Xrtillery Company. 
(Col. John D. Richardson, connnanding; Lieut. Frank 1". King, adjutant). 
Staff: Surgeon C. F. Barker, Assistant Surgeon Charles M. Cole, Pay- 
master George W. Tilley, Chaplain Emery H. Porter. 

I'irst Company: I.ieut. Col. Edward V. Cooper, connnanding; Capt. K. S. 
I'atter.-ion, 
Second Company: Maj. George S. I'lagg, commanding: Lieut. S. H. 

Harvey. 

Carriages containing the French mission, the President's committee, 
G.overnor Kimball and staff, city council, reception committee, and dele' 
gates frt>m patriotic societies. 

Coa.st .\nillery. 

(Maj. John P. Wis.ser, .\rtillery Corps, connnanding.') 

Seventh Band, .\rtillery Corps. 

Sevenly-eiglUb Company: First I.ieut. C. C. Pulis; Second I.ieut. .\llan 
Lefort. 

Seventy-ninth Company: Capt. H. G. Bishop; First Lieut. II, II. Sheen; 
Second Lieut. .\. L. Fuller. 

Ninety-.scventh Company: Capt. F. G. Mauldin; First Lieut. H. C. Mer- 
riam; Second Lieut. F. \V. Ralston. 

One Hundred and Tenth Company: First Lieut. M. H. Barry; Second 
Lieut. L. C. Crawford. 



.■1 Day of Mcniorirs 185 

Tmiiiini; Statinn KalUilioii. 

(Lieut. A. Bronson, conunaiuliiij;: Hoatswaiii J. K. Murpliy, ailjulanl; 

Second lyieul. K. T, I'n-er, coinmamliii.t; Company of Marines.) 

. Newport Naval Reserve. 

(Lieut. Charles E. Lawlon, coinniamlinj^. ) 

The parade numbered 2,500 men. 

The proces.sion, greeted everywhere 1)\- eiithusia.stic crowds. 
At the quarters of Cointe nn RociiAMisKAt' in 1780-81 a score 
of little girls in white as.senibled on the steps waving flags and 
shouting \'ive la France. A.s the Conite ni-: Rochambeau 
drove up Florence Hodson, stepping to the side of his carriage, 
presented him with a bouquet of pure white ro.ses. The Conite, 
reaching out, raised the child, kissing her lenderh-. The inci- 
dent was received with the wildest ])laudit. 

A IDiKo'S C.K.WK 

At the Trinity Church the column halted to give time for 
the ceremonies at the grave of Chevalier de Ternaw 

The official representation, having left their carriages, pro- 
ceeded in the order of precedence of its individuals to the 
churchyard gate, where they were received by the wardens and 
vestrymen and escorted to the grave of the Chevalier, which 
lies in the nortlieastern jwrt of the bur\'ing ground appertaining 
to Trinit_\' parish. 

The representatives of France reverently gathered about the 
grave, where a Roman Catholic burial service, first in Latin, 
then in English, and then in French, was conducted by the Rev. 
William D. Meeuan, rector of St. Mary's parish. 

All heads bowed as General Brugere placed upon the tomb 
of de Ternay the wreath of laurel .sent by President Loubet in 
the name of France, thus performing a second duty of the 
Mi.ssion. 

Other wreaths were placed by the ( irand Army of the Republic, 
St. Mary's Catholic Churcli, and the Sons of the American 
Revolution. 

Before the company withdrew to jiass inside the church to 
view the tablet placed thereby the King of France Col. Addison 
Thomas handed to General ' Brugere an address in French, 



1 86 A Day of Mnnories 

aiiiiouuciiiii; that the Rhode Island society of the Sons of the 
Revolution had taken appropriate action by the adoption of 'a 
resolution providing; for the decoration in the future, on Memo- 
rial Day, of the ^rave of Admiral de Ternay in recognition of 
his .ser\'ices in the war of the American Revolution and in com- 
memoration of the visit of the French Mission to perform that 
token of remembrance by direction of the President of I-'rance. 

General Bruj^ere upon ascertaining the contents of the address 
expressed his appreciation in appropriate terms, laying stress 
upon the obligation assumed as another mark of the feeling of 
gratitude for the services of the I'rench soldiers and sailors in 
America when the States were in the throes of a desperate 
struggle for independence. 

The entire party entered the church. 

DE TEKNAY TAHLKT 

The .slab was designed for the interior of the chiux'h, but as it 
could not be there accommodated it was placed over the grave. 

The inscription in Latin, having been .sharply cut, is clearlj- 
legible. It reads as follows: 

In the naiiie of God, Charles Lewi.s d'.\r.sac ile Ternay, knight of the 
Order of St. John of Jeru.saleni, though the vows of tlie order he had never 
acknowledged, descended from an ancient and noble family of Bretagne, 
one of the admirals of the King's fleets, a citizen, a soldier, a chief, served 
ably, faithful to his King and to his country, for forty-two years, iiow 
rests beneath this marble, haiipily re.solute. In the years 1760 and 1761, 
after the Croiafiah battle, with painful diflficuUy, amidst the weapons of 
enemies, he rescued and brought off from dangerous whirlpools the royal 
fleet, dispersed near the innavigable eddies of the river of Vicenza, and 
gave his ships the stations he wi.shed without any damage. In the year 
1762 he invaded Newfoundland, in America. In 1772, having resigned his 
command, he received the regency of Bourbon and the French islands 
adjacent, in' which office for seven years, to the emolument of France and 
the hapiiiness of the colonies, he was as.siduously faithful. Being ordered 
by His Most Christian Majesty in the year 17S0 with assistance to the 
fnitcd States, engaged in the defen.se of liberty, he arrived in Rhode 
Lsland, where, while he was prepared to encounter the dangers of his 
coimuand, to the inconsolable grief of his fellow-soldiers, to the sincere 
sorrow of the fnited Slates, he expired in this city, regretted by all the 
good, but particularly lamented by those to whom he was related, De- 
cember 15, MDCCLXXX, aged 58. His Most Christian Majesty, strictly 



A Day of Mouon'cs • iSy 

just to merit, in order that the uiemory of this illustrious man mii^lit 
be consecrated to posterity, hath ordtred this monument to be erected, 
MDCCLXXXin.« 

Escorted as before, the procession then proceeded t<^ Belleviie 
avenue and thence to the Casino. 

KKVIEW 

The members of the Mission and the official hosts of the 
occasion hax'ing taken their places on an emblematically deco- 
rated stand at the Casino, the entire command was again ptit 
in motion, moving on Bellevue a\-enne in column of companies 
or platoons, in which formation they marched in review before 
General Brugere, general of division and vice-president of the 
supreme council of war of France. 

The end of the review terminated the proceedings connected 
with the memory of de Ternay. 

o After the close of the war and the return of the French troops and ships to France 
the King I17S5) had erected over the grave a monument of black Egyptian marble 
suitably inscribed in gold. 

Below the inscription and between the brackets was an escutcheon charged with the 
arms of the Knights Hospitallars of St. John of Jerusalem. 

The slab, though designed for the interior of the church, was necessarily placed out- 
side on the west of the gate ownig to lack of space within. 

In 1794, on account of the injurious effects of exposure, its position was changed at the 
expense of the officers of the French frigate Meduse, then cruising in American waters. 
In 1S74 (February 11) Congress appropriated S^oo " to defray the expense of repair- 
ing and protecting from decay the moniuiient erected at Newport. R. I., to the memory 
of the Chevalier de Teruay. the commander of the P'rench navaj forces in aid of the 
American Revolution." to be expended tuuler the direction of the Secretary of the Navy. 
This act of international courtesy wa*^ the theme of an agreeable correspondence 
between the two Governments. 

The restoration was placed in tlie charge of Marquis de NoaiHes, French envoy to 
the United States and a descendant of one of the officers of de Rochambeac's army. 
The slab was transferred to the vestibule of the church, where it is now carefully and 
suitably protected. 
At the same time a granite stone was [)]aced upon the grave with this inscription: 
Beneath this stone, 
placed in the year 1S73. 
lies 
Charles I,ouis d'Arsac de Ternay. 
who died in the year 17S0. 
Beneath the pcn't of the church near by 
the ancient monument, 
restored and sheltered, 
lies removed. 
I'nderneath the inscription a royal crown surmounting a double-headed eagle is in- 
closed by the collar and star of the Knights of Malta, supported by a background of 
flags and swords. 



^ 



i88 .-if Day (>fMtiiio)i(s 

The "guests" reenteriui; llieir carriages were driven about 
the citj- to points of interest. 

Upon returning to the Casino about one hunch'ed sat down to 
a luncheon given by the President's committee. The tables 
were arranged in the balconies, which were prettilj' draped. 
The proceedings were entirely informal, there being but three 
toasts without speeches. Mr. Peirce, chairman of the President's 
commission " Kmile Loubet, President of France;" Governor 
Kimball to "Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United 
States;" Amba.ssador Cambon to the "State of Rhode Island." 
' Preliminary to the proposed entertainment, a cable message 
was sent to the President of the French Republic on the subject, 
begging him to accept for him.self and for the Government of 
France, on behalf of the Order, "the expression of their 
respectful and fraternal regard." 

President Loubet was at the time absent from France, but on 
his return to Paris, on the 31st of May, 1902, His Excellency 
M. Delcasse, minister of foreign affairs, cabled reply to the 
consul-general of France at the port of New York as follows; 

The ProsidciU of the Republic directs you to express to tin- ineiiilwrs of ' 
the Order of the Cincinnati his sincere thanks for the kindly sentiments 
which they have expressed to him. 

The banner of the society was designetl in 1786 by Maj. Gen. 
Frederick William Augustus, Baron de Steuben, Knight of the 
Order of Fidelity, and Inspector-General of the American Arm\-. 

The Providence'Gazette of December 27, 17S0, contained the 
following ainioiincement of the death of De Ternay; 

Newport, Dcicmher 22 \^ijSd\. 
Last Friday morning [December 15] died here His Excellency Charles 
Louis de Ternay. Knight of St. John of Jerilsiileni, late governor of the 
Islands of France and Bourbon and chief commander of the French 
squadron in the American seas. His talents, zeal, and distinguished 
services had merited him the coniiileuce of his Government and country. 
His remains were tlie next day interred in Trinity churchyard in this 
town, attended with military honors, etc. The command of the fleet, by 
the death of his excellency, devolves on M. Destouches, captain and 
brigadier of the naval army, an officer in high estimation among all ranks 
of the French navy and who particularly distinguished himself in the 
l)attle of Ouessiint. 



AT BOSTON 

Two hours later the RocHAJnncAU special arrived at Boston. 
When the visitors stepped from the train Adjutant-General 
Dalton, representing the governor; Secretary Curran, the 
mayor; M. Bailly-Blanchard, the consulate of France, and Prof. 
Charles P. Lebon, Edward L. Osgood, Joseph Framniand, and 
Marshal E. Lebon, the reception committee, inunediately gath- 
ered around General Brugere as the chief of the Mission. A 
few minutes of introductions and greetings followed, when the 
guests and ofllcials in attendance left the station for their 

carriages. 

boston's grekting 

The scene outside of Back Bay station, judging from the 
crowd of 2,060 or 3,000 persons gathered in the vicinity of its 
main exit, might for the moment have been mi.staken for 
France, rather than the United States, there being so large a 
contingent of the visitors' counti'ymen. "Vive la France," 
"^'ive la Republique," were vehemently intermingled with 
the popular nianife.station of " huzzas" and "vivats." 

The French part of the .salutations were sufficiently effusive 
to attract the attention of General Brugere, who, in response, 
instead of seating himself, assumed the attitude of a soldier, 
his right hand to his cap in salute, holding his position until 
the carriage he occupied (the first in the line) passed beyond 
the crowd. 

The same attentions were bestowed on the occupants of each 
of the 1 2 conveyances as they drove by under escort of a detail 
of mounted police. 

Arriving at the Somerset, their home while in the cit.\-, they 
passed within the portals, beneath the colors of the two 

Republics. 

' 1S9 



I go . // /y<>s/(i)i 

AMICklCAN UKAITV KCXSKS FOR THK I.ADIES 

Tin. y WL-rc also iiiatk- welcome by the siimiltaiicoiis arrival of 
six immense bouquets of American Beaut\' roses, five of whicli 
were recognitions from the Sons of the American Revolution, 
one for the houdoir of each of the ladies in the jiarty, and the 
sixth from the l)auj;hters of the American Revolution for the 
decoration of the reception room. 

The appropriateness of the compliment made a \ery sensible 
impression upon the \-isitors in general and the ladies in 
particular. 

After dinner ConUe and Conitesse de Rochambeau received 
Mrs. Greenleaf Simp.son, vice-president general, and Miss Marie 
Ware Laughlin, vice vState regent, who accordeil them a wel- 
come in behalf of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 

Admiral I^'ournier received a call from Rear- Admiral Johnson, 
conunanding the Charlestown Navy- Yard. 

I'or the evening's diversion, the vi.sitors, dividing into three 
groups, accepted invitations to the Tremont and Boston theaters, 
and vSymphony Hall, where the Pictures of Paris concert was* 
an attraction. 

THK "t;.\rLOI.S" OI-F KO.STOX I.ICIIT 

As soon as the incoming fleet was sighted from the navy- 
yard, the navy-yard tug /r.'(7;/(r, conve\ing Rear-Admiral Mor- 
timer L. Johnson, conunandant of the yard, .shot through the 
Narrows, steaming rapidly toward the flagshiji to make his 
official call. The 13-gun salute given the conunandant l)y the 
Olriiipia as he went over the .side to return ashore was the first 
notice Boston had of the arrival of the (ian/o/s and her escort. 
Admiral l-'ournier having come by land, retttrned no calls from 
the Gaiilois. At once the numerous jileasure \achts which 
dotted the harbor — it being Memorial Day — pointed seaward to 
get a clo.ser view of the visitors, even though the Gaiilo/s was 
yet hull down on the horizon. 

Soon after the departure of the calling Admiral, the Olyiiifiia 
aud Ki'arsargf moved into the k)wer harl)or to be in position to 



.4/ Boston 191 

welcome the Gaii/ois to the jiort, the Olyiiipia anchoriiij;- in 
President Roads abreast the island for the night and the 
Kearsarze dropping anchor just inside the Narrows. After a 
short time, however, the latter weighed anchor and stood out to 
sea to pick up the Gaidois. The tide beginning to ebb, the 
Gaulois preferred not to enter, but anchored outside; the 
Kearsarge standing by her until morning, when they joined 
the Olympic- 

thp: "gaulois" enters harbor 

The Gaulois, escorted by the Kearsarge, entered the harbor of 
Boston about dawn on May 30 and anchored in President Roads 
abreast of the Olympia. 

At 8 a. m. the colors were sent aloft and a salute of 21 guns 
fired with small rapid-fire guns on the mainmast fighting top, 
in honor of the port, which was promptly answered from the 
guns of Fort Warren. 

At noon the ship was open to \isitors, who went aboard in a 
stead}- stream for several hours, although the ves,sel was lying 
some distance from the shore, owing to its great draft. 

The usual calls of naval etiquette, for convenience, were 
exchanged on .shore. 

In the evening the Gaulois was brilliantly illuminated with 
an outline of electric lights and two set pieces between the 
fore and main masts, one representing an American eagle, 
the other a cock, the emblem of the ship. 







EVENTS OF 


THE DAY 


Satirmav. 


May 31 






j BAY STATK AND lUNKER HI1.I< MEM- 


ORIES— AC ADKM I C 


ATTENTIONS — A 


COMMONWEALTH 


I.INCH AND MV- 


NlCnWI. DINNER 


- POSTPRANDIAL 


IMPRESSIONS 



BOSTON'S HOSPITALITY 

The final expression of American hospitality to the repre- 
sentatives of the Government and people of France as guests of 
the Government and ])eople of the United States ended in a 
day of glorious sunshine and in object lessons of reminiscent 
Revolutionary scenes in a setting of contemporary activities, 
represented b)' Massachusetts, the State of Lexington; Boston, 
tlie city of Bunker Hill; and Harvard, the Universit)- of the 
earliest training of men of action in the contention with the 
Crown. 

CALL ox Till': COVHRNOR 

At lo o'clock in the morning, in the hands of the mayor's 
committee and under escort of the National Lancers, Capt. 
Frank C. Neal, the members of the Mission, and the civil and 
unofficial associates, accompanied by the President's com- 
mission, began the day of honor and hospitality l>>' a call of 
ceremony upon Governor W'inthrop Murray Crane at the state- 
house. That official, surrounded by his military staff in the 
executive chamber, gave the callers, who were presented by 
Colonel Bingham of the President's commission, a warmth of 
welcome which, despite the occasion of outward formalitj-, at 
once placed all at ease. 

After the greeting the guests were shown through Memorial 
Hall, General Brugere and Comte de Rochambeau expressing 
great admiration of its mural paintings and making particular 
reference to the beauty of design and fini.sh. M. Renouard 
manifested his appreciation by making a .series of sketch notes 
as souvenirs. 

193 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 13 



194 Boston's Hospitality 

From the statehoiise the guests, passing through the crowd- 
Uucd thoroughfare, proceeded to the city hall, where they ar- 
rived about 1 1 a. m. From the iron gate to the main portal on 
the way on either side were towering palms and rubber trees. 
The facades of the buildings were a gorgeous dress of tricolors 
of the two Republics in streamers and festooned flags, Old 
Glory flaunting in the breeze over the distinguished procession 
as it ascended the granite steps and passetl within the entrance, 
led by the secretary to the mayor, to the executive chambet, 
where that official was in readiness to receive them. The 
corridors as they passed were crowded with an enthusiastic 
group of officials and their friends. 

RKCKIVED BY THE :M.\Y0R 

As Ambassador Cambon drew near he was accorded a most 
hearty greeting, which was extended to all the others, making 
them feel quite at home in America's noted municipality. 

The entire party now passed out of the building and ascended 
the stand in front of the central part of the hall to witness one 
of the most interesting and the closing feature of the busy d3y 
of entertainment, the parade of three regiments of the city's 
schoolboy soldiers, numbering about 2,500, and their review 
by the mayor and notables of a foreign land. 

SCHOOLBOV SOLDIERS IX REVIEW 

The receiving group. Mayor Collins in the center, Ambas- 
sador Cambon and General Chalendar on the right and General 
Brugere and A'ice- Admiral Founiier on the left, occupied a 
position in front, with their associates and friends gathered 
around. 

The boys received an ovation of cheers en route and the 
plaudits of the foreign experts en review. The latter were 
deeply interested in the evident success of combining public 
school education with military training. They were not sur- 
prised that Americans so readily made superior soldiers. 

As an incident, the French officers, with militar>- punctilio, 
returned the cadets" .salutes and stood at attention to the flag. 



Bostoii\s flosp/fa/i/v 195 

each with his right hand at the visor of his cap, until it had 
passed. The Americans raised their caps and so held them. 

Resuming their carriages, a visit was made to the Public 
Library, which elicited the mo.st enthusiastic expressions of 
admiration. The>' then returned to their hotel, where Gov- 
ernor Crane, accompanied b^- the members of his .staff — Adju- 
tant Dalton, Generals Blood, Dewey, and Wellington, Colonels 
White and Cappel, Lieutenant-Colonels Soutter, Gihon, and 
Hawkins, and Majors Proctor and Colt — arrived at almost the 
same moment to make a return official call. A few minutes 
later Mayor Collins appeared, but unattended, to perform the 
.same duty of ceremonial etiquette. 

governor's H'NCHEON 

During the brief interim of mutual felicitation and presenta- 
tion in the Imperial Room, at 12.30 Governor Crane, escorting 
Ambassador Cambon, led the way to the gorgeous ballroom, 
where luncheon, with the Governor as host, was provided. 

The apartment was beautifully decorated. Southern smilax 
and northern laurel festooned the frieze, bay trees, palms, and 
Australian ferns skirted the dado. At the head of the table 
stood a large vase of Governor Crane carnations, and at either 
end a panier of L,awsons, with lilies of the valley between. 
On the side tables were baskets of Bride roses and varicolored 
lilies. The tables were strewn with asparagus sprays, galaxia 
leaves, long-.stemmed roses, and lilies. 

When in array around the festive board, at Governor Crane's 
right, in seciuence, sat — 

Ambassador Cambon. 
Vice-.\dmiral Fournier. 
Lieutenant-Governor Bates. 
Ma}-or Collins. 
General Chalendar. 
Colonel Bingham. 

At his left- 
General Brugere. 

Third Assistant Secretarv of State Peirce. 



196 Bos/tw's Hospitality 

M. Croiset. 

Collector Lyman. , 

Captain de Surgy. of the GauloU. 

President Eliot, of Har\-anl College. 

At the Other tables sat — 

Commander Raymond P. Roiigers. r. S. Navy. 

Capt. Pouilloiie de Saint-Mars. French Artillery-. 

Comte de Rochambeau. 

James J. Myers, speaker of the house of representatives, 

Rufus .\. Soule. president of the senate. 

Captain Lasson. attache of the general's staff of the governor of Paris. 

M. Lagrave. representing the minister of commerce. 

Capt. Joseph N. Hemphill, U. S. Navy, commanding V. S. S. Kearsarge. 

Prof. Charles H. Grandgent, chairman of the French department of 

Harvard College. 
Col. P. C. Pope, U. S. Marine Ccups, aid to Rear-Adtniral Johnson. 
M. Jean Guillemin, subdirector of the cabinet of the foreign ministry. 
Vicomte de Chambrun. attach^ of the French embassy at Berlin. 
Prof. Philippe Marcon. Harvard University. 
Prof, .\lphonse Brun. Harvard University. 
M. Renouard, painter and engraver, rejotsenting the ministry of pnblic 

instruction. , 

James H. Doyle, chairman of the board of aldermen. 
Henry P. Yerxa, councilor. 
Arthur .\. Max>vell, councilor. 
Brig. Gen. Robert A. Blood, surgeon-general. 
Brig, Gen. Henry S. I>ewey. judge-advocate-general. 
Pavid J. Robinson, councilor. 
Lieutenant-Commander le Vicomte de Faramond, naval attache to the 

French embassy. 
Brig. Gen. Fred W. Wellington, conuaissary-generaJ. 
Edward S. Bradford, treasurer of the Commonwealth. 
Henry E. Turner, auditor of the Commonwealth. 
Lieut. Andre Sau\-aire-Jourdon, aid-de-camp, Vice-.\dmiral Foumier. 
.\rthur W. Dolan. chairman cc>mmon council. 
Herbert Parker, attorney -general of the Commonwealth. 
Julius H. .\ppleton. councilor. 
Lieutenant le Baron Maximilien Reinach de W'erth. aid-de-camp to Vice- 

.\dmiral Foumier. 
Lieut. Col. Edwarvi J. Gihon. staff of the commander in chief. 
Maj. Paul R. Hawkins, staff of the commander in chief. 
Edward F. Hamlin, executi\-e secretary. 
Maj. Charles S. Proctor, staff of the commander in chief. 



Bos/on' s Hospitality 197 

Capt. Etienne Fillonneau, aid-de-camp to General Brugere. 

Rear-Admiral Francis J. Higginson, U. S. Navy. 

Edwin Morgan, secretary to the President's commission. 

Lieut. Col. Meaux Saint Marc, aid-de-canip and personal representative 

of M. Eniile Loubet, President of the French Republic. 
Louis Hennite, secretary of the French einba.ssy. 
Rear-.\dnural Mortimer L. Johnson, connnan<ler United States navv-vard, 

Cliarlestown, JIass. 
Capt. Henry \V. Lyon, U. S. Navy, connnander U. S. S. Olyiiipia. 
Comte Sahune de Lafayette. 

Commander E. K. Moore, U. S. Navy, aid to Rear-Admiral Johnson. 
Col. John L. Tiernon, Artillery Corps, U. S. Array, commanding defenses 

of Boston. 
JI. Victor Ayguesparsse, attache to the French embassy. 
M. de Margerie, counselor of the French embassy. 
Duncan Bailly-Blanchard, vice-consul of France. 
Prof. Morin la Meslee. 

Capt. A. AV. Chase, aid to Colonel Tiernon. 

Lieutenant Colonel Hcrmitc, commander of the Sixth Foot Artillery. 
Brig. Gen. \V. H. Brigham, inspector-general. 
Jeremiah J. JIcNamara, councilor. 
S. Herbert Howe, councilor. 
Robert de Billy, secretary of embassy. 
AVilliam M. Olin, secretary of the Commonwealth. 
M. Lebon, French attache to Mayor Collins. 
Lucius Fiehl, councilor. 

Captain \"ignal, military attache to the French embass}-. 
Lieut. Col. James T. Soutter, staff of the commander in chief. 
Lieut. George R. Evans, U. S. Navy, aid to Rear-Admiral Higginson. 
Lieut. Col. Arthur B. Denny, staff of the commander in chief. 
Jules Boeufv^, councilor of the French embassy. 
James D. Colt, staff of the commander in chief. 

Lieut. Mark L. Bristol, U. S. Navy, aid to Rear-.\dmiral Higginson. 
Lieut. Col. William C. Capelle, staff of the commander in chief. 
Lieut. Gustave le Jay, aid-de-camp to Vice-Admiral Fournier. 
Francis Hurtubis, executive stenographer. 
Col. James G. Wliite, staff of the commander in chief. 
Brigadier-General Dalton, adjutant-general of Massachusetts. 
John B. Smith, private secretarj' to Governor Crane. 

The morning repast was tiuacconipanied by speeches. The 
honors due the powers represented were proposed in three 
formal toasts. By the Governor: "The President of the 
United States" and "The President of the French Repubhc." 



198 Boston's Hosp/fa/itv 

By the Ambassador: "The Governor of ihc Coniiiioinvealth of 
Massachusetts. ' ' 

Tlie <;uests were soon ready for the next stage of Boston's 
welcome. 

TO Till'; I..\I)IKS 

While the first citizen of the Commonwealth was a host in 
the dancing hall, the first lady of the municipality was 
hoste.ss in the " Palm Room" inider the .same re.splendent roof. 
About iS richly attired ladies of the two Republics were seated at 
a large round table. In the center was the French coat of 
arms, arranged iu violets, roses, carnations, aud orchids, with 
the inscription "F. R." 

At each plate was a bouquet de corsage of red rosebuds, white 
carnations, and blue bachelor's buttons, tied with ribbons of the 
French national colors. 

As a usual preliminary Mrs. Collins and her daughters 
received the guests in the lilirary, after which they were .shown 
to the table by M. Lebon, French attache, and Mr. Curran. 
.secretary to the mayor. • 

Tile ladies, costumed in promenade habit, were — 

Mrs. Collins, till- hoslt'S.s, in black silk with lace, and black hat with 
plumes. 

Miss Collins, white niousseline de soie over pale jireen, large j-ellow 
straw hat, black plumes. 

Mi.ss Marie Collins, ^cru veiling, white hat with fi>liage and lace. 

Comtes.se de Rochambeau, pale green veiling, with lace hat same color 
with black velvet and white plumes. 

Mme. Cambon, cream white, large yellow straw hat with yellow ribbons 
and black velvet. 

Mme. Margerie, white lace chiffon over pink .silk, black an<l while lioa, 
black hat with black plumes. 

Mme. Lebon, lilack skirt, white satin bodice, black and white hat. 

Mme. Vignal, white inous,seline de soie, .straw hat with cru.shed straw- 
berry ribbcms. 

Mme. bailly-Blanchard, mauve silk with lavender ribbon bows. 

Mrs. John L. Bates, pale drab cloth, white vest, black hat with ostrich 
plumes. 

Miss Matthews, blue and white satin foulard, with lace hat brinmied 
with lace and pale blue plumes. 

Mrs. Charles W. Eliot, dark blue etamine, black and white tulle hat. 



Bos/o)i\<; Hospitalify 199 

Mrs. Aston Carey, dark green veiling, black hat. 

Mrs. Herbert H. D. Peirce, pink and white flowered organdie over pink 
silk black and white, black hat with pink roses. 

Mrs. Alexander Martin, pale blue gray veiling over silk white vest, white 
hat with white plumes. 

Mrs. Thomas J. Gargan, white and black India satin, and lace tulle hat 
with roses. 

Mrs. Charles Cumston, mauve etamine with lace, black and white hat. 

Mrs. Higginson, cafe au lait net white vest, cream white toque with 
plumes. 

Mrs. Childs, gray blue foulard, round cream while straw hat, with 
touches of pale marguerites in the trimming. 

ON THK "diamond" 

At 2.45 p. Til. the cavalcade left the hotel, taking the Charles 
River .speedway to Cambridge. 

Arriving at "Soldiers' Field," two flanking files of red- 
coated Lancers and a long line of carriages, bearing equally 
spectacular occupants, entered amid loud shouts of welcome. 

After witnessing a few innings of a game of base ball a 
bugle blast — "Boots and saddles" — called the visitors to 
carriages and the Lancers to mount. The procession, heading 
for tlie exit, moved off in stately form, the band coincideutly 
playing a suitable air and the rival nines continuing college 
yells and ' ' Vive la France ! ' ' 

As the visitors were leaving, the ladies of the delegation as 
guests of the wife of the mayor drove up. Giving way to gal- 
lantry, the procession halted long enough to exchange courte- 
sies and then resumed their ride. 

AT THE W.\SHIXGTON ELIM 

En route they made a detour in order to visit the Washington 
elm. General Brugere, who desired to pay homage to the 
sacred spot, was the first to alight, and walking up to the stone 
tablet, holding in his hand a bouquet of roses, said in French 
as he placed it thereon: 

Here in this place where General Washington took command of the 
American .\nny, and which is really the birthplace of .\niericau inde- 
pendence, it seems entirely fitting, and I am very glad, on behalf of the 
army of France, to place these flowers under this tree. 



200 Bos/of/'s Hospitality 

HAKVAKli S.VI.IT.VTIONS 

The cortege continuing its progress, passing Har\-ard square, 
were driven into the college inclosure, the Lancer escort lining 
up at the gateway. The visitors were met at the entrance to 
University Hall bj- President Eliot. Owing to the delay in 
arrival the projxxsed reception was abandoned in order to give 
better opjxirtunity for more important functions. 

Without alighting, the visitors made a circuit of the cx)llege 
buildings, reaching the theater, where the formal ceremonies 
were to take place, about half-past four. 

The audience rose to their feet and applauded the visitors. 
Under escort of Prof. H. H. Morgan, and a score of under- 
graduates as ushers, they were conducted to the platform, where 
the faculty of modern languages and history and political science 
were seated. 

In the invited audience were professors and luiderg^duates 
of Han-ard, officers and professors of Wellesley, public schools, 
Tuft"s College, Ma.-^achusetts Institute of Technology, Boston 
Universitv, New Church Theological Seminarv. and a large 
numl^r of students and residents. 

The exerci.ses were ojiened by President Charles \V. Eliot, in 
an address of welcome. He said: 

Members of the University, Ladies and Gentlemen : It is the first time 
that Harvard I'niversity has had the privilesje of welcoming to its lialls 
such a STOup of eminent Frenchmen as are now our guests, and we wish 
especially to welcome the high official of the University of France, the 
dean of the Faculty of Letters in the University of Paris. And again it is 
a new privilege for us and especially for me, the president, to invite the 
amKassador of the French Republic, a Harvard doctor of laws, to present 
to you the representative of French letters and scholarship. 

The French ambassador, M. Jules Cambon, LL. D. , speaking 
in French, said: 

Ladies and Gentlemen : I have never l>efore had to associate with my 
capacity as ambassador to tlie Uniteil States my function as doctor of the 
I'niversity of Har\arvl, and it is in this double role that I am aske<l, 
at the instance v^f IVesident Eliot, to introtluce to you my eminent 
compatriot, M. Croiset, who finds himself for the moment among us. 



Boston's Hospitality 201 

I am also very happy to be able at the same lime to present to _vou the 
members of the French Mission, presided over by the chief of our army, 
General Brngcrc, among whom you may reckon Admiral Kournicr. I 
introduce here also M. Legrave, who represents our connnerce. I am 
very hap])y to be al)le to present them to you. These gentlemen have 
traveled to the United States in order to do honor to one of our generals, 
the most illustrious Marshal Rochamheau. He was the companion and 
the associate of Washington; and it is a duty very sweet, not only for us, 
but also for the descendents of Rochamheau, for the Comtesse de 
Rochambeau is in our midst, to associate with our feelings on this occasion 
the sentiment of country. 

The members of the French Mission, after having fulfilled their patriotic 
duly at Wa.shington, have held themselves under quite a particular obliga- 
tion to come to Boston, for the reason that Boston is in reality the cradle 
of the American Revolution. A few paces only from here is Lexington, 
and still nearer is the monument which honors forever the memory of the 
combatants of Bunker Hill. But I want those present to thoroughly 
realize that in paying this visit to Harvard University we have been actu- 
ated not only by that sentiment of curiosity which is felt by all strangers 
\\\\o come to inspect this magnificent monument, which to such a degree 
testifies to the love which Americans have for scientific and literary studies, 
but al.so by a sentiment of patriotism. 

It was at Boston that the first struggle for .\merican indcpenilence 
began, and we owe thanks to Cambridge and thanks to the old universitv 
of Harvard, the focus always burning, which has kept alive among 
.Americans the love of liberty and of justice — the source whence the 
-Americans of that time have drawn those ardent passions which have 
enabled them to fight for independence and to create a new nation. 

So we others who are Frenchmen, we who share something of the 
Jionor you have won in struggling with Washington for the creation of 
the United States, are grateful to Harvard for the instruction she has 
given to her sons, and we are happy every time we come to America to 
come here and salute you of this town and institution. I say this also in 
the name of the men who have come here to represent French letters. 
I'rench literature has played a great part in the history of human thought, 
and grand old Sorbonne — a university which is a little older than j-ours, 
although yours is the oldest in America — has the honor of having at the 
head of its faculty of letters M. Croiset. You know him perhaps by name 
so I have no need to present him, indeed you will know him the moment 
you hear him if it be true as the French proverb says, "the workman is 
known by his work." 

Let me ask him to say something of .Sorbonne, to tell you something of 
the esprit and thought of I'rance, as well as to assure 3'ou of the profound 
afTection which all h'rcnch hearts cherish for .America. 



^ 



202 Bos/oil's Hospitality 

"FROM THI-: OI.DKST OI" THK <>LI' WORLD TO THE OLDEST OF TIIK NEW 

\VORI,n " 

M. Croiset. ste]i]iintj to the front, was most enthusiastically 
received, ami sjwke in French as follows: 

As effusively as I may, let me first thank M. Caml)on, the Freiieh 
ambass;>iior to the United States, and your president, Jlr. Eliot, for the 
tenus in which they have heen >;ood enough to present me to you. I 
shall then pass to a subject more inlerestiuf; than myself, who am nothing 
here, in order to say that I am happy to bring to the oldest university of 
the New World the cordial salute and fraternal greeting of the oldest 
university of the Old World, the I'niversity of Paris. 

I want to add that I should very uuich like to have it arranged that 
this visit, the first, as was just now said by your president in his official 
character, shall not be the last. I should very much like to have the 
habit of the.se visits between universities, between their profes.sors and 
their students, continued and peqietuated. I wish our professors and 
students had more of the habit of coming here and that you who are 
here also had more of the habit of coming to I'aris. It is tlie old habit, 
remember, of the universities of the Jliddle Ages from which we descend. 
For in those times the students used to come from all the other countries, 
and even now they are so numerous that we have a special ' ' college ' ' for 
them. There are students from Scotland, English students, and Italian 
students, not to mention others, and all those nationalities fonn a popu- 
lation that is literally immense, and it occupies quite a section of Paris. 

So I should like that in some degree these habits should be followed 
more and more ; Ih.it more and more a bond due to these mutual visits 
should be formed lietween the uni versifies of your country and of mine; 
that more and more this l>ond should be strengthened by our feeling for 
other countries, by our love and not by our hate for them; tliat more and 
more the men who have the same thought and entertain the same- aspira- 
tions, who are actuated by feelings acquired in the pursuit of the truth and 
have the same respect for the acquisitions of science, shall come together 
in this fraternal relation. I repeat that I hope such visits as these may 
be renewed. 

As for the University of Paris, it is certainly extremely ancient. As 
was said just now, it is the oldest of all the European universities. But 
when one directs a glance to periods thus remote he traverses periods 
that are difficult to understand. In universities so ancient then? are 
vicissitudes, and sometimes they reveal to us experiments that do not 
always succeed. That is the fate of experiments. The university has 
made some of these experiments, and not all of them have been com- 
pletely happy. In the seventeenth century it is certain that the old life 
of the university changed its nature. It was flooded with what we call in 



Bos/fln\<; Hospitalitv 203 

Krance "special schools" and became a veritable scientific workshop. 
These schools were of the type of our normal schools from which Pasteur 
tjraduated in surgery and Tain in philosophy-. 

In the special schools, nevertheless, there is .some inconvenience, since 
here it often happens that the mind grows restricted in the pursuit of 
objects which are too special in their character. The unity of science is 
the motive of the pursuit of truth, and this enables the mind to pass over 
all barriers, to transcend all artificial restrictions. In this way the sub- 
jects discipline one another. Well, in the past twenty years we have 
done something in reestablishing anew the old University of Paris by 
infusing into it the modern spirit. We have no wish to return to the 
ideas or to the doctrines of the fourteenth century. 

We are men of our time and we are trying to keep step with the century 
which is now beginning. I believe that to-day we can sa\' to you in all 
confidence, " Come to us." On our part we desire also to visit you. Now, 
on this point I want to say that if some of \-ou arrive in Paris, even with- 
out being announced in advance, you must pay us a visit to the Sorbonne, 
which for two centuries has been the center and the heart of the Uni- 
versity of Paris. I shall not speak of admirable gardens, such as we have 
just traversed here in Boston, for we have nothing of that sort in Paris. 
But our Sorbonne has surroundings which will interest you; but a few- 
paces away you will find the Luxembourg, where you may repose for a 
while from the dust of our streets and boulevards. 

In most of the universities of the Old World you will generally find a 
great diversity of admirable collections usually brought together under 
one roof. Yet, when you come to Paris you will not find that at the Sor- 
bonne. for we have there the inconveniences, yet also sometimes the 
advantages, of possessing things extremel}- ancient, in this resembling the 
things of nature. Each generation has brought its stone to the common 
edifice, yet after all the stones have been accunmlated the roof does not 
seem to have been placed over the structure where the imagination or the 
more exacting reason would have expected. 

But look around our Sorbonne and you will find its treasures — on the 
one side, that incomparable collection of natural history specimens; on 
the other, the Louvre, ^vith its schools and its magnificent examples and 
lessons in art; then the School of Fine Arts and the other institutions. 

Now, while these do not form parts of the University of Paris, they none 
the less belong to it and constitute a part of its instruction. So I wish to 
bring to you the very cordial salute of the University of France. I desire 
that your nation shall come more and more to know ours. It is a grand 
thing for nations to get acquainted with each other. The truth, of which 
we are all in search, has something impersonal in it — something which is 
superior to individuals and to nations; and however eagerly a man exerts 



204 Bos Ion's Hospitality 

himself to reach the truth alike with his eyes and with his reason, he 
sometimes tiikes it with the color (jiveii by his eyes and not his reason. 

We !ice<l, then, to study the truth as it is in differtyit countries. The 
total rays, by addinj; something to the different aspects, will make the 
image more complete anil will bring us nearer to the complete truth. 

Consider, finally, the zeal of the people of the Middle .\ges — those who 
came to Paris to learn theology, to acquire medicine, students from one 
vmiversity and from another, representing the spirit of the different iia-- 
tions. Let us, like them, study the manner of appreciation of truth which 
characterizes the various nations to-day. If we do this, we shall under- 
stand each other — we shall learn to love each other. 

.V TK.V HV THE I..VDIES 

At the conclusion of M. Croiset's impressive remarks the 
entire party were taken to Phillips Brooks House to a tea o;iven 
by the ladies of the faculty. 

The visitors were received by Mrs. Clement L. Smith, Mrs. 
J. H. Wright, and Miss Edith Oilman. Mrs. H. L- Smith, 
Mrs. Irving Babbitt, Mrs. H. H. Xorgan, and Mnie. Brun 
presided at the urn and tea table. 

The affair was entirely informal, but greatly enjoyed by the 
guests. The staj' was necessarily short, as the climax to the 
day's hospitalit>- was yet to come. Carriages were called in 
less than half an hour. The gentlemen of the party, on their 
way to the city, tarried at Alpha Delta Phi Hou.se. The ladies 
were driven to the hotel. 

FRENCH .M.\KIN)C B.\N'n COXCEKT 

The Boston Commons, held in deepest reverence by every 
native-born American, recalling the skating scene and Gates, 
the British general, presented a happy diversion in the splen- 
did series of state, municipal, and academic ceremonies else- 
where. 

While the military, naval, and civic members of the Mission 
were receiving hospitalities from the authorities, more than ten 
thousand f)eople were being entertained at a complimentary 
afternoon concert on the .'lame Commons bv the famous French 



Bos/oiPs Hospitality 205 

iiiariiie band of the TduIuii fleet, detached to the Gaiilois for 
the occasion of its connueniorative voyage to the United vStates. 

The organization, consisting of 46 nin.siciaiis. led by M. Leon 
Karren, occupied the 1)and ]ia\ihon for several hours rendering 
with artistic and po]iular success a pleasing repertoire. 

At an intermission between the numbers two boys, in 
French zouave uniform, presented M. Karren with a tricolored 
bouquet fastened with blue, wliite, and red streamers. The 
incident was greeted with a loud shout of approbation. 

As the musicians returned to their laiuich for conveyance 
aboard the armored cruiser, a spontaneous triumphal progress 
was accorded them along the route and as they left the dock. 

mayor's banquet 

The banquet under the auspices of the municipality of 
Boston, in recognition of the moti\-e and personnel of the 
Mission, was one of the most brilliant of the series of these 
affairs in the round of prandial entertainment bestowed by 
the Government, cities, and civic bodies. 

The great hall was richly adorned with the ensigns of the 
two Republics, and a wealth of beauty in foliage and flowers. 

A cordial welcome from the mayor and distinguished group 
about him was extended the members of the Mission as thej- 
entered. 

Their appearance was the signal for a burst of applause 
from the distinguished assemblage and of melody from the 
orchestra. 

After the tumultuous greeting had in a measure subsided, 
to the air of a march the mayor, leading off with the French 
ambas,sador, followed by the guests, each attended by a repre- 
sentative of the host, proceeded to the hall. 

The oratory of the evening was interspersed with selections 
from a choice repertoire by the Municipal Orchestra. 

The host and guests being seated, they forthwith proceeded 
to discuss and dispose of an elaborate menu. 



»o6 SoiUm's H r.-T-irr 

Ai tae begiasi^ os the dssasr: ibe zstvcc spoke *s SoOows: 




3c(&peaeue 



-v-^^ cc" ee ^m 



ytt -^-.t' ■ ■ i—M - "arie be n- i3S S5_i r_ J ^ jTTH^ ^•Lrf\ 

jcr iZ ^■^»— ■30 sec Tie ~cecb£ j>ett s«w -lu..-— >•' ':i>; -rH— it^ -w-iZ iEjC 



£21-1 ^ ^ ^»iZi^:_i^ -sr; i;- .;i^;. :_ — »-!»■» ^oc tae Suc^ icr:; 



Tbe 2Sip3r"< ioodK — ri. s e. ' -nt-n g? mice ioQoved "r5 

OS lieeDssi^i-Geosraoc Bsses^ as 5auows: 



Boston's Hospitality 207 

universal liberty. [Applause.] Certain it is that here the fixes of the 
Revolution were first lighted; here the blow of oppression was first felt. 
Here was the soil from which sprung Adams and Hancock and Warren 
and Otis, and here would have been felt the most dire results had that 
Revolution not been successful. But t\rice during our histoid- have we 
heard here in our streets the tread of a foreign army. One was when 
Howe embarked from our wharves because the cannon of Washington 
were frowning from Dorchester Heights and he was seeking a place sub- 
ject to less embarrassment. 

The other time was five years later when, with steady step and with 
battle-scarred flags of Erance and America, the victorious, triumphant 
army of Rochambeai" [applause] marched through our streets and was 
hailed by our people as a deliverer. Again they embarked from our 
wharves and went aboard that magnificent fleet which France had sent to 
our assistance. That was in the days long ago, but ilassachusetts has not 
forgotten it. She has ever been ready to acknowledge her debt of grati- 
tude to France. [Great shouts and cheers.] \\lien Lafayette, after an 
absence of forty years, \'isited this city, he found, as he entered it, over the 
main highway a great arch, and upon it there was inscribed: 

Welcome. Lafayette. 

Our fathers shall sleep 

Who gathered \cith thee to the tight. 

But the sons shall etemally keep 

The tablets of gratitude bright. 

We bend uot the ueck. 

We bend not the knee. 

But our hearts, Lafayette. 

We surrender to thee. 

Twice forty years nearly have passed since that day, but the sons are 
keeping the tablets of gratitude still bright. Welcome, then, representa- 
tives of our great sister Republic across the seas. 

Welcome! You who bring to our minds memories of a great host of 
magnificent heritage of the great struggle of which it was one; memories 
of men who locked their shields with ours for liberty and for freedom; 
memories of Rochambe.\u and Lafayette: memories of the geuerositv 
of a nation and of personal sacrifice; memories of a faithful ally and of 
enduring affection. Welcome! Sous of sires to whom it was given not 
only to unite men, but to combine men of two nations in lasting friend" 
ship. [Applause.] 

Postmaster Hibbard, of Boston, spoke of the services of France 
in America. He said: 

Mr. Slayor, Illustrious Representatives of France, and Gentlemen: The 
strength of the nation is embodied in its people, and tlie strength of that 
people is embodied in tlie ideals that prompt it to act. 



2oS Bosfoii\< Hospita/ify 

It is not surprising that the I'nitcd SUUcs, composed as it is of men of 
all nationalities, should be a powerful country, but what it is to-day was 
not what it was a century and a (juarter ago. Then it was struggling for 
existence. Friends were needeil and finances were low. The colonists 
were becoming discouraged. In one of the darkest moments there came 
with an army a son of France. He brought with him the sub.st;intial aid 
that helped to make the beginning of what the Repul)lic has become 
to-day . 

The blending of the b;inners of I''rance with those of this country upon 
the battlefield of Vorktown served but to cement a friendship that must 
last forever. 

A nation loves to honor the names of its illustrious sons, and we here 
love to think of the great men of this country. When we go back to those 
earlv days, however, we find the names of RocH.\MHK.\r and Lafayette 
are linked together inseparably with the great name of Wa.shington, and 
we honor these an<l other great men of France who came to us when we 
most needed them. 

The .sjieaker alliuled to the .sigiiificaiice of the jireseiice of the 
distingui.shed guests, and hoped they would ' ' take back to their 
beautiful country a message of deepest gratitude and affection 
from the United States." 

Ambas.sador Cambou next rose, and was greeted with loud 
welcome. Speaking in French and English, he said: 

Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen: I am sorry, indeed, to leave this country, 
and my countrymen are also sorry. They will regret going because of the 
kind welcome they have had here every day since their sojourn in the 
United States began. Boston is the flower of the American cities and we 
have had a hearty welcome here. Let me now revert to a language which 
is to me more familiar. [Speaks in French.] I am really ver%- much 
touched to be called upon at this banquet to speak of France, afld I con- 
fess to you that I find therein a new proof of the delicacy with which you 
have been good enough to receive us Frenchmen here to-night. If I rep- 
resent France in relations with your President and your Government, I 
consider myself as having a sort of tacit mission to make my countrymen 
ur.derstand and love tlie United States. 

I can not tell you, Americans and Bostonians, how grateful I am to you 
for the open arms and extended hands which I and my compatriots have 
found here in .\merica. They will carry away with them the remembrance 
of all thev have experienced. But you, Mr. Mayor, have asked me to 
replv to the to:ust to the health of the l''rench Republic and of its Presi- 
dent. I can not better reply than liy saying that you have done honor to a 
man of whom we Frenchmen are all proud — a man whose considerable 



Bosto}i''s Hospilaliiv 209 

intellectual attainments, whose modest virtue, whose wisdom, are recog- 
nized by all, and who brings to his high function that brilliant authority 
which it has in the world at large. 

Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, former minister to France, spoke 
reminiscentlyof experiences of his diplomatic residence at Paris. 

niPivOM.\cv 

Mr. Mayor and Fellow-Citizens: I am grateful to the mayor for calling 
upon me to say a few words of welcome to our distinguished guests. He 
might have chosen a better speaker, but no one who could be more 
gratified at the opportunity of expressing publicly to a body of leading 
Frenchmen his admiration for their country. 

I thank them for the kindness and courtesy with which I was univer- 
sally treated when I had the honor of being minister to France. The 
Government and the people made me feel that it was because I was an 
American and represented .\merica that I was welcome, and they yielded 
to requests made by our Government, not always because they thought it 
was right, but because they wished to testify their good will toward us. 

I can say nothing new to you gentlemen, nothing that has not been 
repeated many times at every ceremony and diimer you have been called 
upon to attend since your arrival in this country. You have been wel- 
comed everywhere and you are welcome here to-night because of your 
own merit and the high standing you have in the army and navy of your 
country, because your ambassador, M. Cambon, who introduces j-ou, has 
.shown such tact and ability in every transaction he has had with our 
Government from the Spanish war down to the present moment. You 
have come on a friendly errand from a friendly people, and the great name 
of RocHAMBE.iU carries us back to October ig, 17S1, when the final 
victory of Yorktown added another laurel to his already illustrious name. 

But gentlemen, a deeper feeling underlies all our thought. When we 
were struggling for liberty against the power of England on one side and 
the Tory element at home, we owed the foundation of our Republic at that 
period to the assistance of the French and their army and navy under 
RoCH.\MBE.\r and De Grasse. 

But, fellow-citizens, have you thought how much we owe them? When 
we had become an independent nation we were a straggling, thinly 
inhabited line of colonies running along the seacoast from Massachusetts 
to Georgia, crowded between the Alleghenies and the Atlantic. If the 
English had remained in control of the Mississippi River as well as of 
Canada we should have continued an insignificant power. To the French 
we owe that magnificent domain of Louisiana, stretching from the Gulf 
of Mexico to Puget Sound and from the Mississippi on the east to the 
Pacific Ocean on the west. 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 14 



2 TO Bos/oii's I/osp/fa///]' 

The possession of lliis vast U'rrilory, teeiiiin>; willi iniiii-ral wealth, pene- 
trated on all si<k's by magnificent rivers, with a climate exactly suited Jo 
the Anj;lo-Saxoii race and a soil unec|ualed in its fertility from the wheat 
bearing plains of the Dakotas, southward to the vineyards and orange 
groves of California — the possession I say of this land of promise enabled 
us lo grow into a mighty people, until we rank in population, in wealth, 
and in power with the greatest nations the world has ever seen. 

All hail lo the country which helped us in our childhood to achieve inde- 
pen<lence and in our manhocHl to take possession of a continent. 

Crentleinen, we owe the I'rench nation a debt of gratitude greater 
than to any other people of ICurope; yea, greater than to all other nations 
combined. 

Can we, then, do too much in honoring their delegates and in bidding 
them when they turn their faces homeward to carr}- back the ardent wishes 
of the city of Boston for the glory and prosperity of the French Republic? 

The University of Harvard had a voice, through President 
Eliot, who spoke on the genero.sity of Rochambeau. 

.\C.\r)KMIC 

Looking back through this long vista of one hundred and twenty-one 
years, what is it in the conduct of Lafayette and R()CH.\.MHE.\f during the 
war of our Revolution which now most touches our hearts and attracts the' 
respect and admiration of this remote generation? It is not their courage 
and endurance in fight. They were professional soldiers, officers in the 
army of a legitimate King, and it was their natural part to manifest a 
soldier's obedience and constancy. 

The quality in them which makes this generation glad to do them honor 
was their generosity. Lafayette gave himself to the cause of our country 
with a fervid enthusiasm and a perfect generosity. RoCH.\MHl-:.\r, a veteran 
connnander, with his division of regular French troops, full of prMe in the 
military history of his regiment and of his country, served courageou.sly 
only as an au.xiliary under connnand of Wa.shington, the head of an army 
illy organized, illy supplied, belonging to an incoherent government in 
revolution again.st the King. 

F'rom the point of view of the professional .sohiier this was a supreme 
generosity. It is a striking illustration of the gener.al fact that there is no 
more generous being than a generous Frenchman, and that broail prin- 
ciple that in good relation between human beings, generosity tells for 
more than sagacity or justice or even mercy. [Applause.] Would that our 
people and our (Government and all [jcoples and governments could recog- 
nize that this truth holds in dealings between nations as well as between 
individuals. This is one good reason drawn from the past that makes us 



Bostoti^s Hospitality 211 

all glad to join the celebration wliich has brought these eniiiieiit I'rench- 
uieii to our shores. 

There is another of more recent origin. When in 1S34 the Boston 
orator, Edward Everett, pronounced in Faneuil Hall his famous eulogy 
on Lafayette, the peroration of his admirable address declared that the 
great principle illustrated in the life of his hero was love of liberty pro- 
tected by law. The bust of Lafayette stood on the platform. These were 
his closing words: "Speak, speak marble lips. Teach us the love of liberty 
protected by law. ' ' 

During the last thirtj' years, the French people after infinite sufferings 
and struggling, through difficulties immeasurably greater than any through 
which the American people have passed, save one, the civil war, have 
succeeded in embodying this lo\'e of liberty protected by law in stable 
free institutions. [.\])plausc.] The sympathy of the American people has 
gone out to them warmly and in a rising flood through these three 
decades. 

It is with profound rejoicing that we see planted firmly in Europe two 
republics — little Switzerland and great France [applause] ; and whenever 
we call to mind the aid which the French monarch gave to our nascent 
Republic, we think with joy that our revolutionary struggle and our subse- 
quent experiences have contributed to the later development in France 
of a strong and prosperous Republic. [Applause.] 

The chief of the Mission, General Brugere, who next spoke, 
was roundly applauded, it being his last public utterance vi'hile 
with the Mission in America; 

THE .\KMV OK FR.\NCE 

It has been a great honor for me to come to America and represent 
France at the celebration in honor of Roch.\mbeau. As a soldier I have 
stated on board the Gaulois, in the presence of the President of the United 
States, what I think of the American Army. On the present occasion I 
limit myself to bringing to this gathering the cordial salute which I now 
offer to the comrades of your splendid American Ami}-. 

As chief of the French Blission and as a FVenchman mv heart overflows 
with a sense of the friendly reception the Mission has met in this coun- 
try—a reception abounding in its .sympathy and enthusiasm. Indeed it 
has been magnificent. We have had the welcome repeated all the way 
from Washington. We are now obliged to return to France, and before 
leaving Boston I want to say that we members of the Mission will carry 
away with us an imperishable memory of the sojourn, all too short, that 
we have passed upon this hospitable American soil. All of us feel that 
the ties of friendship which imited our ancestors more than a century ago 
bind us to-day more closely and firmly than ever. 



212 Bos/o/i's Hospitality 

1,1-1 us ihcrefori- fill our glasses anil drink a loasl lo "'I'lit- Aini-rioan 
nation," to this great and powerful nation wliicli has shown to the whole 
universe what an intelligent, industrious, active, tenacious, persevering, 
and generous nation is able to create in a relatively brief s])ace of time 
when it rests upon liberty and justice and opposes despotism and anarchy. 
I drink to the power and prosperity of the American nation. 

The vast interests of commerce also held a place in these 
parting exchanges of sentiments, through William H. Lincoln, 
president of the Boston Chamber of Connnerce. 

THi; WHITIC WIXCS OK COMMIIRCE 

After an interesting presentation of the benign influence of 
commerce upon the world, and the cons])ictiou-. part borne by 
Boston in its development in shipbuilding and enterprise in 
America, Mr. Lincoln concluded: 

I am happy to have this o])])ortunity to unite in the greeting so heartily 
extended to our distinguished guests and to congratulate them upon the 
felicitous occasion that brings them to our slK)res. You are on historic 
ground, made sacred by the blood of martyrs to liberty and hallowed by 
the footsteps of your own gallant Rochambe.\u and your immortal La- 
fayette. Heassisted in laying the foitndation of yonder monument, erected, 
to commemorate the first great battle in the struggle for independence, and 
the distingui.shed orator of the occasion, amid the acclaim of as.sembled 
thousands, recognized his presence in words of eloquence and lofty praise. 
* * * His name and his virtues will be forever linked with those of 
ROCHAMBKAI', tlie distinguished general who, with his army of trained 
veterans, cooperated so successfully with Washington in the movements 
that culminated in the surrender of Cornwallis and achieved the inde- 
pendence of the Colonies. 

They .sleep in their native land, but the influence of their lives remain 
to peq)etuale the love, the gratitude, and the admiration of all people of 
this country for the nation that gave them birth. 

The "Navy of France" formed an interesting theme by a 
worthy successor of DeTerna\- and De Grasse, Admiral Fournier. 
He said: 

THK NAVV OI- KRANCF. 

I shall begin by thanking the mayor for the honor he has done me. 1 
am expected to say what I think of the .Vmerican nation. To do that 
would indeed be to say a great deal. It would be difficult for ine to ex- 
press all the gratitude which I and my compatriots have for you Americans. 
It is impo.ssible to find sentiments lofty enough to do this. 



Bostoii\^ Hospitalitv 2ij 

Our sojourn in your country has been throughout one of enchantment. 
It has been a round of enchantment from Washington to New York and 
from New York to Boston. At Washington we saw the head of your Gov- 
ernment; at New York we felt the beatings of the heart of your country; 
in Boston our sensation has been more delicate and refined, for we have 
felt the soul of America. It is here that we joined the center of your intel- 
lectual life — of your thoughts, of your ideals, of your arts and sciences. It 
was here that the vigorous germ of revolution sprang up and turned Amer- 
ica into new paths, along which she was to meet with France on the field 
of battle. 

I just want to say — though perhaps it is the excellent dinner we have 
had that makes us so enthusiastic — that everything is perfect in America. 
I want to praise its educational system, and especiall)- the institution 
which we visited this afternoon. You have here an excellent system — 
moral, professional, intellectual, and family-like. These .same qualities 
which characterize the American marine I find distributed even among 
your educational institutions. I don't know anything more complete 
than Harvard University. For there, as in your marine, you train men 
in the principles most sure to give victory. Grant that we Frenchmen 
and you Americans may be rivals, but never opponent.s; friends, but never 
enemies. 

The finale of the varied and interesting .series of addresses 
which characterized the presence of the Rochambeau Mission 
was the remarks of tlie dean of the Sorbonne, M. Croiset, of 
the Institute of France, in a parting compliment to the "Athens 
of America." He said: 

THE IN.STITUTE OF FR.\NCE 

I can not say too much in praise of the city of Boston, of your mayor, 
and of the generous hospitality with which we have been treated. At the 
moment of our departure it leaves us full of regret and with a mingled 
sense of charm and gratitude. 

Boston has been called the center of America. Certainly it has no 
rival. It is active, industrious, independent. You have succeeded in unit- 
ing two things— activity and power of administration. Boston is thus a 
chef-d'oeuvre and an example for the imitation of the whole world. We 
have had to-day, by a supreme coquetterie of nature, beautiful sunshine, 
and so we take away with us the memory of all the beautiful things we have 
seen here. 

The ladies of the party, returning from an entertainment of 
their own, entered the banquet hall to listen to the speeches, 
where they were acconnnodated with chairs, and remained until 
the close. 



214 fios/o/i\< IIosf)italily 

Gl'ESTS 

The followiiiii were the ijuests on the memorable occasion: 

MAIN TAHI.K 
I'atrii-k A. Collins. Mayor of lUvitoii 

Right. — M. Cainlxm, French aniliassador; \';ec-Adniiral Foumier, in- 
spector of the French navv; Herbert H. Teiree, Third Assistant Secretary 
of State, chairman l^esident's commission; General Chalemlar, commander 
14th Infantry Brijr-»de, I'renoh army; T. JetTerson Coolidjje, former ani- 
bass;idor to I'ranoe; Comte de Rochanil>eau. 

Li-fl. — fieneral KrugOre. general of division, vice-president iif the su- 
preme council of I'rance; John L. B;>tes, lieutenant-governor of M;issachu- 
setts; Charles W. Eliot, president of Har\-ard I'niversity; M. Croiset, 
member of the French Institute, dean of the Faculty of Letters of Paris; 
Col. T. A. Bingham, I'. S. .\rmy, member of IVesident's commission; 
Lieut. Col. Jleaux Saint Marc, aid-tie-camp and jiersonal representative 
of Rmile Loubet, IVesident of the Republic of I'rance. 

T.\B1,K 1'KOI.OSO.KD OPPlXSITK THK CKN'TER OK THK MAtX TABI.K 

Right. — Representatives of tlie Boston press; Brig. Gen. Samuel Daltoti. 
adjutant-general of Mass;ichusetts; Gen. Henry B. Carrington, LI^O. : 
A. \'.. Grozier, eilitor Post; .\rthur W. IXilan, president common council; 
Thomas F. Edwards, lieutenant-colonel First Corps Cadets; Robert Grant, 
judge probate court; James Morgan, iissistant eilitor Glolie; Gonlon 
Abbott, president Massachusetts electric companies; Herliert S. I'nder- 
woixl, managing etlitor .Vdvertiser and Reconl; Charles E. .\dams. presi- 
dent Massiichusetts State Kv\rd of trade; Capt. Gev>rge R. H. BulTington, 
commander Mass;\chusetts Naval Brig-ade A'olunteer Militia; Henri Moranil, 
instructor in French, public schools; Elisha X. Fierce, president" Minute 
Men of 1S61; Henry F. Chandler, president Metlal of Honor Legion of 
Boston and vicinity; Chiirles C. Hoyt, Boston Boot and Shoe Club; 
MartiiU E. Leboli, reception committee. 

Left. — Representatives of the Boston press; CoL Mel\"in O. Adams; 
Edwin E. Curtis, former mayor; Thomas J. Gargan, vice-president Irisli- 
American Historical SiKiety; Curtis Guild, jr., reception committee; 
Edwin r. Scavcr. suiierinlendent of schiKils; Captain Hemphill, I". S. S. 
A'e-atSiirgr: Rev. FHuier H, Cajx-n, president Txifts College; F; lias J. Bliss, 
president Massjichusetts Society Stnisof the .\merican Revolution; Nathan 
Matthews, jr.. former mayor; John F". Brown, chief justice numicijvil 
court; Stephen O'Meara. etiitor Journal; Edumud A. MacIVinald, city 
collector; Maj. George T. H. Murray, commander Massachusetts Division 



Bos/on' s Hoipilalilv 215 

Lejfion Spanish War Wlerans; Kusifiie S. Sullivan, water con'missioner; 
John JI. Minton, chairman election commission; Michael P. Curran, 
secretary to the mayor. 

(iT-Tsini: r\RAi.i.)a. tables 

Right. — Commander Raymoiul 1'. Kodgers, T. S. Navy, member Presi- 
ilent's commission; George A. Hibbard, postmaster; Prof. Charles H. 
Grandgent, chairman French department, Harvard University; Robert de 
Billv, secretary French embassy; Camille Thurwanger, president du Cer- 
cle Frangais d'AUiance, Boston; Lieut. Col. Viscoimt de Faramond, naval 
attache, French emba.ssy; Rufus A. Soule, president Mas.sachusetts sen- 
ate; Rear-.\dmiral Higgiuson, U. S. Navy, commanding North .\tlantic 
squadron; Capt. Ktienne Fillonneau, aid-de-camp to lieneral lirugere; 
Captain Lyon, l^ S. S. Olynipia; M. Victor .Ayguesparsse, attache l-'rench 
embassy; Samuel A. Green, M. D., former mayor; Joseph H. O'Neill, 
reception conmiittee; Thomas N. Hart, former mayor; Edwin Ginn, Ameri- 
can Peace Society; Dr. Francis H. Brown, president Massachusetts Society 
Sons of the Revolution; James P. Baxter, president New England His- 
torical Genealogical Society; Lieutenant Evans, aid to Captain Lyon, 
U. S. S. Oly)np!a; Gen. Howard Stevens; Oscar H. Sampson, president 
Merchants' Association; Winand Ton.ssaint. 

Lc'/I. Rear-.Admiral George E. Belknap, V. S. Navy; JL de Jlargerie, 
counselor French embassy; Lieutenant-Colonel Hennite. connnander 
Sixth Foot Artillery, French army; .\lphonse Brun, instructor of French, 
Harvard University; Robert i\L Burnett, chairman reception committee; 
Jules Bceufvd, chancellor French embassy; Duncan Bailly-Blanchard, vice- 
consul of France, Boston; Morin la IMeslee, Delegue de I'Alliance Fran- 
9aise groupe de Cambridge et Boston, Harvard Uni\ersity; Capt. Pouil- 
loiie de Saint-Mars, artillery, French army; Gen. Wilniow \V. Blackniar, 
commander Massachusetts Divi.sion G. A. R.; Comte Antoine de Breda; 
.Arthur J. C. Sowdon, governor Society of Colonial Wars; Brig. Gen. T. R. 
^L1tthews, First Brigade Massachusetts Volunteer Militia; Edward H. 
Clement, editor Transcript; J. C. Flamand, reception committee; Winslow 
Warreu, president Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati; Rev. William F. 
Warren, president Boston University; William Craig, president Fruit and 
Produce Exchange; Frederick H. Viaux, treasurer Real Estate Exchange; 
E. ^L Poitevin, vice-president St. Jean Baptiste Socidte. 

OlTSini-: PARALLEL TABLE 

Kiglil. — Rear-Admiral Mortimer L. Johnson, commandant Charlestown 
Navy- Yard; Jean Guillemin, subdirector of the cabinet of the French 
foreign minister; Charles P. Lebon, instructor of French in English high 
school; JLijor Berthelot, aid-de-canip to General Brugere; Edward L. 
Osgood, reception connniltce; Lieut. Andre Sauvaire-Jourdan, aid-de-camp 



2i6 Boston's Hospitality 

to Vice-Adiiiiral Fournicr; Jolui J. Collins, reception committee; I^ieiit. 
Baron Maxiniilien de Rcinach <le Werth, aid-de-canip to Vice- Admiral 
I'ournier; Col. John E. Tiernon, U. S. Artillery Corjw; M. Louis Hennite' 
secretary French embassy; Judge Le Baron B. Colt, I'nited States circuit 
court; Maj. Gen. William A. Bancroft, commander Military Order of For- 
eign Wars of the United States; Augustine Heard, ex-minister to Korea, 
aid to Rear- Admiral Higginson; T. Richard Carter, president Associate 
Board of Trade; Capt. A, W. Chase, U. S. Artillery Corps, aid to Colonel 
Tiernon; Edgar Van Etten; John H. Fahey, New England representative 
Associated I'ress; Patrick J. Kennedy, commissioner; George A. Kimball, 
president Boston Society of Civil Engineers. 

Left. — Count de Sahune de Lafayette; Captain de Surgy, battle ship l.c 
Gaulois; W. H. Lincoln, president chamber of commerce; M. Lagrave, 
French ministry of commerce; Arthur Dixey, jiresident Cercle Franfais, 
Har\ard University; M. Renouanl, painter and engraver, representing min- 
istry of public instruction, France; Philippe Marcoy, assistant professor of 
Romance languages, Harvard University; Captain Vignal, military attachd 
of the French embassy; Lieut. Gustave Le Jay, aid-de-cainp to Vice- Admiral 
Fournicr; James J. Myers, speaker Ma.ssachusetls house of representatives; 
Captain Lasson, attach^ general staff governor of Paris; Robert S. Pea- 
body, president Boston Society of Architects; Edwin V. Morgan , secretary 
to President's commission; Walter Allen, Herald; James H. Doyle, chair- 
man board of aldermen, aid to Captain Hemphill; General Litchfield, pub- 
li.sher Boston Traveler; John B. Martin, penal institutions commission; 
Commodore E. K. Moore, V. S. Navy, aid to Rear-.Vdmiral Johnson; Capt. 
Frank Huckins, Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company; Thomas Riley, 
reception committee. 

In the earlier part of the evening Mrs. Alexander Martin, 
vice-president of the Cercle Frangais d' Alliance, gave a recep- 
tion to the ladies of the Mission at her spacious mansion, which 
was beaittifully decorated within with La France and American 
Beauty roses and waving palms. 

The receiving party were — 

Mrs. Martin, Mme. Cambon, Mrs. Cumston, Comtesse de Rochambeau, 
Mme. de Margerie, Mme. Vignol, Mrs. Pcirce. 

The guests numbered several hundred of the polite life of 
Boston. The music was by an orchestra of ladies. 



Boston'' s Hospitalitv 217 

COIITESSE DE KOCHAMBEAU'S PERSONALITY 

The Comtesse de Rochaiiibeaii impressed everybody, from the 
Chief of the Nation to httle children, with the charm of her 
personahty, grace of manner, and amiabiHty of conversation. 
vS peaking the American tongue quite fluently, she received 
added pleasure in her association with the distinguished ladies 
whom she met, and not infrequently made it extremely enjoy- 
able by being the intermediary of conversation between the 
Comte and his gentlemen callers. 

The visit was at a .sacrifice of a mother's love, leaving in the 
care of others her 15 months' old babe. 

DECORATIONS FOR THfi PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION 

As a testimonial of recognition of the agreeable and satisfac- 
tory manner in which the President's commis.siou had discharged 
their duties, the Government of France bestowed upon Mr. 
Peirce, chairman, the decoration of commander, and made 
Colonel Bingham and Commander Rodgers officers of the Legion 
of Honor. 

The medals were transmitted to the Department of State 
through Amba,ssador Cambon, there to remain until Congress, 
by .special act, should grant permission to these gentlemen to 
accept them. 

A CONSENSUS OF OPINION 

Secretar}' Peirce and Colonel Bingham, in behalf of the 
President as chief host to ' ' the guests of the Government and 
people of the United States, ' ' mentioned to the members of the 
press the wholesome enjoyment of the trip by their distinguished 
charge. At each city on the way they received an ovation. 
Colonel Bingham said: 

The men are splendid and the wonien loveh-. .\ny little hitch was 
taken as a matter of course, and there was no grumbling. On the contrary, 
the visitors appear to be delighted at their reception in this countrj'. 





1-;\1-:XTS OF THE DAY 




SrxllAY, JfXE 1 




^ 




SANS ADIKl— Ar RKVOIR 




PARTANT POIR LA FRANXE 



2lS 



OFFICIAL CHARACTER OF GUESTS ENDED 

After an i.'aii>' hrcakfasl, at .S._^o a. in., Ur' guests drove 
to tile Cathedral of the IIol>' Cross to attend low mass. 

Returning;- to the hotel, the military and naval members of 
the Mi.ssioii dis]xitclied their lii;_;<;aKe to the (iai</ois, which was 
.scheduled to .sail in the afternoon. 

PARTINc; I.UNClIlvON. 

Ahout I I a. ni. the entire party, includinjj; the military ami 
r.aval members, bade ' ' adieux ' ' and ' ' au revoirs ' ' to their Amer- 
ican friends, and taking carriages drove to the Eastern avenue 
wharf, where the navy-yard tug conveyed lluui to the Gaulois 
to a lunclieon, wliich would close the fortnight of festivities 
attending the unveiling of the monument of Rociiamijeau, 
and suitably terminate their character of ' ' guests of the Gov- 
ernment and people of the United States. ' ' 

The special object was a parting luncheon to the officers of 
the escorting squadron and to those who had entertained them 
so generously in the city. The entertainment was perfect in 
all its appointments. The quarter-deck, b}- means of a canopy 
and flags and emblems of France and America, was transformed 
into a banquet room. The tables were richly laden with plate, 
crj'.stal, cut glass, and china. The china was of the choicest 
specimens of the fabrique de Sevres. The cry.stal, from Bac- 
carat, was tendered by President Loubet from the Klysee, the 
"President's House" of France, for the occasion of this com- 
memoration. 

The nui/zles of the two 12-inch guns projecting overhead 
were a reminder of war. The floral display was tropical in 

219 



^ 



2 20 Official Clia racier of Guests Ended 

profusion, and incandescent lights sparkled like diamonds among 
the flowers. The displa\- of lirilliant uniforms added to the; 
resplendent scene. 

The after-deck, with a cauojn- drawn overhead, was a thing 
of beauty in floral decorations, interniini^led with colors of the 
two nations. 

There were present as guests, representing the President of 
the United States. H. I). Peirce, accompanied by Mrs. Peirce, 
Col. Theodore A. Bingham, U. S. Army, Commander Raymond 
P. Rodgers, I'. S. Xa\y, and Kdwin Morgan, .secretary, mem- 
bers of the President's conimissit)n; representing the Connnon- 
wealth of Mas.sachusetts, vSanuiel Dalton, adjutant-general; the 
citv of Boston, Patrick A. Collins, mayor, and the Misses 
Collins; of the United vStates navy-yard at Charlestown, Rear- 
Admiral Mortimer Johu.son, Mrs. and the Mis.ses John.son, and 
others; the escorting .squadron, Rear- Admiral Francis J. Hig- 
gin.son, and Capt. Henry Lyon, flag lieutenant of the fiag.ship 
Olynipia. The entire jier.sonnel of the embassy of France, 
headed b\- Jules Cambun, the amba.ssador. and Mnie. Cambon, 
M. and Mme. de Margerie, Captain and Mme. \'ignal. and 
Comte and Comtesse Rochambeau. 

SPEECHES AND GOOD CHEER 

After finishing the viands and entrees, General Brugere. who 
held the chief place, propo.sed (in French) — 

I uiiilc ill niv toast France and .\nierica. Not the France and .\uierica 
of one liuiidreil and twenty years ago, but the two Republics of to-day — 
a toast to President Loubet of F'rance and to I're.sident Roosevelt of the 
United States. 

\'ice- Admiral Fournier, speaking on the close bonds of friend- 
ship between America and FVance. said: 

I w ish to assure our .\nierican friends of the .\rmy and Navy that we 
are with them heart and body. 

He also gave Boston and its people a compliment, saying the 
only thing that worried him at all during his stay was leaving 
Boston and her citizens. 



Official Cliaractrr of Guests Ended 221 

Rear- Admiral Higginson said: 

Jly only regret is that I have to bid you adieu. I should rather again 
have to fire a salute welcoming you to these shores than salute },ou as you 
leave to return home. It seems to me this Mission is appropriate and has 
done a great work. It has touched the chord that existed in the hearts of 
the American people that needed but a vibration to regain its original 
strength. There have been planted near the White House two statues — 
one of Lafayette and one of Roch.\mbkau. They will always be the 
keys to the heart of America. 

As it is now, when the President leaves the White House, if he goes to 
the right he passes the statue of Lafayette; if he goes to the left he passes 
that of RoCHAMBEAU. He can never forget the friendship of France for 
this country, crystallized as it is in enduring bronze. 

No statues of foreigners can ever appeal to the hearts of Americans 
more than those of Lafayette and Rochambeau. 

."^nd now. General, in parting with you let me wish you " bon voyage." 
I hope that when you arrive home you will find your interests have 
been well guarded during your absence and that when you :nount your 
horse at 5 o'clock in the morning everything will go off in good order. 
May all the maneuvers that you direct come off well. I hope the party 
that you attack will be defeated and retire at the proper moment. But, 
Admiral, my dear sir, please remember the only safe place is on the sea. 
There you will be in no danger of being run over by automobiles or of 
being struck down by the "third rail." Good admirals are scarce and 
their home is the open sea. May the guns we shall fire in salute this 
afternoon long sound in j-our hearts the regret we have at 3'our departure. 

Lieut. Col. Meatix Saint Marc said: 

It was my duty when I accepted to be a member of the cabinet of Presi- 
dent Loubet. It was my pleasure when I was selected to represent the 
President at the celebration that took place in Washington. It is my 
honor to-day, in the name of the President of France, of whom I am the 
.special representative, to hold my glass and drink to the President of this 
country, Theodore Roosevelt. 

When Admiral Higginson left the ship the iitarine guard 
paraded and stood at " present." As he went over the side he 
received the proper salute of 13 guns. When Admiral John- 
son's barge was called away similar honors were given him as 
he stepped out on the gaugwa)-. The other guests went ashore 
on tlie navy-yard tug. 



222 O/Jicia/ Character of Giies/s Ended 

UP ANCHOR AND AWAV 

The lialtle ship iiimR'diately weighed anchor and, getting 
fairly luuler way, fired a salute of 21 guns to the port, which 
was answered by the Olyvipia as a special courtesy. The A'^a/- 
sargc, taking her position in the line, the three great engines of 
war, representing the then nascent .States and their ancient ally, 
stood out to .sea. 

When clear of the shore, off ISo.ston light, the ve.s.sels parted, 
the Olyiiipia firing two salutes of courtesy ( it being Sunday and 
unusual on that day), 17 guns to General Brugere and 15 to 
Vice-Admiral Fournier. The .salutes were returned. 

As the Gnnlois increased her speed, pointing to her port of call, 
Li.sbon, the Toulon, Olympia, and AVrt;irtr<,'f stood back into the 
harbor. The passengers on the Gaulois were the military and 
naval personnel of the Mi.ssion. 

The guests at this parting hosiiitality were: 

Herbert H. I). I'eirce, Colonel liiiighani. Commander Roilgers, repre- 
senting tlie President; Edwin Morgan, secretary. 

The ladies present were: 

Her Uxcellencj- Mme. Cambon, Conitesse de Roclianibeau, Mrs. Herbert 
H. D. Peirce, Mme. de Margeric, Mme. Vignal, 'Mrs. M. L. Johnson, the 
Jlisses Johnson, Mrs. WiUiam J. Baxter, Mrs. Charles Lebon, Miss Collins. 

From the Olympia: 

Rear-Admiral Higginson, Flag-Lientenant Kvans, Capt. Henry W. 
Lyon . 

From the Boston Navy-Yard: 

Rear-Admiral Johnson, Lieut. George C. Day, aid; Xaval Constructor 
William J. Baxter. 

The State was represented b\- — 
.\djutant-General Dalton. 
The city by- 
Mayor Collins. 
The others were: 

Michael P. Curran, Secretary; Prof. A. C. Coolidge, of Harvard; Prof. 
Charles Lebon and Mar.shal Lcbon. 

There were .seventy guests present. 



Official Character of Guests Ended 223 

PARTINf; KXPRESSIONS 

Upon his arrival at Boston, Cieneral Brugere indited this 
telegraphic coninumication to the President: 
His Excellency Theodore Roosevelt, 

President of tlic United States : 

Before my departure for France, whither important duties call me, I 
desire to address to you, Mr. President, as also to the Government and 
people of the United States, the thanks of the French Mission for the 
kindh' and warm welcome which it has received in your beautiful countrj-. 
We take back with us, after our too short stay in this hospitable land, 
lasting remembrances. We have here found brighterthan ever the mem- 
ories of the brotherhood in arms which united Washington's soldiers to 
those of RoCH.-VMBE.\u, and it is particularly pleasant to me to think that 
our visit may have contributed to draw still closer the bonds of traditional 
friendship which for more than a century have existed between the United 
States and France. 

Permit me, Mr. President, to thank you personally for the hearty kind- 
ness which you have been pleased to manifest to me and to inform you 
that we all entertain the best wishes for your prosperity and for that of 
the great American nation, the friend of France. 

The President in reph- wrote to General Brugere: 

White HorsE, Washington, June i, /goj. 
Gener.\l Brugere, Care "Caiitois," Boston: 

.\ccept my most hearty thanks for your courteous message. It has 
given our people genuine pleasure not merely to receive the embassy from 
our great sister Republic on such an occasion as this, but especially to 
receive an embassy composed of such men as those whom President 
Loubet has sent hither. Your visit has done good in more ways than one, 
and on behalf of the American people, I again desire to express to you 
how sincere has been our welcome and to wish all happiness in the 
present and in the future to you and to the nation you represent. 

Theodore Roosevelt. 

a fajiily reminiscence 

It was the first visit of Comte Rene de Rochambeau to Amer- 
ica. In mentioning the presence of his father as one of the 
commissioners who represented France in 1876 at the Centen- 
nial Exposition at Philadelphia and again in 1881 at the cen- 
tennial of the surrender of the British army at Yorktown, he 
said, to the day of his death in 1S97, ^^^ father's most pleasing 



2 24 Ofjicial Character of Guests Ended 

tluiiR- was the greatness of the Republir which liis ancestor 
had assisted in rcleasinjj from the sovereijjnty of luij^land. 

The Coinit is a descendant of the elder hrotlier of the com- 
mander in chief of the French anxiliarj' arni>- in America. The 
Marslial died in 1S07, leaving one son, who served nnder him 
in the vStates and who attained the rank of lieutenant-general; 
was governor of Santo Domingo, a French colony, and fell on the 
field of Leipzig in 1813, leaving two danghters and a son named 
Philip. The latter died in 1868 withont i.ssue. Not long before 
his death he adopted an lieiri who assumed the name and title. 

The Chateau Rochamhean, at A'endomc, is occupied by the 
descendants of the elder brother of the Marshal, and is the 
home uf the Count who represented the name and family at 
the luiveiling. 

Comte and Comtes.se de Rochambeau at midnight left for 
New York en route to St. Louis as guests of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition. An invitation to visit the college founded 
by Stephen Girard, that most enterprising and benevolent 
Frenchman, at Philadelphia was accepted for their return prior 
to .sailing. 

M. Croiset accepted invitations to visit .several educational 
institutions. The rest of the civilian members di.sposed of their 
time prior to return to France as suited their ojiiiortunities, 
tastes, and inclinations. 

The President's connni.ssion returned to Washington, hav- 
ing performed the courtesies, hospitalities, and honors to the 
entire .satisfaction of the Govermnent of the United .States. 



^ 



D'ESTAING 
DE TERNAY DE GRASSE 

ROCHAMBEAU 

DESTOUCHES DE BARRAS 

SAINT SIMON 

'*' 

NEWPORT - SAVANNAH 
1778 

NEWPORT - NORTH RIVER - YORKTOWN - BOSTON 
1780- 1782 



ir 



S. Doc. 537, 59-1 15 



225 



INTERNATIONAL CAPITULATIONS 

ALLIANCE: FRANCE-UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

CONVENTIONS AND CONTRACTS 

1778-1783 

'1'Ik- liillowiiiL; wcix- Ihi.' instniiiiL-nls of iiitcnialional agree- 
UK-nl kiiiiwii as Ihc treaty of "alliance" and of "amity and 
conuneice ' under wliicli the assistance of the I'Vench Kinj^ was 
renderetl. The moneys advanced were upon faith alone and 
without Ki'^rantN' until the strug:gle was over. The sums were 
then secured bj- coin])act between the two Governments. 

1778, I'Vbruary (1. Treaty of "alliance" belween the I'nitcd States of 
.\iiRrica and Hi.s Mo.st Christian Majesty. Pre- 
amble and thirteen articles. Doneal I'aris. Under 
this instrnnicnt the military anU naval aiil rendered 
to llic .\nierican vStates by the l-Cinj^ of I'rance was 
conducted. The legal obligation of this treaty on 
the tiovernment or citizens of the llnited Slates was 
abrogated by act of Congre.ss, July 7, 179S, during 
the Presidency of John Adams. 

177S, Febrnarv 6. Treaty of "amity and commerce" between the I'nited 
Slates of America and His Most Christian Majesty. 
I'rcanil)k- and thirty-one articles. Done at Paris. 
Annulled by act of Congress July 7, 1798. 

1752, July 16. Contract between the two Governments for making a 

parlicular statement of the amount of pecuniary 
supplies furnished by France to the UnitecL States. 
The sums advanced under tlje title of a loan in 
the years 1778, 1779, 17S0, 1781, and 1782 amount- 
ing to the sum of 18,000,000 livres, money of 
I'raucc, Done at Versailles. 

1753, I'Vbruary 25. .\ contract between !'is Most Christian Majesty and 

tlic luited Slates of .\merica "for a new advance 
of 6,000,000 livres tournois under the title of a 
loan and guaranty of the whole thirteen Cnited 
States, which the minister of Congress has declared 
his acceptance of with the liveliest acknowledg- 
ments in the natne of the said States." Done at 
Ver.siiilles. 
226 



STORY OF THE PARTICIPATION OF 

FRANCE 

IN THE WAR OF 

AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 

A CHARACTER SKETCH AND SPECIALIZATION OF EVENTS 

Hy DiiH. Randommi Kwm 

TIk- situation of affairs in I'ji^laiu! was the logical outcome 
of the policy of repression toward her ever loyal and willing 
self-respecting Colonies of North America, which began at the 
close of the Seven Years' war. As a result their rebellion had 
deprived the great industries, manufactures, and connnerce of 
the Mother Cotnitry of their most extensive and remunerative 
markets. 

The meanest of the ' ' people ' ' ( said Franklin facetiously j ' ' we 
and the King" were very busy managing the affairs of "our 
.subjects in America " at the outset. Now they were reaping 
the result of their pretensions in lo.ss of trade, lo.ss of employment, 
loss of means, and among the lower cla.s.ses, of the nece.s.sities of 
life. On the contrary, "we the people of Ivngland" were now 
shouting more ujjroariously f(jr an " acconunodation." 

France had become an ally of the .States, had recognized their 
independence, and was manifesting a substantial earnestne.ss in 
the cause in money, supplies, and a naval and land army. At 
the same time conciliatory bills were rushed through the 
British parliamentary hopper, connni.ssions of conference were 
promoted and inspired by royal comicil, and boards of trade 
turned loose upon the Colonies "to make any terms." The 

227 



2 28 Spccializalioii of E'i'cnis 

finnior were iiu-t with iiulii;ii;iiit renunciation h\- llic people, 
and llie latter were refused passports hy \\'ashin>:;toii tlirouj^h 
his lines to get to the Congress. That body repudiated the 
entire outtU, indorsed Washington for his prompt action, and 
made formal expression of gratitude to the King of France for 
the timely assistance he had placed at their disposal. 

In tlu- world at large conditions were no l>etter. A great 
fleet of 60 vessels patrolled the Channel in expectation of an 
invasion from the mainland. Paul Jones had probed the fiction 
of ■■ Britannia, mistress of the seas. " Rus.sia and Holland were 
combined to enforce the rights of neutrals against the arrogance 
of the British Admiralty, the .same which led to the second war 
for American independence, with conclusive results. Ireland 
was in a ferment, and religious rivalries were agitating the Scot 
and Briton. In the Indies of the east success attended Engli.sh 
sea jiower and commerce. In the Indies of the west the fleet 
of De Grasse was near at hand to cooperate at the proper 
moment in delivering the death blow at Vorktown. 

ti:kms of thk "ai.i.i.wck" • 

The treaty of alliance (i77t^) was negotiated between the 
King ot France and the United States of North America col- 
lectively and .severally, each State being enumerated in the pre- 
amble in its geographical order, making the compact common 
in cause and effect, the supreme object being the independence 
of the said States of North America. There was to be concur- 
rence of action. Iwth offensive and defensive. All or any con- 
quests in the northern ]>arts of America or of the islands of the 
Bcrnuulas were to be confederateil with or dependent upon the 
said States. France relinquished all claim to the Bernuidas and 
to any parts of the continent of North America which before the 
treaty of Paris (1763) were acknowledged to belong to the 
Crown of Great Britain or to the United States, then called 
" British Colonies." The islands in the Gulf of Mexico were 
to app>ertain to the Crown of France. Neither of the contract- 
ing parties could conclude a treat\' without the con.sent of the 
other. In every particidar the oi>erations and lienefits of war 





w 



former pit. 



for 111 



•Uct lul 



111 the \\ !is were no liett> 

tlet t of cti ihc Channel in t ;iu 

iu\i-' . -. ...:id. Paul Jones liad j: _ 'ion 

of ii. iniatres.s of the seas." Russia and Holland werc 

oo: 'leutrals against tl 

of i..^ -.;.. -le which led to 1 lie ^. 

for Atnericaii ii wnth conclusive results. Ireland 

was in a fenneir > rivalries were agitating; the Scot 

and Briton. lu .... li" east success attended Knglish 

sea power and conii e Indies of the west the fleet 

of De ' i to COO' the proper 

moi'if"'' . . ' i\v nt '\'. 

CHARLES HENRI. COMTE D-ESTAING 

The ' 

Kingo: 

lecti\'ely and severally, each State Ijeiug e; re- 

"1 order, : 
vipreine ■ 
t)f <tates of North America. There was to be Goncur- 

n. ■ ■ ' ■ ' ' ive. All or auy cou- 

cni. r of the islands of the 

Bermudas were to be confederated with or dependent upon the 
sai ' 

lO : 

ti. \vere acknowledged to belong to the 

Cr . Iliiuii; ' T-, ■ . -■ - 

■•L cs." T. 

to appertain to the Crown of France. N^ 

ing parties 

(jther. Ill 



specialization of E'i'oits 229 

and the stipulations of peace were to be for the mutual benefit 
of the States and France. Upon these general lines Count 
D'Estaing spread sail for the American shores and inaugurated 
one of the most extraordinary instances on record of bringing 
succor to a people struggling for the inalienable rights of man 
and autonomy in the intercourse of nations. 

EXPEDITION OF D'ESTAIN'G: 1 778-79 

Upon receiving the connnands of his King 1 Le Roi Soleil ) 
and orders of the ministry, M. le Comte D'Estaing at once 
repaired to Toulon, the chief naval station of France on the 
Mediterranean, and collected his ships. Within the brief .space 
of two months after the signing of the treaty of alliance he had 
brought together a powerful fleet and proportionate land force 
in efficient condition for the inauguration of the map-making, 
world-power building task which Louis XVI, King of France 
and Navarre, had undertaken in terms of a solemn compact. 

FIRST FRENCH FLEET 

The fleet of D'Estaing, as it sailed out of the liarbor of 
Toulon, France, on April 13, 1778, con.sisted of 11 .ships of the 
line, mounting 776 guns; 10 frigates, 50S guns: 3 corvettes, 
108 guns, and i cutter, 2 guns, making a total of 25 vessels, 
i>394 guns manned by 11,777 officers, volunteers, and seamen, 
distributed as follows. 



230 



Sprcializafinfi of F^'Oiis 



Fict't 0/ /r/Csiaiftg. 

[D'EstftiiiK (Charles lU-nri Tlifodat. Comte dc),' admiral, iicuU-naiit-nciieral naval 
armies of I'*ranco.] 



Ship. 



FIRST SQl'ADRON. 

I.e I,anKne(U>c (flagship 
of fleet V 

I,e Z^lc 

Un Kantasliquc 



Class. 



Conitnandt-r. 



Lc Ma^;infi(itu* ' do . 



Ship of the Bonlaer Villiers. uii- 
line. . I der orders of D'Rs- 
I taiiig. 

do : Harms 

do Suffren 



Gnouilly , 



SECOND Sm'ADRON. 

I,e Tonnant ( flagship). . . .1 Ship of the HrcuKiion. chief; 

[ line. I Hruyt^rOs. com- 

I mandant. 

Le Marseillaise do I ro>-pe-Vertrieux — 

I,e Artc.sein do I Peyiiier 

I,e Prottcteur Frigate Anchoii 

l,e Provence do Cliamporcin 

I,e Kier do | Turpin 

I,e Giierriere do Houjrainville 

I.'Amphion do I'erron de Guengo .. 

THIRD SQl'AIJRI^N. 

I.e Cesar (flagship) \ Ship of the Droves, chief; Ray- 
line, mondis. comman- 
dant. 
l,a Vengcur do Retz 



FOI'RTH SQIIADRON. 

I/Annibal (.flagshipl 



Ship of the 
line. 



I,e Pendant do 



Twice ecininptd frigates; 

La Prudent ,. Frigate DKscars 



'I'ernay. chief; Me- 
dinel commandant. 

Vaudreuil 



L'.Vndroniaque ' do . 

1^ Concorde ' do.. 

l,a Chimere do . . . 

L'.'Vniiahle .. ..do . .. 

L'.VlcmOn Corvette. 

I,e Hlanche do . 

L'l'^tonrdie do . 



Chanalidre 

Gardenrde Tilly. 
Saint-Cezaire . .'. . 
Sainte-Kulalie . . . 

I)e Bonneval 

Roncnlt 

Montbas 





£ 










f 


a 




i , s 


3 


■f 


S ' e 





t 


1 


> 


V 


80 


38 




777 


64 


f7 


'4 


486 


64 


>3 




419 


64 


42 


.4 


434 


74 


32 


.... 


685 


74 
64 


'9 

19 


3 

7 


^ 


64 14 




39' 


64 1 14 




408 


64 
At 


24 




4"3 



64 ; 22 

74 , 21 
64 23 



80 



L'Alcrtf Cutter i Capellis . 



44 



I I 



5'5 
594 



600 

344 

2S5 
225 
! 231 
196 
269 
150 
64 



875 



507 
432 
490 



707 



606 

552 
405 
422 
437 
422 
444 



617 

..381 
621 

344 

328 
329 
295 
240 
240 
207 
291 



1 



In addition to the navigation and <:;un comjilenient were the 
land troops of the Agenois, D'Hainanlt, Dillon, Foix (.sharp- 
shooters), Gatenais, and Walsh regiments, aggregating about 
3.600 men, making a total strength of 15.377. 



Spccializatio)i of Events 231 

CHARACTEKISTICS OF THK FLEET 

Among these vessels were some of the largest and best 
equipped afloat, an evidence of the zeal with which the King 
undertook to carry out the provisions of the "alliance." The 
Hainiibal { L' Annibal) was a ship of the line, without a superior 
in efficiency, carrying 80 guns and 1,381 officers and seamen, 
more than the number of the largest regiment of infantry on a 
war footing. The Lanqucdoc, D'Estaing's flagship, another 
famous craft, carried the same weight of metal and almost a 
regiment of men. There were also 4 seventy-fours and 10 
sixty-fours, all of superior class, not to .speak of the vessels of 
smaller batteries. 

The ships of the line, corresponding to the modern battle 
ship, and the frigates, rating as armored cruisers, .show a 
fighting ratio equal to a modern squadron of the best type. 

FIRST MINI.STER TO THE UNITED .STATES ABOARD 

Accompanying the fleet as guests were M. Conrad Alexander 
Gerard de Reyneval, first minister to the recognized inde- 
pendent United States of America under the "alliance" and 
former American commissioner; Silas Deane, first secret agent 
of the United States to France, who had done so much to bring 
about the accord between France and the United States in the 
earliest da3'S of the conflict, and five officers of the American 
Navy, whose familiarity with the coa.st was expected to be of 
.service to the Admiral as he neared his destination. 

A RUSK DE GUERRE 

The ships of Great Britain were supposed to be on the watch 
for the expected assistance from the "alliance." As a ru.se, 
M. Gerard, under the alias Count de Munster, a title conferred 
for the purpose of deception. Commissioner Deane, and the 
American naval officers, set sail independently, ostensibly for 
Antibes, an obscure seaport to the eastward, with a preconcerted 
arrangement to get aboard as the fleet passed the Hyeres 
Lslands, off the port of that name, 15 miles out of Toulon. 



^ 



232 specialization of Events 

It was spread abroad that the fleet had sailed for Brest. In 
fact, such was the behef of the officers and crews. 

The .sealed orders, by the King's command, were not to be 
opened until the Straits of Gibraltar were astern and the 
ships fairly out on the Atlantic. The only parties having a 
knowledge of the real destination were D'Estaiug, Gerard, 
Deane, and the American naval officers. 

'gainst wind ,\nd tide 

The breezes were light, fickle, and contrary. For more than 
a month, beating, tacking, drifting, tossing about, and otherwise 
wasting time and brawn against tide and wind was the order 
of the day and duty in the night before leaving the Mediter- 
ranean, the latter feat not having been accomplished until 
May 17-18. 

OPEN ORDERS 

Three daj^s later, under full sail westward, from the masthead 
of the Lanqucdoc suddenly broke out the Admiral's signal, 
"Captains, break seals for orders." Thus they first learned of 
their destination, the A<liniral himself being ordered to open 
hostilities. 

On deck, at the same moment, was celebrated high mass in 
the presence of the Admiral, surrounded by his staff, all in full- 
dre.ss uniform. M. De Reyneval, now .saluted plenipotentiary 
of France to the United States, stood by his side. The 
admiral's pennant was raised and the royal standard disjilayed. 

A swift .sailor. La Flore, which accompanied the fleet for the 
purpose, bent all sail for the .shores of France, bearing to the 
King, " Orders opened ; all's well." 

Not only was this the beginning of the eventful participation 
of France in the war for American independence, but the decla- 
ration of war against Great Britain, in behalf of the offensive 
and defensive compact between Louis XVI, King of France 
and Navarre and the Confederation of the American States. 
Great was the enthusiasm which rang through the ships. 
• ■ \'ive le Roi ! " " Vive les Etats! ' ' 



specialization of Events 233 

POINTED FOR THE DELAWARE 

The roj-al instructions to D'Estaiiig were to direct his course 
for the Delaware River. In order to be prepared for eventuali- 
ties, he had been suppHed by the King with an exact account 
of the naval strength of Great Britain in America. 

His chief effort now was to reach his destination in advance 
of the British admiral, who was also on the way with reenforce- 
ments. If D'Estaing could blockade the Delaware, and, with 
the cooperation of Washington, trap Howe and Clinton in Phil- 
adelphia, it would be a great achievement. 

PLENARY POWERS AND ORDERS 

He was vested with plenary powers in all matters appertain- 
ing to his fleet after reaching the Delaware. 

The specific requirements .in some respects gave the expedi- 
tion more the character of a raid on British naval strength and 
commerce on the American coast than of a naval campaign. 
No prisoners were to be landed except under promise of the 
American Government not to release them until the King's con- 
sent had been given; he was to advance the King's interests in 
every way and to act separately or in conjunction with the 
United States as he saw fit; he might attack the English in 
any part of North America, but he was not to attempt the con- 
quest of any part of the American mainland; he might take 
some island, useful commercially or as a fishing station, by 
force or bj^ negotiation with the United States; he might coop- 
erate with any hostile movements on the part of the States 
against Nova Scotia, having first had an agreement about 
fishing concessions for France and Spain. 

If he found the British naval strength superior upon his 
arrival he was to head for Boston or a French island. 

An answer to the allegation often made, that the motive of 
the French King in assisting the States was the hope of regaining 
Canada, is the Count's instructions prohibiting taking au}- part 
in the conquest of that country. 



234 Specialization of Events 

OFK THK nELAWAKE CAPES 

After a protracted voyage against baffling winds or no winds 
at all, consuming eighty-six days (Tonlon, April 13; Delaware, 
Jul}' 8, 1778), D'Estaing anchored in Delaware Bay. 

As a navigator the Admiral proved a complete success. 

He dropped anchor inside Capes May and Henlopen without 
the loss of spar or man. On the way up the coast he cap- 
tured a number of prizes, all armed, in several instances 
mounting 14 guns. 

HOWE HAD GONE 

His first news from shore of the escape of the British fleet 
out of the Delaware, was a disappointment. Not to be trapped, 
Howe had just left that river for the more secure waters of 
Sandy Hook. As his fleet con.si.sted of ])ut 6 sixty-fours, 3 
fifties, and 2 forties, their destruction by the jiowerful vessels 
of D'Estaing would have been inevitable. 

SO H.\D CLINTON 

The land forces of the British, now under Clinton, also evacu- 
ated Philadelphia in time, and Congress, which had been sitting 
at York, Pa., resumed its sessions at that city on June 30. It 
was a gratification, however, to hear of the rough handling of 
the British at Monmouth and their midnight .stealing away, 
with camp fires burning, to the cover of Howe's fleet at 
Sandy Hook. About three weeks earlier would have told a 
different story. 

The C/iimcrc, Saint Cezaire, a 36-gun frigate, convej-ed M. 
Gerard aud Deane to Philadelphia. 

CONGRESS .VNn WASHINGTON INFOklMED 

D'Estaing got in touch with Congress and Cieneral Wash- 
ington at the earliest moment, to a.scertain the views of the 
former and the plans of the latter. 



specialization of Events 235 

The tenor of the Admiral's letter, and what might have been 
fairly anticipated from his instructions, presents a very grati- 
fying view of his character and purposes, particularly in his 
willingness to assist the States. 

D'ESTAING to WASHINGTON 

In Count D'Estaing's first connnunication to General Wash- 
ington, dated July 8 and written at sea, he said: 

I have the honor to inform your excellency of the arrival of the King's 
fleet, charged by His Majesty with the glorious task of giving his allies, the 
United States of America, the most striking proofs of his affection. If I can 
succeed in it, nothing will be wanting to my happiness; and this will be 
augmented by the consideration of concerting my operations with such a 
general as your excellency. The talents and the great actions of General 
Washington have secured to him in the eyes of all Europe the truly sub- 
lime title of " Liberator of America." 

Accept, sir, the homage which every man, and especially every military 
man, owes you; and be not displeased that I solicit, even in the first instance 
of intercourse, with military and naval frankness, a friend.ship so flattering 
as yours. I will endeavor to render myself worthy of it by my respectful 
devotion to your country. It is prescribed to me by my orders, and my 
heart accords with it. 

On July 13 the Count' .sent another communication, dated off 
Sandy Hook. 

Of the leader of the first expedition from France to the 
shores of the United States be it said: 

Charles Henri Theodat, Count d'Estaing du Saillans, was 
another son of glorious Auvergne. The D'Estaings, as the 
Lafayettes from the same province, were for generations close 
to the throne, owing to deeds of valor for the King. The Cha- 
teau Revel (Ruvel), where he was born 1729, but a year short 
of 50 before his arrival in America, was a place of feudal im- 
portance in its earliest days. His father was a marquis and a 
lieutenant-general Ijefore him, and his mother belonged to the 
noted house of Colbert de Maulevier. By intermarriage he was 
a kinsman of lyafaN-ette. 

The previous services of D'Estaing pointed to him as the 
man of the occasion. The dut}' expected was novel in every 



236 special izaliou of Emits 

way. The most insistent of monarchical institutions was about 
to depart from its ancient traditions and associate under opera- 
tion of a convention with the most advanced contention for the 
rights of the people and constitutional j^overnmcnt. 

That the results were less effective than intended was possibly 
the outcome of the extraordinary nature of the circiuustances 
and the newness of the situation ratlur than a deficit in skill, 
initiation, and adaptivity. 

He began the career of a soldier in 1745, at the early age of 
16, as colonel of the Regiment Rouerque. Approaching the 
beginning of the Seven Years' War, which yielded such a dis- 
astrous harvest for France, he became brigadier, and began his 
earliest distinction in the opening year of that struggle in India 
by the capture of Gondeleur. 

He maintained for another twelve months a most harassing 
warfare against the treasure-laden merchantmen of the British 
Ea.st India Company. Although having but two ships at his 
command, he captured many prizes and inflicted great damage 
on sea and .shore. 

" Bobstay ' ' Boscawen, then connnander in chief of His Briti.sh 
Majesty's naval forces in that part of the globe, was so wrought 
up over the elusive operations and conclusive results of D'Es- 
taing that he bent all sail and started out in pursuit, finally cor- 
nering and capturing his agile foe iii a piece of naval coquetry 
off the coast of Madras. 

After a brief incarceration, being relea.sed on parole, our hero 
again stirred up the enemy of his country, e.sjwcially his old 
adversary Boscawen, causing that ancient salt to declare if he 
"ever again got the villaiti in his power he would chain him 
to the quarter-deck and treat him like a baboon." He was 
indeed captured, not bj- Boscawen, near L'Orient as he was 
Hearing home. The vengeance of the British Government 
was inflicted, liy imprisonment and cruel treatment, on the 
pretext of violating his Madras parole. 

It is therefore not nece.s.sary to add D'P^staing heartily recip- 
rocated the sentiments "of hostile consideration" threatened 
by his antagonist in the waters of the East Indies. 



specialization of E7mts 237 

As a result of his busy career, at the close of that war 
D'Estaing was made lieutenant-jjjeneral in the naval armies of 
France, and four years after vice-admiral. 

No sooner had the worthy son of Ativergne become estab- 
lished at Paris in his well-won exalted rank and honors, than he 
began a lively cruise in the great sea of diplomacy, directing 
his best efforts in behalf of the American States. 

With the cooperation of Mallebois, he prepared a memorial, 
taking to ta.sk the timid policy in vogue. This document, 
through the friendship of the Queen, both for D'Estaing and 
the cause he espou.sed, was placed in the royal hands, and had 
nnich to do with influencing the King in finally giving sanc- 
tion to the treat>' of alliance and recognition of the American 
States. 

PREPARING FOR d'KSTAING 

On July 14, 1778, General Washington informed Governor 
Trumbull of the appearance of D'Estaing's fleet on the coa.st. 
He urged the importance of doing everything to aid and coop- 
erate with it; also the momentary expectation of a Briti.sh pro- 
vi.sion fleet from Cork and of the anxietj' of the enemy for its 
safety. He sugge.sted, to avoid the French, they might be .sig- 
naleil to reach New York through the Sound, and he pressed 
that the Ea.stern States .should rendezvous all their frigates and 
armed vessels in order to interrupt passage by that route. The 
capture or destruction of the whole or any considerable part of 
this fleet he .said would be a fatal blow to the British army, now 
needing .supplies. And continuing; 

Should the project I have now suggested appear to you eligible [an in- 
stance of Washington's habit when perplexed, " Let us hear what ' Brother 
Jonathan' says"], communicate with the neighboring Slates to engage 
their concurrence. 

GKEETING.S TO d'ESTAING 

On the same day General Washington, from his camp at 
Paramus, advised Count d'Estaing of his being informed (by 
the President of Congress) of his arrival on the coast with a 



23S Spni(i//:ztit/i>ii of Fa'ciiIs 

sfinadroii of ships under his coniinand belonging to " His most 
Christian Majesty, our great ally." 

After congratulating him upon the event, he extended his 
warmest wishes for his success. 

Through spies in New York and persons .stationed near the 
Hook, Washington received intelligence of the British slripping, 
hut in the present ca.se the con.staut shifting prevented him from 
giving information with precision. 

He would take steps to get an accurate account of the state 
of their .ships of war. The general informed him of his arrival 
with the main body of the army itntnediately under his com- 
mand within 20 miles of the North, or Hud.son River, w'hich 
he intended to cross about 50 miles above New York, with 
the intention of moving down before the enemy's lines to 
divert attention. He agreed to facilitate any enterprises the 
Count might form and would connnunicate. He suggested 
the establishment of conventional signals for correspondence 
between them. 

He cautioned him of the expected arrival of a provision fleet 
from Cork and of the vSound route being capable of receiving •£ 
40-gnn ships, though very narrow, 7 miles from the city. 

The letter was conveyed by Lieutenant-Colonel Laurens, aid- 
de-camp to the General in Chief, who would exchange informa- 
tion concerning measures. 

IXTKKCH.VNCI'; Ol' COJIMfXIC.\TIOKS 

He referred to the arrival of Major Chouin at his quarters. 
This officer had been sent to Congress as bearer of despatches 
from Count d'Estaing. Having concluded his business he 
departed immediately for Washington's camp as bearer of 
the first comminiication. 

This officer was clo.selj' related by family ties to M. de 
Sartine, one of the King's mini.sters, an active friend of the 
"common cause." But aside from this, the Count entertained 
of his representative a high "opinion of his military knowledge, 
the clearness of his ideas, and the precision with which he will 
connnunicate mine." 



Specializalio)i of E'l'cnts 239 

111 all this W'asliiugton fully coincided, and in return freely 
communicated his "ideas of every matter interesting to our 
mutual operations." 

This letter was conveyed by Lieut. Col. Alexander Hamilton, 
another aid, to acquaint the French commander with his chief's 
sentiments and satisfy any inquiries "he might propose," being 
authorized "to consider the information as coming from 
myself." 

Colonel Hamilton was accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel 
Fleury, a gentleman "of your nation, who has distinguished 
himself by his gallantry in the present war with England." 

He also took with him four captains of vessels having "a 
knowledge of the coast and harbors" and two pilots of "skill, 
expertness, and fidelity," and said he would provide others. 

To both the direct communications of Comte d'Estaing 
Washington made reply from camp at Haverstraw Bay on July 
17, 1778, characterizing the arrival "of a fleet belonging to His 
Most Christian Majesty" as an event "that makes me truly 
happ\," increased "by the command being placed in a gentle- 
man of such distinguished talents, experience, and reputation 
as the Comte d'Estaing." He felt sure of every effort to 
accomplish " the important purposes of your (his) de.stination," 
assuring him of the most "strenuous efforts to cooperate" in 
any measure which may be found practicable. 

In return for his felicitations concerning friendship he charged 
the Count — 

I shall con.sider myself particularly happy if I can but improve the 
esteem you are pleased to entertain in my favor into a cordial and lasting 
amity. 

ALARM AT NEW YORK 

The appearance of D'Estaing caused great excitement inside 
the " Hook." Admiral Howe, in order to strengthen his float- 
ing strength, hastily armed a number of transports and placed 
aboard gun crews from his ships and artillerymen from shore. 
The Royal Gazette (Rivington) of New York, in its issue of 
July 15, 177S, made announcement of the anchoring of the 



240 Specialization of Events 

French fleet under D'Estaing 4 miles off Sandy Hook on the 
previous Saturday, and of the sounding of the channel, but 
making no attempt to close up. 

A luunber of American jMlots provided by General Washing- 
ton went aboard the Lani^ucdoc, D'Estaing's flagship, but were 
not willing to make the attempt to get the fleet over the bar, 
the depth Ijeing insufficient to accommodate the larger vessels, 
which drew from 23 to 25 feet. 

By U'Estaing's order a council of captains was held, and in 
their presence a bounty of 150,000 francs ($30,000) was offered 
the pilots if they would take the ves.sels inside, which they 
declined as impracticable. 

.\GAIX UNDERWAY 

After remaining at their anchorage off the New Jersey coast 
until July 22, at the request of Washington, the French fleet 
sailed for Rhode Island in order to cooperate with General Sul- 
livan. In doing so, however, in order to mislead the Briti.sh, 
D'l^staing took a southerly course. When out of sight he , 
headed for Newport. 

ENGLAND STRENGTHENS HER NAVAL FORCE 

The British cabinet, caught napping, took no action to meet 
this sudden emergency until May 6. when it was decided to 
send the powerful Portsmouth squadron to America as an offset 
to the French operations. 

On the 20th of the same month Admirals Byron and Hyde 
Parker, with 22 ships of the line, set .sail, but, some doubt hav- 
ing ari.sen as to the real destination of D'Estaing, were over- 
taken and recalled. On June 5 this squadron again weighed 
anchor, under the .sole connnand of Admiral Byron. 

The British naval strength in I'nited vStates waters at this 
time aggregated 71 ships of the line, frigates, and sloops, carry- 
ing 2, 100 gims, distributed through a fleet of 7 of 64 guns each, 
5 of 50, 3 of 44, 2 of 36, 15 of 32, II of 28, 10 of 20 to 24, 
and 18 sloops of 10 guns each. 



specialization of Events 241 

This did not include a larg;e number of armed ships and smaller 
vessels employed in various capacities. Of this fleet at the time 
of D'Estaiug's arrival Vice- Admiral Lord Richard Howe, known 
among his sailors as ' ' Black Dick ' ' on account of his swarthj- 
complexion, and brother of the lately deposed commander 
in chief of His Majesty's forces on laud in America, was com- 
mander in chief afloat until succeeded by Admiral Byron. 
There were also 4 vessels, mounting 134 guns, at Newfound- 
land, 8 at Quebec, and 33 in the West Indies, from which to 
draw. 

NAV.'il, POWER OF THE STATES 

The infant American Navy, the sole dependence of Congress 
on the water, was vigorous but not numerous, except in depre- 
dations upon British commerce; then it was both. It consisted 
of 10 vessels, mounting 252 guns: Alliance, 40; The Congress, 
32; Queen of France, 2?>\ Deane Warren and Province &2iZ\i t,z\ 
Boston, 28; Revenge, 20; Hazard, 18; Ranger, Gates and Sara- 
toga; a sloop of ID guns and another of 8. For this force to 
oppose the British meant annihilation, and in comparison with 
the naval force of France it was insignificant. 

Yet notwith-standing its limited numbers and resources it 
had achieved a history, and on anything like equal terms it 
made desperate work for stronger craft floating the King's 
standard. The first three years it was particularly active in 
preying upon British commerce and transports bringing stores 
for the royal army. Its most effective service, however, was in 
procuring arms, ammunition, and military supplies from ports 
in the West Indies. Its list of heroes began with E.sek Hop- 
kins, first on the roll of captains, December, 1775, and John 
Paul Jones, on the same date, first of the rank of lieutenants. 
Their cruising was largely off the New England coast, where 
commerce was greater and the many American privateers served 
as a cooperating force. 

With this knowledge in view D'Estaing sailed away from 
the "Hook" within a point or two northeast by east toward 
the coast of Rhode Island. 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 16 



242 Specialization of Events 

CONDITIONS IN RHODK ISLAND BEFORE D'ESTAING'S ARRIVAL 

The exposed situation of Rhode Island from the sea made it 
an objective of forays for cattle and provisions from the very 
outbreak of hostilities between the Colonies and Great Britain. 
During the autumn and winter of 1775, and nearly all of 1776, 
in addition to rendering valuable aid to Massachusetts and the 
cause in general, with men and munitions, Rhode Island main- 
tained a dauntless land and water war on her own account, 
with all the British at New York had to send into her sinuous 
tidal ways. In the early desultory affairs the Rhode Island- 
ers generally had the advantage, and never permanently the 
reverse, although the inhabitants often suffered .severely. In 
retaliation, during the season of 1776, her daring seamen cap- 
tured 75 prizes, some of considerable value. 

BRITISH OCCUPATION 

On the day General Washington was on the march to victory 
at Trenton, December 26, 1776, Sir Peter Parker, with about 
8,000 Briti.sh and He.ssians under General Clinton and Earl ' 
Percy, who had been so ingloriously trounced at Charleston, 
S. C, landed about 4j^ miles above Newport. The two Rhode 
Island frigates and fleet of privateers by skillful seamanship 
eluded the powerful invading fleet and escaped to .sea. The 
following .spring, Clinton, having taken about one-half this 
force to New York, left Prescott in connnand, who was cap- 
tured and taken to Washington's headquarters at Middlebrook. 

.SULLIV.VN IN COMMAND 

The British continuing in possession, the French treaty of 
alliance having been signed, and a French fleet about to sail 
for America, General Sullivan was appointed to the command 
of the American troops in that State. About the .same time, 
Pre.scott having been exchanged, returned to his duties. His 
deva.stations, however, were arrested by ominous tidings of 
the probability of Rhode Island being the destination of the 
French fleet to be sent to America. 



specialization of Events 243 

d'ESTAING off NEWPORT 

The French fleet arrived off Newport on July 29 and anchored 
in the month of the middle channel. 

The Fantastiqiie and Sagittairc" were stationed to watch the 
western or Narragansett passage. The frigates Amiable, 
Alceme7u\ and corvette Stanley occupied the east channel. 

By this disposition of a part of his fleet the escape of any 
British vessels inside was completely cut off. 

After a week (Augu.st 5 ) of dispositions and getting the ships 
in fighting trim, the Sagiitaire and Fantastique, having been 
replaced by the Protecteur and Provence, advanced under Bailie de 
Suffren, commandant, by the Narragansett passage, and doubled 
the north point of Conanicut Island. A number of English 
men-of-war and merchantmen thus trapped were fired by their 
commanders, the crews taking to the shore. Although within 
easy reach, the French commander gave orders not to open fire 
on any landing parties. 

SULLIVAN CONFERS 

General Sullivan at once went aboard the Languedoe, and 
after a conference with the Admiral a general plan of operations 
was determined upon. As a cooperating force Congress em- 
powered General Washington to call upon Massachusetts, New 
Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New 
Jersey to a.ssist in an effort to capture Rhode Island. 

NEWPORT IN THE WIND 

The carrying forward of an aggressive campaign, as arranged 
by Washington and acquiesced in b}- the French admiral, 
contemplated a combined attack on the English garrison of 
Newport by the French fleet from the sea and the American 
Army from the land. 

The first step to the investment was a message from M. 
D'Estaing to Sir Robert Pigot with a ceremonial suggestion of 

aThe name Sagittaire does not appear in the list from Brest, although it does in 
subsequent accounts iu the transportation of material of war and recruits. 



244 Specialization of Erni/s 

surrciulcr to the forces of the United States and himself, the 
A(hniral representing the King of France. Pigot pronijitly 
replied from his batteries, which resulted in a mutual cannonade, 
doing very little damage. 

The British defenses were laid in two lines, supported by 
redoubts connected with the main works. The first of these 
extended from Easton Pond to near "Taminy" Hill, where it 
turned toward the water north of Windmill Hill. This line 
was defended by five redoubts in front. The second or inner 
line, upward of a qiiarter of a mile within, extended from the 
sea to the north .side of the island and terminated at the north 
battery. On the south, at the entrance of Easton's beach, where 
this line terminated, was a redoubt in flank, which commanded 
the passage, with another redoubt about 20 rods to the north. 
A number of small works were interspersed between the outer 
and inner lines, which made an attack from the land side very 
hazardous unless supported by naval cooperation. 

K.M.I.VING To THE COLORS 

The .spirit with which the arrival of the P'rench fleet was 
viewed by the people was shown in the prompt manner in 
which the States of Rhode Island, Ma.ssachusetts, and Connec- 
ticut responded to the call of General vSulli\an, under order of 
General Washington for 5,000 militia. 

The iMa.s,sachusetts men were commanded by Governor John 
Hancock, famous as the President of the Congress which 
adopted the Declaration of Independence. The people of 
Boston, Salem, Newbury port, Portsmouth, and other points 
united in swelling the ranks. A division of Continental infan- 
try under Marquis de Lafayette was detached from Wa.shing- 
ton's main armj- to give confidence to the nulitia. 

This force, aggregating 10,000 strong, was formed in two 
divisions, commanded by Generals Greene and Lafayette. 



specialization of Eioils 245 

FRENCH OPEN THE GAME 

Oil August 5 the French admiral began operations by run- 
ning the batteries on the middle passage with eight of his 
frigates. With two of his ships he attacked the frigates 
Orpheus, Link, Juno, and Cercbus, and a few other vessels of the 
enemy, which, unable to get away, were burned. The Flora and 
Falcon shared the same fate. This was a grand .send off for 
the naval arm of the alliance; but, notwith.standing the alacrity 
of the respon.se and the readiness of preparation at Providence, 
the loss of almost a week in getting .started let the opportunity- 
of success go by. 

AMERICAN DE.SCENT ON RHODE ISLAND 

On August ID the land force crossed from the mainland to 
the north end of Rhode Island proper in 86 flat-bottomed boats, 
each carr}?ing 100 men. 

The next day 4,000 French soldiers and marines from the 
ships were landed on Conanicut Island for drill, preparatory to 
cooperating with Sullivan, Comte d'Estaing to command in 
person. 

BRITISH FALL B.\CK 

The British, however, during the delay from July 29 to 
August 9, had been reenforced until their numbers reached 
6,000, commanded by Sir Robert Pigot, one of their best gen- 
erals. Unable to resist the torrent, the enemy abandoned their 
outer lines and fell back to their heavily intrenched position 
about 3 miles above Newport. 

In view of this movement vSullivan, without awaiting the 
arrival of his French support, prompth* pursued, the same 
afternoon occupying Quaker Hill, within 1 1 miles of Newport 
on the north. 

TARDY MOVEMENTS OF HOWE 

A sample of the aggressive vigor of Lord Viscount Richard 
Howe was not essayed by that nobiliary commander until the 
early part of August. He was looked for earlier, but on account 



246 Spcfializalion of I'A'nils 

of various reasons was soiiifwhal dflihcrato in his movements. 
In the meantime Charles Henri Tlieodat, Conite il'l-^staing chi 
vSalUans began to feel at home in the waters of Narragansett Bay. 

MOKK SHIPS K()K TIIK KNKMV 

About li\e (lays after D'l^staius; left Sandy Hook four British 
men-of-war, one blown out of her course with Byron's fleet, 
two from Halifax, anil one from the We.st Indies, arrived singly 
at New York, With this accession of strength, on August 6 
Howe .set sail for the relief of Newport, now in danger of being 
"bottled U])" or taken. His force con.sisted of i .seventy-four, 
7 sixty-four. _=, l"ift\-, and 7 smaller frigates, besides tnnisiwrts 
with an abuutlance of suiijilies. 

SK.V H.\TTI,1': OVV NKWPOKT 

About noon on the eventful Sundax', August 9, 177S, the 
lookouts ,spied an armada of 25 ves.sels bearing up from tlie 
Sound toward the bold promontory of Point Judith. At 2 p. m. 
it hove in sight of the light-house, and a half hour later the two 
admirals first caught .sight of the rival standards of Bourbon 
and Hanover. 

At 7 ]i. m. Howe lirouglit to and detiantlx- dropped anchor 
about 3 niiles off the entrance to the ba\ . This unexpected 
appearance compelled the reembarkation of the French forces 
on Conauicut Island. 

Tha weather conditions being favorable, instead of cooperat- 
ing with Sullivan, D'K.staing accepted the challenge the next 
morning. The Latii^ucdoc .slipped her chains, and, two hours 
later, at 10 o'clock, with a fine breeze from the northeast, stood 
out to sea, followed b\- the rest of the fleet. 

About noon D'K.staing hove in view of his adversary. During 
this outward movement the P'rench ves.sels were subjected to a 
heav>' cannonade from the shore batteries. ]iarticularl\- that on 
Breutons Point. The compliment was vigorously returned. 



specialization of Events 247 

Lord Howe having ordered " Slip cables," put his fleet under 
sail, directing formation of line of battle, the Eagle in the van 
with her main and fore topsails set and two topgallant sails on 
the cap. D'Estaing signaled, ' ' All sail aloft; push the enemy- ' ' 
Having cleared the breakers the two fleets began a series of 
tactical maneuvers for vantage of position. 

The ves.sels of D'Estaing were doing good work, with steady 
advantage, when the wind, cou.stantly increasing, began to 
blow a gifle. The next morning (August 11) it a.ssumed 
the severity of a tempest, which raged for forty-eight hours 
with unabated violence. To this day this battle of the ele- 
ments is known from tradition as the "great storm." The 
spray from the ocean, it is recorded, carried in by the terrific 
force of the wind, covered the windows in the town with a 
deposit of salt. 

In the face of tlie fury of the wind and sea the squadrons 
were separated. When the storm subsided neither was in con- 
dition for a trial of strength. 

The iMiigucdoc, the flagship of D'Estaing, was completely 
dismasted and lost her rudder; two others were also dismasted. 

In this helpless condition a British frigate under full sail bore 
down on the flagship, gi^■ing her a broadside, but with little 
damage. Helpless as the Langucdoc was, she put up a good 
defense. 

It was only the timely rejoining of the squadron ( Augu.st 14 ) 
by six of the scattered Frenchmen that saved the battered 
vessels from severe results. 

A DUEL AT SEA 

As a finale to this week of wind and desultory engagements, 
the Cesar, a 74-gunner of the French, and the /ns. a 50-gunner 
of the British, on August 16 had a duel of an hour and a half, 
with great damage to both sides, the advantage resting with 
the Osar, v.'hich, however, lost the mizzen-mast and bowsprit 
and Commandant Raymondis had his rfght arm shot away. 



^^ 



248 specialization of Fix'cnts 

HOWK ON TlllC HACK TACK 

Ho'.ve, haviiis; .siislaiucd heavy loss, retreated to the Souiul,, 
straiiiinji what canvas was left to get to Gardiners Bay, where 
he filially hauled ti]). with D'lvstaiiiir i" pursuit within a mile. 

It was claimed in the Tory newspapers that Howe's flight 
was a ruse to draw the French beyond their chosen radius of 
battle. As it was, Howe made no effort to renew the eii<;age- 
inent. Nor was D'Hstaing in condition to maintain .the offen- 
•sive. Having withdrawn to the harbor, an inspection of his 
ves.sels gave lunnerous evitleiices of stress of weather and scars 
of battle. 

About ten days later the two fleets, not yet fully recovered, 
while cruising came in sight of one another about 12 leagues 
south of the Rhode Island coast. After considerable maneuver- 
ing, at times coming cpiite close, neither ventured to engage, 
and both returned to their anchorages, D'Estaing apjiearing at 
New]>ort on the 20th. 

SITfATION- ON I,.VND 

The damage by .storm was (jiiite as severe to the forces on 
land. On the night of the 1 Jth every tent was leveled o\ blown 
away, soldiers and animals were injured and killed, and aiiiiiiu- 
iiition was ruined. 

ITiideterred by these experiences, 011 the 15th the army 
advanced in three divisions, fonning for action within 2 miles 
of tb.e Hritish. Here they threw up batteries and opened a 
boinliardmeiit. 

I'nlil this time matters had progres.sed as well as might have 
been expected, considering the week's delay in the land forces 
getting in motion, which was the real cause of the failure that 
followed, together with the sudden appearance of the Hritish 
fleet and the inability of D'Estaing to land his 4,000 reenforce- 
ments. 



Spccializatiini of JCi'ciils 249 

A CONSIILTATION 

Upon the return of U'Kstainjf with his wind and battle bat- 
tered fleet Generals Greene and I^afayette went aboard the flag- 
ship for consultation and to arrange plans to further prosecute 
ojierations, also to urge him to move into Newport Harbor. 

The British behind their intrenchments were in quite as sorry 
plight, being short of l)<)th provisions and anununitit)n, which 
the\' expected to receix'c from Howe. 

d'kst.vi.nc; wii.i.i.\(;; oki'ichrs not 

In the consultation D'lvstaing was willing to again try con- 
clusions with the enemy. His oflTicers, however, not over- 
well disposed toward him, for no sufficient reason — justified by 
lack of skill and exjierience, and prejudiced on account of his 
being in realit>' a land officer — insisted upon his carrying out 
his instructions to put into Boston for repairs in event of 
injuries to his vessels. As the effects of the late gale and 
engagements were too apparent to admit of any di.scussion, he 
was overruled and forced to refu.se the request of Generals 
Greene and Lafayette. As a result he sailed for Boston luuler 
this construction of the orders of his Goveriunent. 

\V.\K OF WORDS 

Before doing .so, however, a war of protests, remonstrances, 
and corre.'^pondence, growing in inten.sity, followed the return 
of Greene and Lafayette August 21, brought about by the 
Admiral's unfavorable reply. The next daySullix'an and Han- 
cock sent in a conununication. This was followed by a pro- 
test, signed by all the officers of the army except Lafayette, 
declaring his dejiarture not justified by his instructions, as 
derogatory to the honor of France and not in compliance with 
the spirit and letter of the "alliance." 



250 Spedalizalion of Events 

SAILS FOR BOSTON 

As this document was characterized by pronounced bluntness 
of hiniiuaije, D'l{staing replied in a similar style. 

To add to the difficulties of the situation, Admiral Byron, 
who had left Plymouth June 12, with 13 ships as a reenforce- 
nient, although driven into Halifax in a gale, was now con- 
centrating at New York, which gave the English a decided 
naval superiority, two of the best French ships, \.\\e. Langiicdoc 
M\Ci Marseillaise, being decidedly out of fighting trim. U'Kstaing 
called a council, at which an innuediate departure for Boston 
was decided upon. 

The first expedition under the "alliance." therefore termi- 
nated by weighing anchor and spreading sails, .standing to the 
eastward for Boston (August 22 ). General Sullivan, not to be 
outdone, in general orders gave the Admiral a parting shot 
couched in rather .sarcastic terms. 

CONGRE.SS ADVISED 

From Boston the Count sent to Congress a letter of explana- 
tion and vindication of his course, adding a complaint of the' 
allegations and deductions of General vSuUivan's letter. 

Matters in the end were amicably adjusted, as the unpleas- 
ant situation unquestionably aro.se out of conditions beyond 
human control. 

I.Al-AYETTK fRGES D'ESTAIXG TO KETURX 

Not even now despairing of success. Marquis de Lafayette 
made a special visit to Boston to urge, in the strongest terms, 
the return of his distinguished countrymen to .see the land part 
of the campaign through. In the meantime about 3,000 of the 
militia, who hurriedh' left their pri\-ate affairs to a.ssi.sl in this 
emergency, returned to their homes. An a.s.saull 011 the enemy 
was now worse than folly and retreat the part of prudence. 



specialization of Ei'cnls 251 

READY TO MARCH OVEKI^AND 

Lafayette returned with a promise from D'Estaing to march 
overland with his troops to their aid ( Agenois, D'Hainault, 
Dillon, Foix, Gatenais, and Walsh regiments, 3,600 mert), but 
as to his ships his officers were still of the same mind. 

CLINTON ON THE MOVE 

In the meantime Clinton, who had been busy at New York, 
was on his way with strong reenforcements. The only alterna- 
tive of Sullivan, without the presence of D'Estaing, was a hasty 
retreat. Accordingly a council of war was held (August 28), 
at which it \\-as determined to take up a new position on the 
north end of the island and fortify. The same night the move- 
ment to the rear began. Though with great difficuly and con- 
siderable fighting, the entire army got back to the desired point 
without material loss of men or equipment. A much larger 
loss in killed and wounded was inflicted on the enemy. 

Notwithstanding the visits and persuasion of Lafayette, the 
personal representative of Washington, Count d'Estaing still 
declined to return to Newport and again try conclusions with 
Howe. 

It was now determined to withdraw to the mainland, which 
was accomplished without the lo.ss of a man, Lafayette being 
the last to leave the island. 

A TIMELY ESCAPE 

The next day (September i) full3' 100 British sail, with 4,000 
troops aboard, entered the harbor, which rendered the position 
of the American troops perilous if not untenable. It was well 
that Sullivan's entire force decamped for the greater security 
of the mainland. 

Public sentiment ran high over the succession of misadven- 
tures and misunderstandings. This condition, however, was 
superinduced more by disappointment than by the course of 
D'Estaing. 



252 Spicializalioii of Jifcii/s 

As conceded liv the calm judgiiient of the best authorities, 
and as aheady shown, if the uio\-einent of the army had been 
as pronijil as tlie jx;oi)le to rally to the support of the KrencTi 
fleet, a week at most would have seen the surrender of the 
Hritish, Newport in the hands of the Americans and the French 
fleet, with an excellent base from which to be a constant menace 
to the l?rilish at New York. 

i^uch a situation would have witnessed powerful reenforce- 
ments hurried over fioni I'rance, a revival of enthusiasm in 
Cong:ress, and a grand rally among the fighting element of 
the people. 

On the contrarj", General Sullivan's ill-ad\ised comments on 
the course of D'Estaing jirompted a riot in Boston, in which 
M. de Saint vSauveur and Pleville de Peley. officers in the French 
lleet, were injuri'd. the former morlallw 

The conduct of D'lCstaing under these vexatious circum- 
stances drew him very close to the atTections of the American 
people. .\ single resentful act might have canceled the indis- 
pensable succor of France, and ended the fight for American 
independence. Although the officers of his fleet absolutely 
refused to return to Newport, D'Flstaing, as we have seen, 
offered to march his infantry overland and cooj)erate in an 
attack on the Hritish ]>osition at Newport. 

Hotli W'asliington and (ireene repudiated vSuIli\an's conduct, 
and Congress, alarmed beyond measure, adopted a resolution of 
" ap])reciation of the zeal ;ind attachment the Comte d'Hstaing 
has shown to the cause of the United .Stales on severa4 occa- 
sions, and esjiecially in the noble and generous offer to march 
from Boston at the head of his troops to cooperate in the reduc- 
tion of kliode Island." 

Although Newport was not taken, the damage done the 
Ivnglish on water was by no means slight. 

The forcing of the Narragansett channel by Bailli de Suffren 
resulted in the complete destruction of the British fleet of 6 
frigates ( Grand Duke, 40 guns, Orphtus, Lark, J it no. Flora 
each T^2 guns, and Ctrhcrus, 28 guns). 3 corvettes, 220 guns, 
and the corvette Senegal, and a bomb ketch taken after the 
" great storm." 



specialization of E^'oits 253 

CONGRESS SOOTHp;S DISAPPOINTMENT 

It is not relevant ti> pursue operations on shore. Congress 
closed the incident hy spreading on its minutes, after much 
discussion and a niotiou to reconsider, a resolution { September 
3) of approval of the retreat. 

OFF FOR THE WEST INDIES 

On November 4, 1778, D'Estaing .spread his sails for the 
West Indies, convoj-ing about 20 merchantmen and privateers. 
Before his departure he promulgated from his fiag.ship a proc- 
lamation in the name of his King, addressed to all the ancient 
French in North America. 

After his departure the "offensive and defensive" operations 
of the "alliance" came to a standstill. In the meanwhile he 
was vigorously putting in his time in tests of seamanship and 
metal in the West Indies with "Foul-weather Jack" Byron, 
grandfather of tlie poet. Byron in his "Stanzas to Augusta" 
did more to perpetuate the memory of his grandfather than was 
warranted by the deeds of the famous "Admiral of the blue" 
at Grenada. 

In the winter of 177.S (December 29) the British took pos- 
session of Savannah. 

Although the direct results of D'Estaing's expedition were 
not a .success, the effect of the "alliance" was the holding of a 
strong British force at New York which otherwise would have 
been free for active operations in the field. It al.so resulted 
later in the evacuation of Newport. 

AN "ALLIANCE" ANNIVERSARY 

A mo.st grateful appreciation of the "alliance" was ever 
foremo.st in the minds of the civic and military authorities. 

Its first anniver.sary was celebrated with a demon.stration at 
the artillery encampment of General Knox, near Pluckemin, 
in the vicinity of Washington's headquarters at Middlebrook. 

This event, under the special patronage of General Knox 
and the officers of the Artillery Corps, was signalized by the 



254 Specialization of Events 

presence of the comiiiaiuler in chief and all the general oflBcers 
and their wives present in camp, notably Mrs. Washington, 
Mrs. Knox, and Mrs. Greene, and a number of invited guests 
from the vicinity of the camp, besides a great gathering of 
spectators from distant parts. 

Owing to the presence of Washington in conference v\ith 
Congress at Philadelphia, the event, due on February 6, the 
calendar day of the signing of the convention of alliance, was 
po.stponed until the iSth. 

A rustic "temple," erected for the occasion, formed the 
central piece, consisting of a colonnade loo feet in length, 
profu.sely adorned with evergreens. Also 13 arches, each with 
a painted symbol representing its part in the commemorative 
proceedings. The affair began at 4 o'clock in the afternoon 
by a .salute of 13 giins. At the conclusion the invited gtiests 
proceeded to the "temple" and sat down to a banquet. 

In the evening there was a display of fireworks, arranged 
by the Artillery. The "temple," arches, and paintings were 
illuminated by numerous candles. The paintings, designed to 
interpret the legend of the arches, were also illuminated. 
They were: 

1. Lkxixgton: IiLscribed "The scene opened." 

2. British Clkmexcv: The burninj; of Charleston, Fahnouth, Norfolk, 

and Kingston. 

3. The Ski>.\r.\tiox ov .\meric.\ from Brit.\in: .\n arch, broken in 

the center, inscribed, "By your tyranny to the people of America 
you have separated the wide arch of an extendetl empire." . 

4. BriT.\in: Represented as a decaying empire by a scene of desolation 

and ruin in a country and city suitably inscribed. 

5. America, "The Rising Empire:" Scenes of prosperity and growth, 

with suitable inscription. 

6. Louis XVI: "The supponer of the rights of humanity, the ally and 

friend of the American people. The encourager of Letters." 

7. The F.\Thers in Congress: Legend, "Nil de.sperandum republica." 

8. Doctor Frankijn: The American philosopher and ambas.sador draw- 

ing lightning from the clouds. 

9. Battle of Sar.\toga. 

10. Surrender of Burgovne. 

11. Nav.\i, Action Between the French and English. 



specialization of Ez'ents 255 

12. Warrkn, Montgomery, Mercer, and other American heroes who 

had fallen in battle, in Elj'sium receiving the thanks of Brutus, Cato, 
and other patriots: Inscribed "Those who shed their blood in such 
a cause shall live and reign forever." 

13. Peace: In her right hand an olive branch; at her feet the rewards of 

the harvest, with a background of busy cities and ports filled with 
ships. 

After a further display of fireworks the affair closed hy a ball, 
General W'ashiiifjtou and Mrs. Knox leading in the dance. 

JOINT EXPEDITION AGAINST HALIFAX PROPOSED 

During the operations in the West Indies in the .spring of 
1779 D'Estaing propo.sed to Washington a joint movement of 
the French fleet and American troops against Halifax and New- 
foundland. The American general in chief could not safely 
reduce his force for the purpose, therefore after con.siderable 
correspondence the project was abandoned. 

COMBINED ATTACK ON SAVANNAH 

After having obtained the advantage of Byron in an active 
catnpaign in the West Indies, Count D'Estaing determined to 
return to the mainland. On September 3, 1779, he appeared 
off Tybee Island, on the coast of Georgia, with 20 ships of the 
line, 1 1 frigates, and a strong landing force. 

After destroying a few vessels and communicating with Gen- 
eral Lincoln, the American commander, he sailed away the next 
day, but returned on the 6th. Three days later he landed a 
few troops on Tybee Island, and the defenses there were aban- 
doned by the enemy. 

By the 12th, General Lincoln having concentrated his troops, 
the French effected a debarkation of their whole force at Bean- 
lieu fBuley). 

The landing party included the entire body of infantry aboard 
the fleet, made tip of the Dillon Regiment (Franco-Irish), i, 164 
officers and men, Comte de Dillon, commanding; D'Hainault, 
I battalion, 511 strong, Lapliu, commanding; Foix (sharp- 



256 Spccializatiou of Ec'cuis 

shooters), 357 on the roll, Chastelet, coiiniianding; Walsh 
(Franco-Irish), 5,^2 officers and men, O'Brien, conunandinjj^ 

In adcHtion to these were the j;renadiers and chasseurs of the 
famous Agenois Regiment, 200 strong, D'Auticliamp com- 
nianiHng, and 200 (iatenais Grenadiers (Royal Auvergne), of 
Rostaing's regiment, making a grand total of about 3,000 
Frenchmen. 

On the i6th, Lincoln's main army being in jx^sition, a general 
advance was made to within 3 miles of the city. D'Kstaing 
now demanded its surrender to the King of France. But Pre- 
vost, the British officer in charge, not quite jirejiared to .go on, 
asked until the next day for consideration. This being granted, 
the time afTorded an opportunity for about 800 men to steal 
in under cover of a fog. About 1.000 white and black laborers 
were compelled to work on the intrenchments, which now 
mniuited about 80 camion, from 6 to 18 pounders. Prevo.st 
having received all available aid, declined D'l'^staing's sum- 
mons. This was a fatal delay for the combined armies. 

On the 23d the siege began. The French and Americans 
clo.sed up, and in twelve days had 54 cannon and 15 howitzers'' 
in position. The enemy meanwhile made several small .sorties 
which were repulsed. In repelling one of these on September 7, 
the night of September 27, Lieutenant Blandet, of the Agenois 
Regiment, was killed. 

On October 4 the combined armies opened a bombardment. 
The preliminary bombardment was made more effective by 
bringing a French ship into action. 

As it was deemed best to i>nsh matters, owing to the possi- 
bility of the arrival of Byron and an attack from the .sea, 
D'Estaing urged an immediate aasault or an abandonment of 
the enterprise. Major L'Enfant, afterwards the designer of the 
plan of the city of Washington, with a detachment of .sappers 
and miners, opened the way by destroying a portion of the 
abatis. 



specialization of E^u-ii/s 257 

ASSAULT ON THE liKITISH WORKS 

At the first break of dawn, October 9, the whole force of the 
two armies, about 5,100 effectives, of whom 2,964 were French- 
men, bent their entire energies to the storming of the enemy's 
position, D'Estaing leading the main coluniu in person, and 
Lincoln and Count Dillon th* other two. The enemy opened fire 
briskly with all his batteries. The battle raged furiou.sly. The 
French in the lead, exposed to a heavy front and cross fire, lost 
their leader, D'Estaing, early in the engagement, who was shot 
in the arm and thigh. Undaunted, however, they pushed ahead 
under a storm of .shot and shell, finally reaching the ditch. 
Soon the "lily" and "crescent" (vSouth Carolina) flags were 
seen planted on the parapet. 

A .strong body of British Grenadiers, and a heavy gun fire 
concentrated on this devoted band, .soon rendered their po.sition 
untenable. Being forced to yield they retired slowly, carrying 
their colors with them. 

Duringthis engagement Count Casimir Pulaski, withhis legion 
of horsemen, was slowly' gaining advantage against another part 
of the works, when a cannon ball struck him in the thigh, inflict- 
ing a mortal wound, which caused his men to hesitate. 

After holding their own .stubbornly, at 10 a. ni. both armies 
fell back upon their intrenchments. 

The allies asked five hours' truce in which to bury their dead. 
The British commander allowed but four. 

ABANDONMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE 

During this suspen.sion D'Estaing, suffering from his wounds, 
held a conference with General Lincoln as to further operations. 

Owing to his inability to lead his men, his heavy los.ses, 
and the dread of Byron's appearance under such unfavorable 
conditions, the French commander favored raising the siege. 
Sullivan, on the contrary, advocated another attempt. The 
counsel of the Frenchmen prevailing, on the evening of the 
1 8th they withdrew to their ships and the Americans marched 
toward Charleston. 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 17 



25>S Spiiiti/izafion of Iif(ii/s 

Tin.' ImoucIi kilk-d ;uul woiuick-d were 637, or more than one- 
fiflh their nmiiber; the Amerieau loss heiiij; 457, or ahoiit tlie 
same pioporlion; the eiiem\- not to exceed 120. 

The strength of the defeiulers Was 2,850 men. They had the 
great advantage of intrenchnients and mounted batteries. 

Till.' iMiiK'h nginients (hsphi\ed signal bravery. In addi- 
tion to the se\ere wounds of their chief, Captain dn Jiarry, I.,ieu- 
tenant vSainl Savour, and Ivnsign Mauriage, of the Agenois Regi- 
ment, were wounded. The ensign, liaving his left leg broken, 
was abandoned on the lield and taken prisoner. 

The tlatenais Regiment ( Ro\al Auxergne) was specially dis- 
tinguished. Its couipan\ of chasseurs literally covered it.self 
with glory. With the watchword "Auvergue and D'Assas" 
^name of their cajitain) the men .scaled the enemy's works, 
lilisign I,e\ert, iicing the Inst to mount the ranqiart, planted the 
Lilies of iMauco upon its crest. The defenders, astounded at 
such an example of bra\-ery, lied with great jirecipitation. in 
the meantime, the regiment coming up anil tlie enemy returning 
witli increaseil nund)ers, the bra\e l'"renclimen, after bearing the 
brunt of overwlielmiug nun\bers, slowly withdrew, constantly^ 
fighting and losing half their luuuber. Among the killed and 
wounded at this desperate part of the field were X'icomle de 
Heth/y, lieutenant-colonel; Caplains.Sereuiland I'oucault, Lieut- 
enants Jast, Chev.diei Roch-Xegly, aiul Chevalier de Tour\-ille, 
Lusign Le\ert had his clothes complctelx riddled. 

In the attack of the IVIIaiuault Regiment, Lieut. Chalelard 
des Ihets was wounded. 

In the assault, the famous "Sergeant" Jasper, of l'\Mt Moul- 
trie fame, was killed, leailing his re.gimeut of South Carolinians 
and cair\ ing the crescent llag presented in conniiemoration of 
his former gallantry. 

This eiuled the career of D'lCstaing and the lirst b'rench 
expedition lo .\merica. lis operations, alwaxs markeil by 
great purjioses and successful beginnings, ended in uuexpecled 
obstacles and failure. Aside from the experience, which was 
later an element of value, and the great damage intlicted on the 



special i':atio)i of ExtiiIs 259 

enemy, the outcome of the exjiedition was calculated to dampen 
the ardor of our " j^reat and good friend" across the ocean. 

The career of Count d'JCstaing after leaving Boston was partic- 
ularly lionoral)le. In the Antilles he took Grenada and achieved 
several naval successes against the ICnglish. It was was some- 
what clouded, liowever, by the inal)ilil>' lo lake Sa\-annah. 

It was only b)' heroic exertion he was able to get liack to 
France, his fleet ha\'ing been left in very bad condition by a \-io- 
k-nt hurricane, during whicli it was dis])erse<l. 

One of the resultant effects of the presence of the French 
fleet in American waters was a revival of the naval spirit, which 
had somewhat lagged owing to inatlecpiale means. 

GENERAL RESULTS 

Tile unexpected ])resence of the h'rench in American waters 
completely reversed the contemplated lirilish offensive opera- 
tions in the States of the South. 

General Clinton even felt it the part of prudence to evacuate 
Rhode Island, which lie did in so much haste as to oblige the 
Newport garrison to abandon, in it.s withdrawal on October 27, 
1779, all of its heavy guns, besides great quantities of material 
of war. 



ARMY OF DE ROCHAMBEAU ON LAND AND 
NAVAL EXPLOITS OF DE TERNAY. DESTOUCHES. 
DE BARRAS, AND DE GRASSE IN AMERICAN 
WATERS: 1780-1781 



A source of iimcli aiiprc'lieiision in the minds of Congress 
and General Washington as to the efficacy, from a military 
standpoint, of a foreign alliance, particularly with France, was 
the traditional feeling, sujiposedly, of enmity between the 
Americans and French, growing out of the struggles of more 
than a century between the two sovereign powers for supremacy 
on the American continent. 

The career of Washingtcjn himself had begun as an envoy of 
the British governor of Virginia to the French posts on Lake 
Erie and at the confluent waters of the Allegheny and Monon- 
gahela rivers, forming the Ohio. He had conunanded the 
advance of the Braddock expedition of 1755, serving as aid to 
that general during his ill-fated march to seize the French 
fort, Uuquesne, and succeeded in bringing off the remnant of 
his decimated army. He also led the advance of the t'orbes 
expedition of 1758, which finally captured the prize which gave 
luigland the mastery, broke up the line of French posts down 
the Ohio and Mississippi, and completely severed the F'rench 
pos.sessions in Canada from tho.se in Louisiana. 

The operations of the French were not only regarded as an 
encroachment upon soil under the sovereignty of Great Britain, 
but also upon part of the domain of the royal colony of Virginia. 
Besides this train of legitimate military events, the more subtle 
nature of the I'Vench had completely won over the most war- 
like .savage tribes, and altowed them to roam in all their ferocity 
along the borders of New York and Pennsylvania. 

261 



262 FnmcJi Army and Navy in America 

In every instance the appearance of nuinlerous bands among 
the outlying settlements was associated with t,he actual pres- 
ence or influence of emissaries from the French in Canada. 

The colonial wars — known as King William's, Qiieen Anne's, 
King George's, and French and Indian (Seven Years' ) — were 
yet in memory of living men. With resjiect to the latter, mo.st 
of the middle-aged American officers, including Washington, 
had seen .service in many of its hardest campaigns; and due to 
the valor of the King's subjects in America was the reduction 
of Canada and its transfer to the crown of the second George. 

There was but one man who trusted unreservedly to the 
sound judgment of the American people in this paradoxical 
condition of things. An instinctive sense of ill feeling was 
natural under the circumstances — it might be said a heritage 
of the better part of a century, but conditions had changed. 
The heroic achievements of the Virginians under Washington, 
and New Knglauders under Pepperell still earlier, had given the 
colonists honors and achievemL-nts distinctively their own, and 
although their enemy iu every instance was a Frenchman, they 
felt toward him none of the hostility born of centuries of racial* 
and dynastic rivalries and antipathies in Europe. 

NO FOlND.\TION' TOR .\NTAQONISM 

In other words, the American colonists had rebelled against the 
arrogance and tyrainiy of the throne of luigland. had establi-shed 
a government of their own, and proposed to fight the fight 
to a fini.sh, availing themselves of every legitimate advantage. 
Therefore, thfs apprehen.sion, as results demonstrated, was 
without foundation either in fancy, feeling, or fact. 

The class which largely agitated this .sentiment of inherited 
international animosity was the Tory element, active and ready 
at all times to resort to any or all means to thwart the efTorts of 
their countrymen and. shame to say, fellow-citizens to over- 
throw tyranny, establish liberty, and, logically, independence. 

There was also .some eiiually ill-founded misgiving as to how 
to reconcile the presence of the troops of a foreign power on 
American soil. The experience of history had been against 
such succor even in time of great public danger. 



French Army and Navy in America 263 

This was, to a certain extent, the view of public men and 
thinkers, somewhat supported bj' the experience of the expe- 
dition of D'Estaing. 

This first output of the alHance would have proven a greater 
fiasco than it did had it not been for the sagacity, energy, and 
influence of that young nobleman of France, Gilbert de Motier, 
Marquis de Lafayette. The experience was invaluable to him 
at the French court during the critical and crucial period of 
1779-80, upon his first return from America. 

A DESPERATE ALTERNATIVE 

The Congress persisted in its dissatisfaction with the intro- 
duction of foreign soldiers into the conflict, and Washington 
even accorded the measure his reluctant consent as the onlj^ 
means of escaping a complete collapse of the whole catise. As 
events showed, neither represented the actual feeling of the 
people nor the situation at that time. 

Congress in its correspondence with Franklin and his asso- 
ciate commissioners at Versailles, was con.stantly urgent for 
money, cannon, arms, and amminiition, supplies of any kind 
which could be obtained from any source and in any waj^, to 
aid in the desperate exigencies of the moment. 

The terms of the contract with France was an "alliance" 
offensive and defensive, and how either could have been com- 
plied with without ships and troops would be difficult to say. 

Nor in the negotiation was there any other thought than of 
warlike cooperation, without technicalities of any sort, regard- 
less as to French troops on American soil or, if need be, Ameri- 
can troops on French soil. In fact, there was considerable 
pressure in favor of creating a diversion — not onlj' by an 
American- French assault on Canada and the restoration of 
French dominion in that former domain of France, but a French 
expedition with a large American contingent against the 
strategic islands of Great Britain in the West Indies. 

The convention of alliance between France and the United 
States of America clearly presented the mutual obligations with 
respect to the prosecution of warlike operations in America. 



264 Frciicli Ar»iy and .Wa','v in America 

NEWPORT ABANDONED 

In the fall of 1779, Sir Heury Clinton, in command at New 
York, fearful of a concerted attack upon that British strong- 
hold by Washington from the land and D'Estaing from the 
sea, proposed an expedition to the south as a counter demon- 
stration. In the month of October he transferred the entire 
British garrison of Newport and its im])edimenta to New York. 

lafayktte's kffokts 

In January of the .same year Marquis de Lafayette returned 
to France on leave of absence to rejoin the colors of the Ameri- 
can Army at his convenience. 

It took much tact and an immense amount of per.suasion to 
induce "our great and good friend" to make another effort. 
He had his troubles at home, which were by no means trifling 
and seriou.sly cumulative in demands upon the resources of his 
Kingdom and the ready means of his exchequer. 

The Marquis de Lafayette, though still under the ban of the 
royal letter de cachet, had .so advanced in his career as the* 
sympathetic friend and confidant of Washington, as a hero in 
the eyes of the American people, as a general in the Continen- 
tal Army, and as an indefatigable coadjutor of Congress, that 
his return to France was an event. The extent of his .services 
in America was emphasized by Congress, placing at his disposal 
the best frigate it pos.sessed, just finished, called the Alliance, 
a 30-gunner, and for his personal fortification invested him 
with resolutions of grateful recognition. He bore letters of 
highest commendation from the President of Congress, a com- 
mittee of Congress, and the connnander in chief of the Conti- 
nental Armies to the King in person. 

The correspondence which accompanied the direct efforts 
of Lafayette, aided by the Queen, A'ergennes, and D'Estaing, 
resulted in the decision of the King to .send out another 
expedition along the lines proposed by Lafayette, approved by 
Vergennes, namely, the command of the land forces to be given 
to Count Di: RoCHAMBEAU, Lafayette to remain at the head of 



French Ar>iiy and N^my in America 265 

a division in the American army and General Washington to 
have supreme command of the French forces in everything ex- 
cept the internal affairs of camp discipline and regimen. When 
operating jointly the American troops were to form the right 
wing of the army, the French being "division a gauche," and 
American officers were to command the French officers of equal 
rank. 

A similar arrangement of making French troops auxiliaries 
was conducted harmoniously, in a tactical sense, in the cam- 
paign of 1757 against Frederick the Great in Germany. Count 
DE RoCH.\MBEAu, among his other qualifications for command, 
had experience in this particular stj'le of cooperative military 
operations. 

These were radical propositions and a complete refutation of 
the arguments and overanxiety as to the difficulty of harmonious 
action between the officers and men of the two armies and over- 
keen .sensitiveness as to the presence of an auxiliary force of an 
allied power on American .soil. 

On February, 1780, Lafaj-ette submitted to Vergennes a plan 
for an expeditionary corps of 3,600 men, to be commanded by 
him.self, which, however, was not received with fa\-or. 

The fact that Lafayette was not placed in command was due 
to the important fact, that, though holding a line commission 
subsequently raised to colonel of dragoons in the King's service, 
he held a major-general's rank commanding a division in the 
American armj*, where in the very earliest years of manhood 
he had won prestige which gave him the potentiality to speak 
in the councils of his Sovereign and to respond to letters of 
inquiry and documents of state with respect to international 
policj- and the details of execution, as far as concerned the affairs 
of France and the States. 

The narrative of the unceasing exertions of this extraordinary 
young nobleman, just turned 22 of years of age, from the time 
he landed in France amid salvos of artillery till the day of 
his departure from Rochelle to return fifteen months after as 
"Ambassadeur extraordinaire" is another story. Suffice it to 
say, through his representations of conditions and presentation 



26(S Froitli A)))iv (Hid Na7'V iit .biirrica 

(if prospective ojiportuuilies, llif Kiuij's cdiiiiiiand went forth. 
It met n williiij; exponent in \'eri;ennes, ;i speeih' lieraldjn 
Lafayette, and a loyal champion in ki)CH.\MHK.w. 

The (liniciiltx with d' Ivstain>;'.s mulertakinj;; was diviiled 
coniisels and command; no one in authority, and a donht in the 
miuils of all as to what the expedition was really intended to 
accomiilish. 

It returned none too .soon to make way for the auxiliary' 
operations under Count nic Rociiamhkau and Chevalier de 
Ternay. 

The condition of the atTairs of the Stales at the time of the 
return of l,afa\elle lo lieadiinarters, annonncinj;' tlie .sjieedy 
arrival cl' new succor from l'"rancc, was not onl\ drplorahle, Imt 
to one of even \\'asliini;ton's illimitable fortitude and hope, 
ai^parently without a ray of encouraj:;ement beyond the miracle 
of his own nsourcefid capabilities. Congress had reached the 
utmost limit of its credit. The States were in a slouch of 
despair, and the ]ieo])le uraspini;' at the last straw of willing; but 
ini])ossihle f\ulhcr sacrifice. ll had conic to the issue, survive 
or perish, without an> a]i])arcnt inherent reserve vitality to 
sta\- the inevitable end. Washini^ton siunmed up the situation 
in an (.•])i;.;rani, sayiui;, "bis men had li\'cd on all sorts of lior.se 
food save ha>'."' 

K I Mi's .\MI!.\.SS.\1H)K 

The Marquis de I.afaxette, bearer of intelligence of the 
Kiu,i;'s decision to continue iii.itei ial support of the American 
cause, accompanied b\ a comnii.ssarN- of war, .sailed in March, 
17S0, from the I.sle d'Aix, near Rochelle, on the west coast of 
France, in the l''rench fri;^ate //rniiioiif, 36 guns. Chevalier de 
1,1 Tonclie, commaiuler, and after a leinpestuous voyage of 
thirty-eight days reached I!osli)n. He brought with him infor- 
mation of the .speedy sailing of an army and a powerful fleet; 
also a commission from the King of France appointing George 
Washington lieutenant-general in the armies of I-'rance and 
admiral of its tleets, thus making the I-'rench allies auxiliaries 
and subject to the siijireine comniaiul of the American chief. 



Frnicli Aiiiiy and Na^'v in America 267 

These arran^cineiits were due entirely to the persuasion of 
Lafayette, and the persistence with which he insisted upon them 
being made fundamental in any renewed efforts of the King. 

GREAT JOY AND ACTIVITY 

The return of Lafayette was hailed as a national affair. 
Congress characterized it as such hy a resolution of welcome. 
The joy was universal. The tidings which he brought rai.sed 
the despondent hopes of Washington to a pinnacle of elation, 
aroused Congress to renewed efforts, and quickened the apathy 
of the people into extraordinary activity. 

CONGRKSS AKOUSED 

• Three days after Lafayette's arrival Congress took measures 
to gel the army into the field and to furni.sh it with necessary 
supplies by authorizing bills of exchange drawn on Franklin 
and Jay, respectively, for $25,000. The States of Virginia, 
Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, 
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Mas.sachu.setts, and New Hampshire 
were called upon to raise tliv inipo.s.sible sum of $10,000,000 
in thirty days to replenish the Continental treasury. ' The 
Carolinas and Georgia were held exempt from the call, being 
occupied in a costly campaign of their own. 

Other .steps were taken in order to be prepared to meet the 
demands of the situation as .soon as the French auxiliary army 
should .-irrive. 

KOCIIAMlUCAr ox n'KST.AINO 

Comnu-nting ujion the tuifiinunate results of the D'Estaing 
expedition, M. le Comte dk RociiAiMBEAUsays in his Memoires: 

Tlio unexpected result of thi.s expedition projected again.st New York, 
tlu- ill success of an attack again.st Savannah, and the depreciation of pa])cr 
currency on the Continent produced a most .serious crisis in .Vnicrica. She 
had contended hy herself against the entire forces of Englan<l since the be- 
ginning of her Revolution. The more .she lia<l struggled, the le.ss able was 
she now to hold out. The Congress in this critical situation resolved to 
solicit from her ally, the King of France, further assistance, by a fresh 



^ 



36S Fii)i(li .1 /■»/]■ ami Xa:'V in Auini'ra 

sin>i)ly of naval and land tKrci-s and nmncy, wliioli the lalltr nccordinj^ly 
Krnnti'd by innni'iliati'ly siiKlinj; iiul a s<iuadri>ii of ships to cruise olT the 
coast, a corps of able trooi)S, and a considerable supply of siJecic. 

INSTKrCTU)N.S AS TO TlIU AKUIVAI, OI' TIIK CONVOY 

The liiUow ills; iusli iK'tions, luuki the liaiul dt X'crgennes, 
to regulate every detail on tin- ;ini\al of tlic iMeucli convoy on 
the coast of America, were liaiuled to tlie Mariiiiisde Lafayette, 
iituler date of \'ersailles, March 5, 17S0, just prior to his de- 
parture, which he was to convey to America in adxaucc and 
have supervision of their execution: 

Tile Mar([uis ilc I.afayelle. on niri\ iiij; in America, is to proceed iintne- 
diatcly to join I'.cncral Wasliinj^toii ami conununicale to liiin the secret 
that the King, willing to give the I'nited States a new proof of his affec- 
tion aii<l of his interest in their security, is resolved to send to tlieir aid at 
the opening of spring 6 vessels of the line and 6,ocx5 regular troops of in- 
fantry. The convoy has orders to land the troojis in Rhode Island, where 
they may be at hand to join General Washington's army, if he shall think 
it necessary; but as it is possible the luiglish, after having volinitarilv 
evacuated Rhode Island, may return, it is necessary, to ])revent the I'leiich 
S(|nadron from falling into any sur])rise, that the Marquis de I.afayette 
slunild re(iuest General Washington to send to Rhode Island, and even to 
liliK-k Island, if the inhabitants can be confided in, some of the French 
ollicers who are with him, each one of whom must be the bearer of a letter 
from him, that the b'rench squadron may freely and safely enter the i>ort. 

These ollicers should be charged to keep a ;nost vigilant watch, and 
should have always at haiul several light boats and skillful pilots ready to 
set olT the uioiueiU the iMcncli convoy shall appear in sight; but, as the 
weather or other circumstances may not permit these ollicers to g_o imme- 
diately on board, if the entrance of Rhode Islaiul should l)e free and open 
they shall lioist on RliK'k Island and on Points Judith and Sakonnet the 
I'rench flag; and, on the contrary, if the enemy shall have retaken posses- 
sion of the island, the American flag shall be hoisted, which will be a sig- 
nal to the I'rench commander to bear away from the port. Should no 
I'reuch ollicer arrive with a letter from General I.afayette giving instruc- 
tions as to the probability of a debarkation, and should no signals appear, 
the l''rench stpiadrou with its convoy will go into Hostou Harbor and wait 
advices from General Washington 

To prevent any surprise in regard to the destination of the I'reuch olli- 
cers who are to be sent by the Marquis <le Uafayette, and also to guard 
against any accident by which these officers may be replaced by suspicious 
persons, the words of reconnaissiince shall be " St. I.oniset riiiladelphia." 



Frciirli .\i my luid Niwv in .lii/rr/ra 269 

Should the wiiiils foriv llic squadron lo the soulli, it oujjht to proceed 
to tlie Capes of Virjjiuia. l,ol an iMtollinenl officer be stationed at Cape 
Henry, with orders to join the squadron, who shall be well instructed in 
the state of American affairs, and |)articnlarly in regard to the possibility of 
debarking at Rhode Island, The same sij^nals in case of the affirmative are 
lo be exhibited at Cape Ileury as at Rhode Island. The words of recon- 
naissance shall be " Marie et Hoston." If General Washinj^ftou thinks 
the I'rench troops can be more usefully em])loyed at the South, this officer 
will briuj; orders accordingly. He will be the bearer of instructions in 
detail respecting the place for debarking with .safety, where iu any ca.se 
the .squadron and trans]H)rts would be protected and where provisions can 
be obtained in sufficient abundance and horses for trans]>orling the bag- 
gage and artillery. 

The French troo])s shall be sinqjly au.xiliaries, anil with this title they 
shall act oidy under the orders of General Washington. The French 
general .shall receive the order of the American connuander in chief in all 
things, ex-cept what pertains to the internal management of his own 
troops, which ought to be regulated according to the laws of their own 
coinitry. It .shall be the duty of the naval commander to .second by every 
means in his power all the operations to which his aid shall be called. 

.•\s the o])erations nuist depend on circumstances and local possibilities 
we forbear to give any instructions on the subject. It mu.st be left to 
General Washington and his council of war to decide what .shall be the 
most useful. All the King desires is to relieve them from the oppression 
of their enemies in the mo.st effectual manner. His Majesty expects 
that by a reciprocation of the regards which friends ought to show to 
each other. General Washington and his officers will afford as many con- 
veniences to the French officers and troops as .shall be compatible with 
the good of the .service. It will be neces.sary that General Washington 
should take means to render easy the procuring of subsi.steuce for the 
French troops. Their wants .should al.so be su])plied at a rea.sonable price. 

The above arrangements being made with the .Vinericau conunandcr in 
chief, the Marquis de I^afayette shall proceed to Congress, having first 
ascertained from General Washington how far it will be expedient to open 
to Congress the secret of our measures. Upun arrival in I'hiladelphia, he 
shall first see M. de la IvUzerne, show him his instructions, communicate 
all that has pa.s.sed between him and General Washington, and take no 
further steps except in concert with the French minister, by whose advice 
he must be influenced. His Majesty, who has an esteem for his minister, 
de.sires him to have a part in all arrangements respecting .Vmerica. In 
case the operations by land shendd not require the concert of the squadron, 
it will be free to cruise at such a distance from the coa.sts as the com- 
mandant shall think best for doing most harm to the enemy; but special 
orders will be given that it shall not go far, and that it shall take no part 
except with tlie advice of the connuander on l.md. 



^ 



270 h^iiiidi .IniiY ami .\'(/r r /// .liiuiiai 

l'Ki:C.\r'l"l(>NAKV Mi:.\Sl"KKS 

A f()])\- of Ur-sc- iuslnictions wire ili.s]);itcln.'(l llirougli ollrtr 
(.-haiiiKls (if transmission to tlic Clicvalivr ik' la I.ti/riiK-, witli 
directions should llu- I liimiotir In.' oa|ilure'd li\ tin- I'liiti-'h or 
nifet disaster from aii\' other eanse the nnnister should proceed 
lu the headquarters of General W'ashinjjlon and follow the same 
course. 

In this instance the additional restriction was uiade that the 
substance of the instructions was to be conununicatcd only to 
the I'residenl of Conj^ress, and not i\en to him should tlnre be 
any daugei" of ])reuialure exposure. 'I'lie important ]ioinl of all 
this secrccv was to not have the destination of the siinadrou 
known in a<l\ance of its arii\al. 

On Ma>' J, at W'atertow 11, I,afa\ette wrote to Count de 
\'er);eiuies: 

I lia\i- lu-i-ii most hinlilv ^jriililiod witli inililii- soiitiiiu-iil in ri'naril to 
,\11 tin- riivMiiislaiKcs of tin- I'n-mli alliaiuo. 

On the morninj; of Ma\ 10 he reached the head(|tiarters of 
the .\merican army, where, havinj; rejoined the colors, he spent 
foui da\sin conference with the commander in chief conceruinv; 
the arrival of the itaval and land forces of I'raucc. 

'riieuce he conliiuied to Philadelphia, in fiuthcr pursuance of 
his ro\al instructions to conununicate the purpose of the Kiu);; 
to Che\alicr de la l.u/erne, the ImcucIi minister. 

I'mm I'hiladelphia, with a letter of date May U), to Count 
iir: K(>cuAMin>:.\r, the M,uc|Uis. inuler his inslmctioits from 
Count lie X'er^ennes, ilispatclied M. de C.aKan, a ImcucIi ofl'icer 
in the .\mericau service, .south, to await the arrival of the 
iMcuch ix]iedition at C.ipc llciu\ . \'ir!;inia, at the entrance to 
Chesapeake l!a\ . 

.Mthou^h this letter did i\ot leach the CouiU until after his 
arrival at Newport, it is interesting, as .showing the uulitary 
sittiation of the enemy at llu' time. 



h'rciKli Armv and Navy in .liurr/ra 271 

liKITISII STKICXCTII 

Til this coiniiiuiiication l,;if:i_N'cttc slated as to tlie slreiiRth 
and disi)()siti()ii of ihu ciiciny at the siL-j^c of Charleston — 7,000 
nu-n and a few sliips. At New York, Lonj;- Island, and State 11 
Island ai)ont S.ooo regulars, "a few militia, upon which they 
])lace no de])endence, and a small nundierof ro\;disls, very con- 
teniptihli- in all respects." Also one shi]) of 74 guns and some 
frigates. 

niSI'OSITION Ol'' TIIK AMICUICAN TKOOPS. 

The American army was in three divisions —one at We.st Point, 
niaintainin}^ conununicatious on the Hudson River; one in 
South Carolina, and one, the largest <livision, in New Jersey 
under the iniinediale eonnnand of Cieneral Washington, 
lyafayetle al.so mentioned the coming of the expedition as 
being known at New \'ork; the recall of the troops or ships 
from Charleston; the erection of fortifications on "New York 
Island," and ves.sels laden with stones ready to obstruct the 
entranie to the harbor. 

In conveying to the Count the sentinunlsof Washington and 
his troops, he added; 

At the same tiiiK' tliiil I liere cxeciilc- llu- (inlcrs (if my K^'Heral and 
cominuiiicate to yon the .sentiments of my fiii'iiil, iicrmit iiu- to assun- you 
of the strong desire of onr army to do whatever may )ilrasr yon, and how 
mncli we shall all endeavor lo merit the friendship and the esteem of 
troojis whose assistance at the present moment is so e.s.sential lo us. Yon 
will find among us a. great deal of good will, a great deal of sincerity, 
and above all a great desire to be agreeable lo yon. 

Ill order to insure the delivery of this letter to the French 
commandant-general, duplicates were .sent to Chevalier de 
Teriiay and by me.s.seuger to Points Judith and .Sakoniut, that 
should the expedition make land in Rhode Island it might 
at once .sail for Sandy Hook. 

The Marquis kept up the corre.si)oiuleiice until the arrival of 
the .squadron at Newport. Of this series of letters copies were 
transmitted by courier to the officers stationed to watcli for the 



272 French Ar))iv and .\'<'/r;)' /// .Inicrica 

squadron, lM)th ;U the capes of the Cliesapeake and to Rhode 
Island, that the information the>' contained might be recei\-ed 
promptly. 

In all these matters Lafa\ette continued to carry out the 
instructions of his Sovereign until the general conunandatit of 
the l'"rench troojis came in touch with the coiiniiander in chief 
of the American forces. 

vkrgknnk's intkkkst 

As an indication of the interest of the King's chief of council 
in all tlie.se i)roceedings, on June 3 Count X'ergennes wrote to 
Lafayette from \'er.sailles of the departure of the .sijuadron from 
P" ranee on May 2, and of his confidence in its safe arrival on the 
shores of America. The British admiral, Ciraves, designated to 
watch and follow the I-'rench squadron, had not left Plymouth. 
iMiglaiid, on the 2otli, so De Teniay had a long start. 

It is an e.sseiitial part of the narrative to give under the hand 
of the Count de Vergennes himself (June 3), the .salient points 
of the inside situation as to the fleet and oi the conditions at 
large and in Europe. The Count says: 

Thi.s convoy takes out 5,500 men. The want of traiisport.-i has not per- 
inittod a larger nuinl)LT to I'lnbark, anil the rest can not bcsciit innnediaUly. 
The Ivnglish arc putting to sea, and their stjnadron will the more easily 
blockade the harbor of Brest as our forces there are small, the larger part 
of our vessels being at Cadiz. It is therefore probable that the two regi- 
ments will not be sent till autumn, and, perhaps only one then. We 
shall know by that time how the first division has been received and 
whether any more are wanted. Vou will remember that I at fir.st requested 
only 4,tKxi men, because I feared that a larger number mighi excite di.s- 
tru.st and alarm in the t'nited Stales. The advices of your.self, M. de la 
Luzerne, and the French officers will enlij;hten us as to the future meas- 
ures proper to be taken. 

What I regret most is that the clothing, arms, and nuniilions of war for 
the American troops have not yet gone. They are all to go in the .-////- 
aine and under her convoy. It is more than a month since the whole 
oujjht to have gone to sea, as tliere have been no ob.stacles from blockade. 
I very much fear that these valuable cargoes will now be in danger from 
the enemy's vessel.s. I will not decide who is to be blamed for the delay, 
but I am afraid that the .Vmericau agents are not free from reproach for 
negliRence. On our part everything was ready at the aiipointed lime. 1 



Frcncli Army and Navy in America 273 

regret tliat I did not lulhere more firndy to the plan proposed of putting 
the arms and munitions under the convoy of M. de Ternay. We have no 
concern with the clothing. 

' There is nothing new in Europe. From present prospects the campaign 
will be oidy watched in this quarter, and if hard blows are struck they 
will fall in America. lyCt the portion of it where you are placed be a 
brilliant theater of action. By very great efforts alone can the United 
States hope to obtain a settled peace which shall have for its basis their 
absolute independence. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR WASHINGTON 

With that delicacy of feeling, due to tlie propriety' of rank 
and occasion, the King himself made no recommendation as to 
the use of his army in America, yet Lafayette was the bearer 
of certain con.siderations, reduced to writing by Count de \'er- 
gennes, to be brought to the attention of General Washington 
as commander in chief. With respect to the second proposition 
Vergennes submitted a plan in much detail respecting the sug- 
gested combined attack of the French and American forces on 
New York, adding as a .saving clause, "everything must be left 
to the .sagacity and intelligence of the American officers, better 
acquainted with the localities and circumstances. ' ' 

That this was the subject of constant thought and vigilance 
on the part of Washington and Rochambeau, should the con- 
ditions prove favorable, will be shown as the account of the 
military operations of the allied armies proceeds. In the lan- 
guage of the Count himself: 

Although no instructions have been given to the Marquis de Lafayette, 
respecting the future operations of the French army, yet the Count de 
Vergennes recommends the following to the consideration of General 
Washington. 

It seems proper that the offensive operations of the United States should 
be directed with a view to the accomplishment of two political objects. 
The one to drive' the enemy as far as possible from their frontiers, that 
they may no longer be surrounded as they now are, while Florida, the 
Mississippi region, Canada, and Nova Scotia are occupied by British 
forces. The other to induce Spain to take an interest in their cause and 
to form an alliance with the:n, which can only be done by furthering 
the views of that country in the following respects: Spain has probabh- 
vS. Doc. 537, 59-1 iS 



^ 



274 Frrvcli Arviv and .Ya:'v in Amoica 

an eye ii]H)11 the I'loridas, whicli formerly bcloiifjeil to her, and it wonUl 
he very much more for the interest of America tlial those provinces 
shonld return mider the dominion of their old masters rather than remain 
in the hands of the Knj;lish. In that case, the I'nited States, on one side 
at least, would be freed from the neitjhhorhoixl of the Kufjlisli, and could 
easil}', in case of need, receive assistance which it would he impossible to 
give them more directly. He this as it may, it is for the interest of Spain, 
whatever views slie may liave upon Florida, that the Enj;lisli may not 
feel suflieienlly stronj^ in the south to make any attemjU upon' their 
p<issessions. 

Among the dilTerent modes which ])resent themselves for effecting these 
two salutary objects there occur two which shall be sunnnarily stated: 

I'irst. All or a part of the auxiliary troops may be sent to Georgia or 
Carolina. Many difficulties jjresent themselves in the way of this project 
which can only be solved on the spot, such as the force of the English in 
those parts, which ought to be considerable, if all the troops debarked at 
New York at the end of last year have been transported thither; the want 
of a. port sufficient to receive the Erench .squadron and transports and 
shelter them from tempests and the enemy; the difTiculty of entrepots, com- 
munications, an<l .subsistence for the army, which will be necessarily in 
want of every convenience for penetrating into the country, and many 
other obstacles which can not be detailed nor foreseen except in the 
places themselves. 

Second. A method which might not be less decisive would be to cause 
a diversion of the British troops at the south by an attack on New York, by 
compelling the enemy to recall many of their troops, and to assume the 
state of defensive instead of the offensive. 

The well-known humanity of General Washington, and the esteem in 
which he is held in Ivurope as well as in .Vmerica, render us confident 
that there is no need of especially reconnnending to his care the presena- 
tion of a body of brave men, sent more than a thousand leagues to the 
assistance of his country. While ready to risk everything for tke safety 
of -Vmerica, they ought not to be sacrificed rashly or on slight occasions. 

ORDERS FOR DKIWRTIRE OK KOCHAMBEAU 

The Prince de Montliarey, under orders of March 20, 1780, 
received at Versailles .specific directions respecting the depar- 
ture of the fleet. This paper shows the care with which every 
move was made regarding this second effort of the King to aid 
his American allies; 

It is the King's intention that the trot>ps under the command of the 
Count DE RoCH.\MBEAr, with the equipment of field and siege artillery 



French Arniv and Nax'v in America 275 

and all the necessary supplies for the wants of the French troops about to 
he sent over to America, should all be in readiness to embark the instant 
that the squadron which is to escort the troops and the transports in which 
the}^ are to be conveyed can be made ready for the voyage. 

But in case the navy department should be unable to collect imme- 
diately and for the intended time of sailinj;, the requisite number of trans- 
ports, or if the wind or other circumstances should render it advisable to 
dispatch a part of the squadron and of the transports which may be ready, 
for fear of delaying the operation too long by waiting till all the ships are 
collected. His Majesty authorizes Count i)E Rociiambi-;au to make a 
division of the troops and supplies intended for this expedition in order to 
facilitate the departure of the first part, of which he will himself take 
command, and which will be composed, according to his selection, of ■ 
whatever he thinks necessary, as far as he can find room on board his 
transports. His Majesty expects that Count de Rochambeau will leave 
the command of the second division with the Baron de Viomenil, with 
orders to rejoin the first as .soon as possible. His Majesty, moreover, con- 
fides to the wisdom, the prudence, and the intelligence of Count de 
RocHAMBiiAU and the Baron de Viomenil the execution of the details of 
this operation, whether to be performed at once or by two divisions. 

EN KOUTK To THE RENDEZVOU.S 

The French regiments began marching from their .station.s for 
the rendezvous at Bre.st on Febrttary 15. The colonels were 
ordered to set out by the 25th of the same month, so as to be 
present at the embarkation of their commands. 

URGENCY OF DKI'.\RTURK 

Under positive orders of the council the troops destined for 
the United States were .separated into two divisions, the first to 
.set sail by the earliest fair wind, with as many as could be 
accommodated. 

The di.spatch of the remainder was promised at the earliest 
date possible. 

The arms, ammtinition, and other material of war to go 
aboard with the troops were to be concentrated at Brest by 
the beginning of April. 

The naval preparations were delayed, owing to the tran.sports 
of the Brest station having been employed iu carrying drafts 
and stores to the colonies. 



2/6 Frencli Arviv and Navy in America 

The marine depart men t had delayed orders to the vessels at 
Bordeaux, and these were further delayed liy contrary windS'in 
reaching ports. 

As a result of these difficulties, the general commandant upon 
his arrival at Brest found vessels sufficient to convey but one- 
half the force placed at his disposal. 

M. de Choiseul, commenting upon the situation said, "M. de 
Sartiue's watch is always slow.'" 

It was due to the activity of M. Hector, naval commandant, 
that transports were brought together sufficient to accommodate 
5,000 troops. 

It was known in France that a fleet was being fitted out in 
England to follow, hence the fatal danger of delay, and the 
situation in " The States, " above all, demanded expedition. 

EMBARKATION 

The embarkation at last began on April 5 and was com- 
pleted by the nth. Count DE RoCHAMBEAr and the general 
officers and their aids followed on the 14th. 

The next day, with a fair, though fitful wind, Admiral de 
Ternay ordered the sailing of the convoy, to be followed the 
da}- after by the vessels of war. 

FLEET OF DE TERNAV 

The fleet of De Terna\-, as it .sailed out of Brest escorting the 
convoy of 36 transports having on board the first division of the 
auxiliary army of France bound for the United States of 
America, con.sisted of the following ships, with guns, officers, 
crews, and captains; 



French Army and Navy in America 277 



SHIPS OF THE LINE 



Le Diic-de-Bourgogne 

L,e Neptune 

l,e Coiiqii^rant 

VEveill^ 

La Provence 

L'Ardent 

Le Jason 



FRIGATES 



La Sur\'eillante . 

La Bellonef 

L'Andromaque . 

L'Aniazone 

La Sibella 

La Hermione . .. 



La Gu6pe 

Le Serpent *> 

Pelican (American). 



1,200 
700 
700 
600 
600 
600 
600 



Commander 



Admiral Arsac de Ternay 

Captain Destouches 

M. de la (jfandi^e 

M. de Tilly 

M. LombaVfl 

M. de Marigny 

M. de la Cloclieteri 



300 M. deCaillet (Sillart) 



250 
250 
250 
250 



M. de Bonneval 
La P^rouse 
Baron de Clugney 
De la Touche 



6,300 I 



HOSPITAL. SHIP 

La Fantasque (en fl flte ) <• 

ARMED SHIPS 



Le Bruen 

La Camplase . 



48 



100 
100 
120 

320 



Des Arros 
De Noulds 



a Left fleet in mid-ocean. 

6 Sent back with dispatches for the King. 

f Also carried the heavy artillery, treasure, and passengers. 

Total, 7 line, 5 frigates, 2 cutters, 2 armed ships, i hospital 
ship — 17 vessels; 736 guns, 6,720 officers and men, exclusive of 
armed ships. 

AUXILIARY ARMY 

The land troops — consisting of the following regiments: Bour- 
bonnais, Soissonnais, Royal Deux-Ponts, Saintonge, I^egion 
Lauzun (600 for a troop of horse), battalion of artillery (500 
men), corps of sappers and miners, Royal Guides, making a 
total of 5,028 officers and men — were embarked on a convoy of 
36 transports. 

Had the entire force assembled for the purpose of embarka- 
tion been accommodated, it would have footed up 7,683 officers 
and men. The number left behind for want of transportation 



27S Frciiili Adiiv and Xiix-v in Anicn'ra 

was 2,645 officers aiul men. This embraced an entire brigade 
of infantry, including the regiments Neustrie and Anhalt,^ a 
battahon of artillery, and an equal force, lietween 200 and 300 
HK'u, of the Lauzun legion. The same baffling winds which 
had cmbarra.ssed the departure of the convoy in the beginning 
was the can.se of the delay in the arrival of the Bordeaux trans- 
ports ordered to Brest to take on this division. 

The French army originally intended for America under 
Comte DR RoCH.\MHR.\u, commander in chief, and Baron de 
Viomenil, .second in command, was divided into two divi.sions, 
the first of which, having sailed, was organized in three brigades 
under Chevalier de Chastelleni, Comte de Viomenil, and Baron 
de Choisy. M. de Beville was commi.ssary of war, and M. 
Blanchard, commis.sary of subsistence. 

C.VSII FOR CONC.KKSS 

The fleet also took out 3,000,000 livres (about $600,000). in 
addition to the former large contributions from the King. It 
ma>" be added this loan was donbletl soon after liy an additional 
advance of 3,000,000 livres. 

TRANSPORT.\TION I..\CKING 

In taking advantage of the discretion allowed him. Baron de 
Viomenil, by orders of Count dk Rochajibhau, was retained 
with the first division, and Count de A\'ittgen.stein as,signed to 
the command of the second. 

The strongest representations were again made by the Count 
DE RociiAMBK.vu and Chevalier de Ternay to the King's min- 
isters against the propcsed divisicm of the expedition. Owing, 
however, to the continued difficulty of getting together a suffi- 
cient number of transports to convey the whole force, the King's 
council felt it imperative to direct the troops to be divided into 
two divisions — the first to depart without a moment's delay. 



Frouli Arviv a>id lYar'v in America 279 

PERSONNEL OF THE FLEETS 

The distribution of duties and classification of rank of the 
personnel of these ancient crafts is a curiositj', in comparison 
with modern ideas. 

The flagship {Le Duc-de-BoH7i^o<^nc) of Admiral de Ternay 
had on board 1,200 men, all told, distributed among the follow- 
ing classes of officers and seamen: 

Chief of squadron ("chef d'escadre) ; flag captain ("capitaine de 
pavilion); captain commandant (capitaine de vaisseauj; capi- 
taines en second (post captain); lieutenants of vessels (lieute- 
nants de vaisseaux) ; captain of the fireship (capitaine de brulot ) ; 
enseignes of vessels; lieutenants of frigate (lieutenants de 
fregate); surgeons-major (chirurgiens-majors); surgeons (chi- 
rurgiens); chaplain (aunionier); marine guard (gardes de la 
marine); volunteers of honor (volontaires d'honneur); officers- 
mariners of maneuver (officiers-mariniers de manoeuvre), first 
and second mates, boatswain's mate ( contremaitre), quarter- 
master (bosseman); pilots, first and second (pilotage), aid 
pilot; canonniers, master, second, aid; carpenters, master, 
second, aid; calkers (calfatage); sailniakers (voiliers); top- 
men (gabiers); helmsmen (timoniers); seamen (matelots); 
apprentices (novices); supernumeraries (surnumeraires); coast 
guard (garde-cotes); cabin or ship boys (mousses); servants 
(domestiques). 

PRESTIGE OF WAR 

The zeal of Louis XA'I, King of France and Navarre, the 
"great and good friend" of the States, in his efforts to bring 
effective assistance to their support, was amply vindicated in the 
high character of the chief and splendid morale of the officers 
and men of the army sent to America as "division a gauche" 
inider the supreme orders of Gen. George Washington, com- 
mander in chief of the American forces, lieutenant-general of 
France, and chief in command of the allied armies. 

The willingness and fidelity of these .services, from Rocham- 
BEAU and De Ternay, down to the humblest man in tlie ranks, 
must ever be held in sacred remembrance by the American 
people. 



28o Frnnli Aidiv ami Naiy in America 

lIICll CIIAKACTICK Ol- TllK KKGIMKNTS 

During tlif loiifj; iK-riod of its continued service as a unit of 
field ori^anizatioii in tin.- armies of France, Reginient Hourbon- 
nais, the senior, held a high place on the roll of honor. 

It is interestini; to know the re>;iinent received its distinctive 
appellation hut a year after the edict of Nantes granting civil 
and religious toleration to the Protestant subjects of Henry I\'. 
Naturallv it figured on the side of Louis XI\' during the civil 
war which sprung up as a result of his revocation of that cele- 
brated instrument. It .served in the wars of the .seventeenth 
century, notably under the great Duke D'Enghein against the 
Spaniards, and of the eighteenth century at Blenheim, Malpla- 
quet, and on t)ther fanunis fields, against the celebrated Marl- 
borough, Prince Eugene, and the great warriors of the day. 

It was distinguished specially during the Seven Years' War 
again.st Frederick the C.reat and England, in Ivurope, at the 
very time Washington himself was ser\-ing as a colonial leader 
in the wars of England again.st the French in America. 

The regiments of RoCh.xmhK.M', and the Count him.self, and 
man\- of the oflicers of his army in America fighting for inde- 
pendence, particiiialed on the other side, fighting England, as 
well as her only ally, Prussia. 

It was a .special favor of the King to send a regiment of such 
renown to lead the others, each of which had won a name for 
itself in the more recent wars of the Old World. 

B.Mnn.INO WIND.S 

The wind failing, the convoy anchored in the roads of Bear- 
theanme. On April i6 the war fleet made another attempt, 
but a shif'ing breeze compelled it to remain windbuund in the 
sheltered waters of Brest. A gale also .sent the convoy back to 
the roads. From the 17th adverse winds continued to pre\ail. 
The fleet and convoy did not clear the coast and make a good 
olTuig until May 2, at 5 a. m., taking a southwesterly course 
across the tempest-riven Bay of Biscay. 



Firi/r/i Army and Nary in America 281 

Tliere was great apprehension of a blockade of the port by 
the superior force of the British fleet at Plymouth on the Eng- 
lish coast, less than 200 miles across the channel. For some 
reason this fear jiroved groundless. De Ternay therefore, when 
fairly out of the harbor, crowded on all sail and soon found him- 
self clear of danger astern and none to look for ahead until he 
approached the American coast. 

The officers and men left in excellent spirits, wrote \'er- 
gennes to Lafayette a month later. He had only to regret 
the inability of the entire number to sail, wliich lie expected 
would follow during the summer or autumn. 

In the prevailing heavy weather, particularly in the Gulf 
of Oa.scony, on the French coast, in the southeast angle of the 
Bay of Bi.scay, the topmasts of the Provence went overboard. 
Her captain, unable to keep uji, signaled for jiermission to 
return. De Ternay, however, res])onded by .sending carpenters 
from the flagship to repair the damage. 

On May 5 the Bellonc separated from her companions to 
return to FVance. In order to mislead her officers, the Admiral 
signaled to ])Ut the crews on an allowance of water to create 
the impression of a long vo\'age and to add to the mystification 
of the opposition influences at court. 

The winds continued adverse and fickle. During the first 
three days out the convoy made but i 50 of the 3,500 niiles of 
the voyage, the .sailing route of that day. 

It was a full month after the first order to .sail before Cape 
Finisterre, the south lieadlan<l of Bi.scas', about 480 nautical 
miles .southwest from Brest, lay on the port beam. 

The cutter Serfienf. which had accompanied the fleet for that 
purpose, was sent back with dispatches for the King from De 
Ternay, reporting that the Cape had been pa.ssed, the vo\-age 
was underway with fair winds, and the officers and crews well. 

On June 3, while the fleet lay drifting in the neighborhood 
of the islands to the southward in the line of the trade belt, 
the regimental commanders, Laval of Bourbonnais, Custine of 
Saintonge, d'Ollieres of Soissoiniais, Deuxpouts (Guillaum) 



282 Fr<-H(// .In)/]' and S\i:'v in Avuiiat 

of Deuxpoiits, de la Tour of tlie sappers and tuiiicrs of 
Aiixonne, Dc ("Jimcl of the Artillery of Metz, Savournin pf 
the Grenoble coiiipauN-, and the gallant De Laiizun of the lan- 
cers and hussars, seized the opportunity of going aboard the 
flagship for conference .with their general. They were now 
informed the fleet was heading for the coast of North America. 

OKIIKRS I'OK .\MKRIC.\ 

On the Mil Di: Ui,)Cii.VMiii:.vi;, in acconlance with his instruc- 
tions from his King, .sent his orders to his officers on the trans- 
l>orts in regard to landing, the nature of the .service expected 
of them, and the precedence of rank to be observed toward the 
American troops. 

The \-oyage now began to get interesting. On June 1 1 the 
SiirveiUixiilf and .Imazouc. after an exciting chase of eight 
hours, captured a small Ivngli.sh vessel from Halifax. 

On June iS the fleet jiassed in sight of Bernuula, about 600 
miles oiT the American maiid.ind. On the same day the 
Sun'cillanlc ami .\>iia:oiu\ acting as scout ships, took an 
English brig of 12 guns, outward from Charleston. Imoui its 
connnander was received tidings of the siege and capitulation 
of that city of South Carolina to the British land forces under 
vSir Henry Clinton and the fleet under Marriot Arbuthnot. The 
combined operations began by the appearance of Arbuthnot and 
his convoN- from New York ofT the harbor early in March, 1780. 
An entrance was forced a month later. The cit>-, being com- 
pletely surrounded, was comjielled to surrender on May 12. 
The garri.son, commandiJ b\ Oeiieral Lincoln, was granted 
humiliating terms anil the city given uj) to pillage. 

The I'Vench admiral now had recurring evidences of the prox- 
imil\ of the American coast anil the presence of Briti.sh crui.sers 
and more formidable vessels of war. 

About two days later the fleet sighted 5 luiglish .sail of the 
line and a frigate to the northeast, which showed fight, but were, 
however, allowed to proceed unmolested. 

This action on the part of the admiral led to much criticism 
by the officers alxjard the tran.sports, particularly as he had kept 



French Ayyny and Navy in America 283 

up a fierce cannonade at \on% range for fully three-quarters of 
an hour. The two stjuadrons held the same course during the 
day, l)ut under cover of the nijjht the English disappeared to 
the southward. 

Deuxponts, the most outspoken, declared if the admiral had 
instructions not to fight he should not have begun the battle; 
if he were free tofight he should have used his advantage. 

Dk Rochambkau, inferentially from his " Observations, " 
conunended De Ternay for considering the safety of his convoy 
paramount to his own glory of capturing a vessel or two of the 
enemy. 

The ships sighted were part of Conuiiodore Coriiwallis's 
sijuadron returning to the West Indies after convoying troops 
to the Hernuidas. 

NEWPORT Till'; f;OAL 

The admiral had orders to go to the coast of America for 
objects set forlli in his own instructions and those of Conite 
DK RoCiiAMBiCAU from the King. Therefore he was inclined 
to exercise great caution, although the land officers were restive 
under the restraint. A mishaj) through the fortunes of a .sea 
fight, e,si)ecially as he was convoying a fleet of helpless trans- 
ports, carrying a considerable army of troops destined for 
service in the cau.se of American independence, was to him 
sufficient reason for disregarding an opportunity for possible 
momentary prestige. 

On July 4 a small armed vessel was captured, supposed to be 
a spy. Toward night of the same day, off the entrance to the 
Chesapeake, 1 1 sail were signaled in sight in the bay. De Ternay 
again not wishing to engage, made false counses under cover of 
darkness. In the morning, two of the enemy's ships being still 
in sight, he .started in pursuit. This detachment of the enemy, 
however, managed to escape by casting its guns into the sea. 
Not knowing whether the enemy was Arljuthnol, then on the 
American station, or Gras.se, expected with reenforcement, he 
took the wiser course and steered straight for Rhode Island. 



2S.I l-'roidi .{//)/]■ and Navy in Auicrira 

The \'essels sighted the day before proved to be a convoy of 
3,000 Iviii^lisl,! troops, protected by 5 frijjates, on a voyajje frtjni 
Charleston to New York to jirepare for a pos.sible enierj^ency 
>;ro\ving ont of the arrival of Rochambeau's army and a com- 
bined movement against New York. 

The failnre of De Terna>' to attack nnder auspices so favor- 
able caused another great outcry in the fleet. 

It was claimed by I)e Lauzini "that any man a little less 
timid would have arrived in America with three or four luiglish 
vessels, five or six frigates, and 3,000 prisoners of war." This, 
the gay legionary thought, would have been a very "brilliant 
maimer of showing ourselves to our new allies." 

On July 7 the admiral sunnnoni.(l the captains of the .ships of 
the line and frigates on l)oard for a council of war, at the conclu- 
sion of which he di.sclosed the tenor of the secret instructions 
inuki" which he was pointing for Rhode I>land. 

INDICATIONS OI" L.VND 

Imoih Ju1\- 7 to I) the thick weather gave indications of the 
approach to land. 

On July 9 at 6 a. m. the lead gave bottom at 4 fathoms. On 
accoinit of the luicertainty of the distance off shore and the diffi- 
cult \- of seeing land owing to fog, the ships at noon let go their 
anchors. 

At 3 p. III., the weather lifting, the fleet was again underway 
and soon after made land, first discovered from the masts of the 
Conqiivraiit without being able to identify the locality. 

At 7 p. in., approaching eautiou.sly it was learned from the 
skijiper of a small coasting craft that the land first seen was 
Noman's Land, a small island south of the larger island of 
Martha's Vinevard, olT the coast of Massachusetts. 

At 9 o'clock the vessels hove to. The next morning, July 10, 
at -4 a. m., they were again iniderway. About noon several 
pilots from the islands came aboard to offer their ser\'ices. At 
10 o'clock in the evening the fleet again made land, which 
proved to be Rhode Island, and anchored. 



Frou'Ii Army and Nnvv I'l America 285 

WELCOME, THE LILIES 

At daybreak, July n, the ships being under sail in a thick 
fog close to shore were in inuuinent danger of destruction, but 
a signal from (Mie of the transports warned them of their peril. 
When the fog lifted the fleet was in full sight of Point Judith, 
a league distant, the oceanward promontory on the west side 
of the entrance to Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, with New- 
port head beyond. At each shore lookout the French fleur- 
de-lis on a ground of white was .seen waving — "Rhode Island 
in American hands and welcome," the signal prearranged by 
Lafayette, in obedience to his instructions before leaving France. 

STANDING IN FOR NAKK.\GANSETT \V.\TERS 

The American pilots .secured b\' the admiral were .sent aboard 
the leading .ships. In the afternoon the fleet again .set .sail, en- 
tering Newport channel toward evening. General de Rocham- 
BEAU with his .staff boarded the Hcnnione and sailed for New- 
port in advance of the convoy, wliere he landed before noon. 

FROM BRE.ST TO NEWPORT 

The voyage was unduly long, consuming eighty-.seveu da5's 
from first weighing anchor in the roads of Brest to dropping 
them off Newport in the bay of Narragansett. Scurvy had 
invaded the ranks of the troops, some of whom died at sea, and 
a third were fit only for the hospital. The fleet itself was .short 
of water and provisions. 

The British reenforcements of 6 .ships of the line, .sent out by 
Admiral Graves to Arbuthnot, who had succeeded B\-ron, reached 
New York (July 13) but forty-eight hours after De Ternay put 
into Newport. A few da)s later the I-"rench admiral would 
have found his entrance blocked by 11 vessels. This in itself 
justified his course and completely vindicated his judgment in 
evading a conflict. 



286 Froicli Ar)uv and Na-i'v in America 

WASHINGTON ANTICIl'ATES 

In anticipation of tht arrival i)f tlic French fleet and army off 
the coast, General \\'ashin>;t()n outlined a plan of operations 
having in view the reduction of New York, according to which 
Count UK RoCHAMBEAU and Chevalier de Teniay were to pro- 
ceed with all possible exjiedition to Sandy Hook, where they 
would "be met with further advices of the precise situation, 
strength, and disposition of the enem\' and of the American 
army, with the projiosals for their future movements," unless 
they should "secure authentic account that the fleet and troops 
of the enemy operating in the southern States had evacuated 
them and formed a junction at New York " 

In the latter case, upon their arrival at Rhode Island they 
were "to disembark their troops, dispose of their sick, and 
await till a more definite plan could be concerted." 

If they appeared ofT Cape Henry they were ' ' to proceed 
directly to Rhode Island and make the same arrangements." 

SITfATION AND .STRENGTH OK THK KNKMY 

It was Washington's purpo.se in having his allies proceed 
immediately to New York to take advantage of the ab.sence of 
an important part of the enemy's fighting force, which then 
consisted of 8,000 British regulars, 4,000 refugees, and such 
militia as might be gathered by "persuasion or force." 

Their naval strength at the moment was but one 74-gH" ship 
and three or four small frigates. 

Under these conditions the forcing of New York Harbor and 
capture of the garri.son was regarded jiracticable. 

It was calculated the southern expedition of Sir Henry Clin- 
ton had drawn off about 7.000 troops, three ships of the line, 
and one of 50, two of 44 guns, and some smaller frigates. \Vith 
the.'ie forces combined, Washington was not disjwsed to risk an 
engagement. 

He al.so urged the importance of engaging Count de Guichen 
in his cruising, to direct his movements toward the American 
coast. 



French Army and Nm'v in America 287 

SALUTATIONS IN EMBRYO 

In getting ready for the felicitations of the occasion Wash- 
ington intrusted Marquis de Lafayette with a copious budget 
of complimentary expressions to be conveyed by him to the 
Count DE RoCHAMBEAu and Monsieur de Ternay assuring 
"them of all respect and consideration" and "of the high sense 
I entertain of this distinguished mark of his Most Christian 
Majesty's friendship to these States" and "of the happiness 
anticipated in a personal acquaintance and cooperation with 
gentlemen, whose reputation has inspired me with the greatest 
esteem for their talents and merit;" adding, "I will do every- 
thing on my part to give success to the intended operations." 

WASHINGTON'S FINESSE 

As a military ruse in connection with the movements of the 
expected French, Washington proposed to Lafayette to issue 
over his signature two proclamations in French to the Canadi- 
ans, one hinting" at the arrival of a French fleet and army in the 
St. Lawrence, with cooperation from Rhode Island, and "dwell- 
ing on the happy opportunity- it will afford them to renew their 
ancient friendship with France by joining the allied arms and 
assisting to make Canada a part of the American confederation. ' ' 

The other was to Ije drawn ' ' on the supposition of the fleet 
and army having already arrived aiid containing an animating 
invitation to arrange themselves under the allied banners." 

As a further specimen of the great chieftain's adroit methods 
it was proposed that the Marquis de Lafayette should hold him- 
self ' ' up as a French and American officer charged both by the 
King of France and by the Congress of the States with a com- 
mission to address them." He continued: "It may indeed be 
well to throw out an idea that you are to command the corps of 
American troops destined to cooperate with the French arma- 
ment. The more mystery the better. It will get out, and it 
ought to, but seemingly against our intention," 

The document was prolix, if not conclusive, and never taken 
seriously. The strategem, however, to nii,slead the British by 
drawing attention from New York was in a measure .successful. 



aSS Frciuli .\r))i\ and A^az'v in Animca 

SKCRKTS TO A TKAITOK 

The proclaiiKition did >;Lt oul, though in .i \-ery different fo'nn 
than intended. 

On June 4, a little over three months before treachery was 
discovered, (leneral Washington, at Morristown, inclosed to 
Arnold, who had had connnand of an exjiedition to Canada in 
the earlier part of the Revolution, a draft directing him to " put 
it into the hands of a printer whose secrecy and discretion may 
be dependeil upon." I'ive hundred copies were struck ofT. 

At this very moment the traitor was ingratiating himself 
with the enemy l)y .sending intelligence to the Hritish com- 
mander of the movements and plans of the army. It is natural 
to presume that Washington's injunction as to the printer, "not 
to reserve a cojiy for himself nor suffer one to get abroad," 
had no restraint on this mi.schievous character, and that the 
information, with a copy, was placed forthwith in the hands 
of Clinton. It c.ime out afterwards that several copies fell into 
possession of the Hritish commander, who .sent one to George 
Ciermaine, war secretar\', at London, with the ob.servation "to 
be published in Canada." 

PLEASANTRIES FOR LUZKRNE 

In a letter from Morristown, earl>- in June, to the Chevalier 
de la Luzerne paving the way to the expected, Washington 
"referred to "proofs of the generous zeal of your countrymen. 
1 am happy in believing that the troops and citizens -of these 
States will eagerly embrace every opportunity to manifest their 
affection to the troops and citizens of your nation, as well as 
their gratitude and veneration for a prince from whom they have 
received the most important benefits." He spoke of the account 
the ^Llrquis de Lafayette had given him of what his excellency 
"had done for the advancement of the conibinetl operations,'' 
and asked his advice with the greatest freedom. 



Frciuli Arniv and Navy in America 289 

KNC.I.ANO AI.ARMHn 

Sir Henry Cliuluii was advised uf these sus])ici(ius prepara- 
tions at Brest as early as March, nearly Iud nionlhs helore tlie 
fleet got fairly inuler way. The ^reat alarm felt in lingland 
for the safety of Newfoundland, Halifax, and Canada was 
marked. The latter was supposed to he the real ohjective of 
the French forces, where the\- were to be ccjoperated with by 
the Americans in the hope of arou.sing the Canadians at seeing 
their former countrymen once uKjre in arms on Canadian soil. 

The.se inferences seemed to be juistified by the return of Mar- 
quis Lafayette with clothing, arms, money, and other .supplies 
suitable for such an expetlition. 

In the caviling which usually follcnvs in the wake of an 
unsuccessful war, Mr. I'ox, in the British Ilou.se of Commons 
on I'ebruary 7, 1782, connnenting cm the mismanagement cjf 
naval affairs in the war for the Crown in the .Slates had tliis 
to say: 

"I'Vom llu- same criiniiial negligence the Chevalic-r de Ternay was 
perniilte.l to sail iininolcslcd with liis scjuadron to Nortli America, when 
he transported thither those numerous military forces which captured 
the army of Ivord Cornwallis." 

A New York newspaper, before the .sailing, announced as a 
fact that M. de Ternay would cojuniand a squadron of shii)s con- 
voying .six regiments destined to aid the States. Therefore the 
secrecy imposed was no longer neces.sary, although information 
was given out very .slowly and with the greatest caution. 

The coming of a fleet with an auxiliary army having been 
referred to Congress, a three days' debate ensued, when resolu- 
tions were pa.ssed in accordance with the views of the h'rench 
minister, M. de la Luzerne, respecting the gathering of a suffi- 
cient number of American troops to make condjined operations 
possible and prompt. 

It was a general supposition, in which Washington shared, 

as early as May preceding the arrival of the fleet, that the 

destruction of Halifax and of the naval arsenal at that jxjint 

was the primary object of our allies. Washington therefore 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 19 



290 Firiic/i Adi/v and Navy in America 

oblaincil plans of tlic harlK)r and defenses of that stronghold 
for their information and use upon their arrival at Newport. 

With his usual foresight Washington made careful prepara- 
tions for the proper reception and acconnnodation of the fleet, 
giving personal orders to have officers stationed at diflferent 
posts along the coast to signal, should it appear, and com- 
municate with it immediately. He al.>«o made arrangements 
for pilots familiar with the coast. He dispatched Major Galvau, 
a Frenchman in the Continental service, with a letter to Gov- 
ernor Jeffer.son to have lookouts at the Chesapeake capes. 

The general in chief also sent personal directions to Major 
Lee, in command of an advance detachment, to take po.st in 
New Jersej' below wSandy Hook; to put himself in connnnnica- 
tion with Major Forman, who would arrive as bearer of dis- 
patches to the fleet should it appear; al.so empowered him to 
impress food of every kind afforded by the country, giving 
certificates therefor; to command any militia in .service, and 
orders to despatch a dragoon to headquarters and another to 
the minister of France at Philadelphia with intelligence regard- 
ing the moment of the arrival of the French fleet. 

THOUGHTFUI, PKEP.-\.K.\TIONS 

As .soon as it became known to Wa.shington that the French 
fleet would touch at Rhode Island to land the sick and the sur- 
plus .stores and receive information necessary to intelligent coop- 
eration, General Heath, one of his most trusted ofiicers, who at 
the time was at his home at Roxbury on leave, received orders 
to proceed to Providence to welcome its arrival. 

On May 16 General Heath was met by Deputy-Governor 
Bowen and a party of citizens and formally escorted into Pro\-i- 
dence. 

M. Louis Ethis de Corny, commissary-general of the French 
forces, followed early in June to assi.st in the general preparation. 
De Corny, properly lieutenant-colonel of cavalry in the Ameri- 
can army, happening to be at Versailles when the Roch.\mbe.\U 
expedition was being arranged, was appointed to perform the 
duties indicated in advance of the arrival of the French armv. 



Frnicli Annv and Navv in America 291 

His reception at Providence was most demonstrative as well 
as cordial. A troop of horse met and attended him to the town 
hall, where he was formally welcomed. The Rhode Island 
government ordered vacated a suitable mansion for his accom- 
modation. At his request the college building was converted 
into a hospital for the French sick. 

The commander in chief, with his usual foresight, .sent Doctor 
Craik, his friend and chief medical officer, to Newport with 
directions to take up proper houses for hospitals and to make 
some preliminary arrangements in that department, referring to 
the expected arrival of the French fleet at Rhode Island. He 
was especially solicitous concerning preparations to land the 
sick and the supernumerary stores and the perfection of 
arrangements necessary to direct operations. 

ORDERS To HEATH. 

In a letter of June 2, 1780, to Major-General Heath, now in 
command at Newport, the chief gave specific directions con- 
cerning the con.sideration due the French general and admiral 
upon their arrival, mentioning the need of the advice and 
assistance of a penson of di.scretion and judgment. He there- 
fore requested him to present himself to them upon arrival, 
letting them know that they might command his services. 
He also wished him, in conjunction with the governor,' to estab- 
li.sh a market between the fleet and army and the country, and 
be careful that the allies be not impo.sed upon in prices. 

He placed great stress upon this as a policy which should be 
strictly adhered to. 

Bj- the next opportunity he promised a letter from the Mar- 
quis de Lafayette to Lieutenant-General Count dk Rocham- 
BEAU and Admiral de Ternay. 

A popular vent' for the intense patriotic activity- of the people 
was found in a grand celebration of the fourth anniversary of 
American independence. Thirteen guns were fired in honor 
of the event. The governor, French conimissar}', and many 
distinguished citizens sat down to a dinner with General Heath. 



292 French Anvy ond Naiy in .hinrira 

As a result of all this /cal and fiicrKV, e\-erything was in 
readiness to meet the formalities and realties of the presence 
of RociiAMiiKAf and his arnn- and de Ternay and his ships and 
convoy in the waters of Rhode Island. 

NEWPORT I!Y THE SEA 

Among the coast ports of the Amtrican .States none save New 
York was so conspicuously identified with the strategic move- 
ments of liotli sides on land and sea as the beautiful maritime 
city of Newjiort of tlie ancient province of Rhode Island. 

In fact, for the purposes of vantage, in the sailing days of 
Revolutionary times, taking the entire stretch of coast line from 
Fund\- U) the Chesapeake, it was .second only to the cit>' of New 
York in convenience of situation, ease of access, depth of water, 
area and security of anchorage. 

It was in a great measure the land importance, in a military 
sen.se, of New York, at the outlet of the Hudson and the natural 
barrier between the New England and the middle vStates of the 
confederation, which gave that city .selection and ]ireponderance 
over its numerically smaller neighbor to the eastward. Yet 
Newport was not ignored. D'Estaing found there a strong gar- 
ri.son of the enemy well jilauted in the sunnner of 1778. 

The American general in chief had the same idea of the tac- 
tical value of the city. Before the arrival of Rocii.xmbe.a.U, 
through a ru.se he cleared the British out of their defenses and 
left an open way for the oncoming fleet of France and defen- 
sive room for its troops. 

It had also the innnediate advantage of abundant food sup- 
plies and an energetic people, fired in the highest degree with 
the nol)le impulse of patriotism. It had borne this reputation 
for more than a century and a half, ha\'ing risen in colonial 
days to the dignity of one of the chief commercial cities of New- 
England and always loyal to the Crown. 

The naval authorities of France evidently well knew their 
business when they made it the point of destination for the 
expedition of D'Estaing and better when they fixed upon it as 



Frr}tcJi Army and Ncrc'v in America 293 

the base of the fleet of de Teniay and laiidiiif^^ ground for the 
army of de Rochambeau. 

By land it lay about 70 miles south of Boston, a not nuich 
greater distance east of New York, and far enout;li from the 
ocean to be out of reach of the guns of an enemy and near 
enough to be within easy exit to challenge the most daring foe. 

It connnanded all ocean approaches and nowhere on the coast 
was there a better seat of operations against a maritime adver- 
sary. It was a constant menace of the British fleet at Gardiner 
Bay, at the Montank L-nd of Long Island, and a vigilant out- 
look on commerce seeking entrance to the .Sound, with the same 
eye on naval and connnercial operations in and out of New York 
Harbor. 

COURIERS FOR HEADQUARTERS AND CONGRESS 

Upon the first sighting of the French fleet and convoy off 
the coast, an express was hurried awa^- to Providence to apprise 
General Heath of the welcome tidings. He was at that citj* per- 
fecting his arrangement of an equitalile understanding on prices 
between the fleet and the country on a common basis, as between 
French coin and Continental scrip, far beyond redemption. 

The general in town sent a fleet courier to the headquarters 
of Washington, then in Bergen Countj', N. J., informing him 
the French fleet had arrived off Newport on the evening of the 
loth and was standing into the harborwhen the express departed. 

The General himself hastily .started for Newport, in order 
to give the French commanders of the land and sea forces of 
the allies a suitable welcome and tender of services. 

The letter of Heath readied Washington on the 14th. The 
same day word was passed along b\- relays to Congress, conve\'- 
ing the glad intelligence, adding, ' ' the signals of recognizance 
were made and the fleet was standing into the harbor. ' ' 

The general in chief not only congratulated Congre.ss but 
entreated it to press every measure in its power to put affairs 
in condition to begin intended cooperation with vigor and 
efficiency. 



294 French Adiiv and Navy in America 

DUMFOlNniNC. INmi'FERKN'CE 

In the oiiinion of WaNhin>;tou, a source of congratulation to 
all was the extraordinary fact of the appearance of de Ternay 
on the coast of America within less than a hundred miles of 
New York Harbor, the chief naval station of Great Britain on 
the coast of the States, and his safe arrival at his prearranged 
anchorage in Xarragansett Bay, without any efforts whatever 
on the jiart of the enemy to intercept, delay, or engage his fleet 
with its transports laden with troops, supplies of gold, and 
e(iuipuient of ships, guns, men, and materials of war generally. 
ITpon the receipt of Heath's letter Washington dispatched 
Lafayette to Newport with full instructions to concert meas- 
ures for future operations with the French general and admiral. 

.\t IVekskill, on his way. the marquis, meeting French 
officers en route to Washington's headquarters with documents 
from their chiefs, returned with them for further orders. 

KOCllAMlU^.Vl- KKrOKTS TO W.\SIlINGTON 

In a letter dated at Newport. R. I., at the earliest moment 
after his arrival. Count dk Roch.VMHK.W. in transmitting his 
instructions, laid before General Washington a connected 
account of e\-euts after the departure of the Marquis de Lafa- 
yette from France, and of his own acts since his arrival, as 
follows : 

Ik'iiiK onlered by the King, my hi.isUt, to coiiie M\i\ put inysj^U uiulor 
your coimnaiul, I arrive with the deepest feelitijjs of suhinissioii. of zeal, 
and of veneration for your person, and for tlie distinguished talents which 
von ilisplay in supporting an ever nietnorahle war. 

Since M. de Lafayette left Krance we have met with many disappoint- 
nicnls. The ileparlnre of M. de Guichen had taken away the transi>ort 
ships from Hrest. Orders were given as early as the month of l-'ehruary. 
to replace t!u>m by others from Harve. ,Sl. Malo. and Bordeaux. The first 
two of these harbors were blockaded by a small luiglish s<|uadron, and 
the ships were unable to leave Bordeaux on account of the same head 
winds, which detained us so long. The King determined to send me 
with a first division, taking with me whatever could be enil>arked at Brest. 
I was aideil as far as jKissible by the royal navy, and we were ready to sail 
on the 14th of April with 5,000 men. field and siege artillery, and other 



Frciirli .l/ii/i' and Navv in .Inirrica 295 

things in proportion. Wc wi'ri' pri-vfiile<l from n™".'< f" ■''t'a by head 
winds until the 2(1 of May ; and, in order not to render this letter loo long, 
permit me to refer you for the particulars of our voyage to the copy of 
the account which I send to the I'reuch minister. 

We are now, sir, under your connnand. I have received at this place 
M. de Lafayette's letters. As the return of Clinton and of Arbuthnot has 
altered the state of things since the fir.st, I shall follow the last orders 
which you sent me, and I am engaged in landing the troops at Newport, 
in Rhode Island. The Chevalier de Ternay desired that until we are able 
to commence operations, we should give each other mutual support at 
this post. I am about to encamp with Newport in my rear, and occupy- 
ing the whole of the extremity of the island on the side of the enemy. 
The Chevalier de Ternay anchors in the harbor and wmII establisli a po.st 
and batteries u])on the island of Connanicut. In this position we can 
defy all the English forces. Our long detention in the harl)or and our 
long passage have given us many sick, hut few are dangerously so, and 
three weeks' rest will fully recruit them. 

At the same tiuie I am busily engaged with I\I. de Corn)-, who, accord- 
ing to your excellency's order, has made all the preparations which he 
could in hastening the arrival of the wagons for provisions and baggage, 
and horses enough to mount a few officers, and if possible a hundred of 
Lauy.un's hussars; and I hope that in a month we shall be ready to act 
under your excellency's orders. In the meanwhile, I tru.st that the second 
division will reach us, or at least that we shall hear of its sailing. The 
King charged me personally to assure your excellency that he w'onld give 
all possible assistance to his allies, and that this advanced guard would 
be supported by his whole power ; and the strongest proof which I can 
give you of it is that the whole detachment was ready to embark at Brest 
on the first of April if there had been a sufficient number of transports. 
M. Duchaffault was in the harbor with a large number of ships, and noth- 
ing was waited for but the arrival of the convoy from Bordeaux to appoint 
a .second squadron to accompany the second division. 

It is hardly necessary for me to tell your excellency that I bring suffi- 
cient funds to pay in cash for whatever is needed by the King's arniv, and 
tliat we shall maintain as strict discipline as if we were under the walls of 
Paris. General Heath arrived this morning. This place is very destitute 
of provisions of all sorts, and the inhabitants have been always afraid of 
seeing the enemy back again. General Heath has sent to all parts of the 
country the news of our arrival, of our discipline, and of our cash pay- 
ments, and I do not doubt that in a few days we shall find here an abun- 
dant market. I join to this letter a cop)' of my instructions, and even of 
my secret instructions also, as I do not choo.se to have anv .secrets with mv 
general. 



296 /'niii/i .Iniiy (iinf Xti:')' in .Inirrica 

ROCHAMBKAf'S INSTRUCTIONS 

TIr- Kind's instructions to Count i>i-: RocnAMriKAr ( dated 
at \'ersailles, March 1, 1780) oullini-d his ihity ;ind disciphneas 
follows: 

His Majt'slv iKiviii); ckli'niiitifil to semi a coiisi<lerat)k- liody of troops to 
Aini'iioa to the assistance of his allies, the I'liited States, has appoitited 
Cimiit 1>K KoCHA.MUUAl', one of his lieutenant-generals, to the chief coni- 
inand of the twelve battalions of infantry, which are to l>e coninian(le<l, 
under his orders, by four inajor-fjenerals. This coq>s, which His Majesty 
has furnishe<l with its proper complement of artillery for sie);es and serv- 
ice ill the field, is to be in readiness to start from Hrest in the first days 
of April uiKler the escort of a siiiuulroii of six ships of the line, ooniniaiided 
liy the Chevalier de Ternay. 

In sendiii)!; such considerable succors to cooperate with (ieiicral 
Washinjjton, commander in chief of the troops of the Congress of the 
I'liited States of North America, in the military operations which he uiny 
determine upon, the intentions of His Majesty are: 

ARTICI.K I. That the >;eneral to whom His Majesty intrusts the com- 
mand of his troops should always aiul in all cases be under the command 
of Cicneral \Vasliiiii;toii. 

.VKTK'l.li 11. That all projects and ]>l.ius for the campai^:;n or for private 
expeditions should be decided upon by the American j;eiieral, kcejiiiif; in 
view that hannony which His Majesty hopes to see between the two 
commanders in chief and the jjencrals and soldiers of the two nations. 

.\rtici.K 111. The French troops, being only auxiliaries, should, 011 this 
account, as was done in tU'rmany in the campaifjn of 1757, yield prece- 
dence and the right to the .\nierican troops; and this decision is to hold 
goiHl in all general or particular ca.ses which may occur. The I'reiich 
general who took part in the cain])aigii meiitioiicd as an example, ami 
who, moreover, is perfectly well aci|uaiiiteil with military rules, will give 
the greatest attention to maintain this arrangement and to have it 
observed in its full extent. He will take care to give previous informa- 
tion of it to the general olVicers and the troops uiuler his command, in 
order to avoid any ililViculty Uiat might disturb the gooil understanding 
which His Majesty hopes to see prevail Ix-tween the two armies uniteil 
under the command of Cicnenil Wa.shington. 

.\K'nci.K IV. In conseiiuonce of the above article, the .\nicrican oflicers 
with eijual rank and the same dale of coinnii.ssion shall have the command, 
and in all ca.ses the .\nierican triH)ps .shall take the right. In all military 
acts and capitulations the .\merican general and triKips .shall be iiaincd 
lirst and will sign llr.st, as has always bi-en the custom, and in acconlance 
w illi the principles above laid ilown w ith reganl to auxiliary lrix>ps. 



French A)iiiy and Nai'y in America 297 

Article V. It is His Majesty's expectation and verj' positive order to 
Count DE ROCHAMBRAU that lie will sec to the exact and literal execution 
of the above four articles. 

Article VI. The corps of French troops will retain in all cases, as has 
always been the custom, full jurisdiction and riRhts of trial over every 
individual belonj;ing to it. The decision of His Majesty upon a question 
of this nature which aro.se at Brest concerning the Spanish troops is to 
serve for a precedent in this matter, according to the laws of nations. 

Article VII. His Majesty having provided for all the wants of the 
troops who may be sent from Europe, expects that, as Congress and Gen- 
eral Washington have been previously informed of the intended succors 
and of the number of troops 11 is Majesty has determined to send to North 
America, and the Marquis de Lafayette having been especially charged to 
give Iheni notice of it and al.so of the moment of tlieir arrival, the .strictest 
orders will have been issue<l for furnishing the necessary provisions and 
refreshments of all kinds and the horses required for transporting the 
I'rench artillery, and that these supi)lies will be at hand wherever cir- 
cumstances may render it advisable for the French troops to land. As 
His Majesty sends with the Marquis de Lafayette a commissary of war who 
is in future to be employed for the.se troops, he hopes that every precau- 
tion will be taken in concert with this commissary to furnish provisions, 
hospitals, and whatever el.se may be needed by the F'rench troops. This 
article is of the highest importance, and His Majesty trusts that Congress 
and General Washington will feel its indi.spensable necessity. 

Article VIII. His Majesty confides to the prudence of Count DE 
RoCH.VMliEAU, to his zeal and military talents, and above all to his firm- 
ness, the care of maintaining among the F'rench troo])s under his com- 
mand the most severe and exact discipline in all respects; above all it is 
enjoined upon him to promote by all po.ssible means the greatest harmony 
, and good understanding between the F'rench and the American troops and 
all the inhabitants who are either subjects or allies of the Cougress of the 
LTnited Slates of North America. 

Although it is left entirely to General Washington to dispose as he 
pleases of the auxiliary troops sent to America, His Majesty would desire 
that, in case the French division should not be immediately united with 
General Wa.shington, and should be detached for any expedition with an 
American corps, the two French and American general oflicers might be 
independent of each other, whatever their rank, and act in concert without 
either giving or receiving orders. 

Prince ue Montbarrev. 



298 French Arviy and Na'y in America 

SKCKin" INSTKl'CTIONS 

In acklitioii to the general direction of the ])ii\vers and duties 
of Count Di-; RocHAMBEAtT were the followinj;, of a secret 
nature: 

ArTiclk I. His Majesty ilesires and onlers Count dk Rochamiikai: lo 
retain, as far as circumstances will permit, tlie I'rench troops intrusted lo 
his command collected tt));ellicr in one corps, and to represent on a proper 
occasion to General Wasliinj^lon, connnander in chief of the troops of 
Conj^ress, under whose orders the I'rench troops are lo serve, that it is the 
Kiufi's intention that the I'rench troops should not be dispersed, but that 
they should always act in a body and under I'rench j;enerals, except in the 
case of temporary detachments, which are to rejoin the princijial corps in 
a few days. 

ArTICI.K II. His Majesty intends that the corps of French troops sent 
to the assistance of the Conjjress of the Ignited States of North America 
slu)uld keep its own j;uards, and should perform all the service, havinj; in 
view its security in the camps, cantonments, or quarters which it may 
occupy. 

EN VOYAGE 

The following is the narration of the voyage from the jien 
of RoCHAMHK.\i' himself: 

We lay a month in liresl roads windbound, till durinj^ the night of May 
I to 2 a sharp breeze sprung up from the northward. The Chevalier de 
Ternay took advantage of this, and with all his convoy cleared the passage 
called the " Passe du Rat." Three days after his ships encountered the 
most boisterous weather in the Bay of Kiscay. He was separated from his 
convoy during four days. 

As the wind fell he rallied them and iloubled Cape Fini.sterre in good 
order. The luiglish Admiral had .sailed with the .same north wind, but 
the hurricane drove him into port, which allowed the I'rench convoy to 
take and keep the lead. 

We steered our course to the south of the Azores. l)n the 20th of June, 
when to the south of Bermuda, we discovered six sail bearing down with 
all possible speed upon the convoy. The Chevalier de Ternay rallied 
them in the rear of his line and faced the enemy, who was surprised to 
see seven line-of-l)attle .sliips emerge from among the merchantmen. 

The body of our squadron bore up before the wind. One of the Eng- 
lish ships ventured away from the others and came within reach of our 
line, but was soon sharply chaseii and nearly captured. 



Froirli Ajdiv and Naiy in America 299 

Tho Chevalier de Teruay perceiving; that one of his ships, the Proxcnce, 
was unable to keep up, and the enemy meanwhile bearing up before the 
wind, thus threatenin;;; to cut her off, signaled the nearest vessels to 
lessen sail. The Englishman tacked back to his S()uadron, but not without 
receiving a broadside from the French. 

The two squadrons kept up a duel of broadsides until sunset, when de 
Ternay steered his course onward. 

The English squadron, conmianded by Captain Cornwallis, was retym- 
ing to Jamaica, having conducted a convoy to Bermuda. 

A few days before this encounter the French captured a cutter of the 
enemy conveying a party of officers from Charleston to the i.slands. From 
them news was had of the capture of Charleston by the English. 

On July 4 our soundings proved we were near the coast of Virginia. 
We took a small vessel, and from it papers confirming the capture of 
Charleston and the return of .•Xdnnral Arbuthnot's fleet to New York, 
together with the troops under Clinton which had participated in the 
siege. 

Five thousand men had been left at Charleston under Lord Cornwallis. 

The return of this corps, we had information, increased the .garrison 
there to 14,000 men, and that Arbuthnot was expecting Lord Graves to join 
him from England. 

ROCHAMBEAU ON THE SITUATION 

111 comineiiting in after year.s upon the conditioii.s at the 
time of his arrival, the Count says: 

Since the taking of Charleston the American credit had greatlydeclined. 
The paper currency was so depreciated that |6o were not worth more than 
%i of the specie. General Washington having sent to Carolina nearly 
all the troops of the southern vStates under General Gates, was confined to 
the defense of Jersey with his army, consisting only of the troops of the 
northern States. 

The arrival of the French troops, although inferior in number to what 
had been anticipated, was hailed by General Washington and Congress 
with sentiments of the greatest joy and gratitude. The early arrival of 
the second division, which was announced to Congress by the French 
representative was anxiously looked for, as well as the increase of naval 
forces which it was to bring to give us the upper hand at sea, so necessary 
to enable us to act efficiently against the English, who had posses.sion of 
every place along the coast. 



3CX) Frciult .\rviv and Naxy in America 

ENTHUSIASM IN MAVl'OKT 

It was ini(ltn<;ht of llic iilli when General Heath reached 
Newport. In the meantime Connt DK Rochajihkai' had landed 
with a single comi>any of grenadiers. Tlie next morning the 
General called upon the Coinit and proffered all services at his 
connnaiid. 

After breakfast he also made a call of etit|nette ii]ion Chevalier 
de Ternay on his Hagshii). 

.\t lo a. m. the Chevalier fired a salute of 13 guns to the 
town, which was returned by the American batteries on shore. 

In honor of the arrival the town, at first somewhat bewildered 
by the novelty of the situation, was soon en fete. Flags were 
(lisi)hiycd and the people flocked to the shore. 

There followed a series of ceremonial exchanges covering 
several days — General Heath dining with Cointe ok Rocham- 
BK.vi' on the 12th, Admiral de Ternay and his princijial officers 
coming ashore as a return compliment to General Heath on the 
i;,th, Comte nK RoCHAMBEAU and the general officers of the 
I'reiich army being the guests of General Heath on the 14th — 
in mutual felicitations of welcome, aci|naititance, festive enjo}"- 
ment and "happy fraternity,'" in the expressive phrase of the 
(icneral himself. 

RESOLUTIONS OF JOY 

On Tuesday, July iith, the day after the anchoring of the 
fleet and convoy, the inhabitants of Newport gave the follow- 
ing formal expression of their feelings: 

Wliervas iiiimy of tlu' Inhabitants of the Town of Newport, sincerely 
desirous of afTonlinj; tlieir nlinost aid and assistance to the fleet and army 
of His Most Christian Majesty, the ilUistrious ally of the State, now within 
the Harbour and Town of Newport, have associated for the defence thereof 
against the Connnon Ivneiny; and, whereas, the sjinie Inhabitants have 
been heretofore deprived of their lire arms and accoutrements by the said 
I'jieniv, and are now in want of a sulTicient number for arminjj and equip- 
ping 200 men; ll'/irir/'oif, A'csohv<f, that Major General Count DH RocH- 
.\MHE.\l', Commander of the Anny of his .s;iid Christian Majesty, for the 
Loan of a suflicient number of the nece.ssary anns and accoutrements for 
the arming and equipping sd men, iS: this Town will return the s:inie when 



French Ariiiv and Na-oy in America 301 

thereto reqiiircil by General Count nn Rochamheau & that tin- Committee 
who waited on C.enl Heath yesterday he appointed to wait on liim with 
the vote. 

Whereas, upon the arrival of the Fleet & Army appointed by His Most 
Christian Majesty to cooperate with the forces of these United States 
against the Common Kneniy, the Inhabitants & Citizens of this town are 
called upon from the Duty & Rexard they owe our country, & the Grati- 
tude & Respect which is due from every citizen to the Illustrious Ally of 
these States, as well as to afford them the utmost aid & Assistance, also to 
manifest every mark of respect & esteem upon their arrival; 

IVhcrrfore, resolved. That all Houses in the Streets hereafter named be 
illuminated to-morrow evening, to-w-it: Thames Street, Congress (hereto- 
fore called Queen Street), Lewis Street (heretofore called King's Street) 
Broad Street, leading out of Town, the Street leading over the Point 
Bridge, and the Street leading from the long Wharfe to the point Battry, 
and such other Houses in this Town as the abilities of the Occupants 
thereof will admit, & that the Lights be Continued to lo o'clock in 
Evening: 

II is further resolved, that Benj. Almy, Job Kaston, George Chaniplain, 
Jabez Champlain, Geo. Sears, Rob Taylor, John Townsend, John Topham, 
Isaac Dayton S: William Taggart be a Connnittee to Patrole the Streets to 
prevent any damage arising from fire, & to preserve the Peace of the 
Town; Ordered that this resolution be published & made known to the 
Inhabitants of this Town by beat of Drum. 

// is further resolved, the Trea.surer, will furnish a Box of Candles at 
the e.\pen.se of the Town, & that the .same be distributed to tho^e of the 
Inhabitants who reside in the Streets heretofore ordered lo be Illuminated, 
and who are not of abilities to furnish the same. 

The illniniiiation took place and eiitluisiasni was nni\'er.sal. 
In addition 13 grand rockets were .sent uj) in front of the stale 
hou.se in honor of the Union. 

ROCH.\MBEAtI KI'XIl'KOC.VTES 

As soon as his military duties ])crniitted Comte nn Rocii.Mvi- 
BHAU met the address of the inhaliitants in the following wcll- 
cho.sen terms: 

Lieutenant-General Count Di-; Rocn.\MHK.\U has received with the warm- 
est gratitude the address which many of the inhabitants of Newport were 
plea.sed to present to him. He begs leave, in the name of the King, his 
master, their ally, as much as in his own and that of the army under his 
command, mo.st particularly to acknowledge this new mark of friendship 
from the citizens of America. The Count has the honor to assure the 



302 French Army ami Xaiy hi America 

inhabitants of Newport that his reliance on their zeal and gallantry add a 
jjreat degree of security to his preparations of defense, and that if the 
enemj- is so daring as to come and attack Newport, such of them as may 
want arms will be immetliately supplied. 

Lk ComTE de Rochamheav. 

SITK OF THK KKKN'CH CAMP 

In the meantime General Heath jiointed otit to the French 
commander the location of his camp, which was in a high and 
healthful locality southeast of the town. He also placed him 
in pos-session of the batteries. 

THE MAX OF THE CRISIS 

Comte DE Rock AM BEAU (Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vinieur) 
first saw the light of his gloriously destined career at the pic- 
turesque town of \'endome, on the west bank of the Loire, in 
the Department of Loire et Chere, France, i lo miles south-south- 
west of Paris, on July i, 1725, and died at his chateau at There, 
near the place of his birth, Maj- 10, 1807, a .span lacking but 
two months of 82 years — a munificence, indeed, of life's allot- 
ment, considering his many and varied perils in war and on land 
and sea. 

He came by his military traits in the logical order of heredity, 
his father having been a lieutenant-general and governor of the 
di.strict in which the family dwelt. His mother was governess 
to the children of the Duke of Orleans, brother to the King. 
Marked out by paternal dictum for the Church, with that in view, 
while very young he was entered at the College of Jesuit.s at Blois. 
As he was about to receive the tonsure on Easter Sunday of 
1742, the death of his elder brother made other disposal of 
man's proposal, he having fallen heir to the paternal estate, and, 
therefore, becoming master of his own inclinations. 

At the age of 17 he became cornet in Regiment Saint Simon, 
serving beyond the Rhine in Bavaria and Bohemia, in the war 
over the Austrian succession, with so much ardor and gallantry 
that four years later Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, entered 
him among his aids-de-camp. 



Frcndi Anuv ai/d Naz'v in America 303 

It is not in place here to descant at length upon the succes- 
sion of deeds of prowess to his credit in the gigantic and 
desperate struggles of the middle of the eighteenth century. 
RoCHAMBEAU won for his portion a brilliant share in the mili- 
tary transactions of that eventful period. 

We shall only recount enough to demonstrate the character 
of the soldier sent to America b}' the Bourbon King, to manifest 
the sincerity of his aid and to prove the valor of his arms. 

On the rise of De Clermont, young Rochambeau was trans- 
ferred to the military household of that master of maneuvers. 

In the Low Countries the ambitious youth, seeing his chance, 
one dark night, unknown to his chief, silently scaled a precip- 
itous height hitherto regarded inaccessible. Coming across 
two sentinels unconscious of danger, quietly smoking under cover 
of a gun, he crept back, reporting his obsen'ations to De Cler- 
mont. A strong force having been assembled for assault, a 
heavy bombardment from the other side of the stream diverted 
attention in that direction. At a signal, with Roch.\Mbeau, 
sword in hand, at their head, the storming column went scram- 
bling up the heights. In a short time the lilies waved over the 
ramparts of Namur. 

For this daring, as the first step of his career, he received from 
his King the colonelcj' of Regiment La Marche, he being not quite 
22 years of age. At the fearful struggle on the field of Lawfeldt, 
he again won laurels, but was twice severely' wounded. 

At the siege of Maestricht, the citadel of the Meuse, the next 
year (1748) he again performed a prodigy of arms. With but 
20 companies of grenadiers, he struck for the key to the posi- 
tion and by dint of the most audacious charges in the face of 
baj'onets, captured the magazines and stores of the enemy. 

The war went on, Rochajibeau adding to the record of his 
achievements. It was during these bitter struggles that Regi- 
ment Dillon, the organization of Irishmen in the service of 
France, notablj' distinguished itself on the bloodj' field of Fon- 
teno}-, later to do equal honor to its name and the reddest course 
of Ireland's blood under D'Estaing and de Rochambeau for 
independence in America.- 



304 French .Ijiiiv and Nai'v in .Inirrica 

The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ruiij; down the curtain on this 
bitter struggle. Although still in the earliest years of manhood 
RociiA.MBKAi" had to his account six years of as brilliant service 
in canijiaign as ever won t)y any of his age. 

True to the analogies of war, he characterized his return to 
the t(uiet of private life by one of the greatest concjuests of 
peace, the capture of the heart and hand of the beautiful Telle 
d'Acosta, of an ancient and hii;hl\- honored family. A son, 
Donatien, was the fruit of the union, the conijianion of his still 
higher advancement in the wars and ])olitics of after years, in- 
heritor of his prowess and of his estate. The laurels of peace 
came thick and fast. His King fa\-ored him C1749) with the 
governorship of his native arrondis.sement of \'endome, pre- 
viouslj' held by his father. 

The monotony of civil duties and court frivolities were to him 
a trial keener than the fiercest onset of battle or the severest 
hardship of the march. He lookad forward to a fresh outbreak 
of war as a new occasion for distinguished achievements. 

The Seven Years' War was his opjiortunitN . He did well by 
the opportunity and the opiiortiuiity ilid well by him. He 
began his part in this drama of blood in the ojK'iiing scene 
(1756) under the famous Due de Richelieu in the expedition 
against the Minorcas. His assault on Fort vSt. Philijipe at the 
head of his regiment won for France the important forts and 
Port Mahon and for himself knighthood in the exalted order 
of St. Louis. 

The next year (1757) this Achilles marched with tjie armies 
of invasion of Germany, and began by wresting with his gal- 
lant men the formidable fortress of Regenstein from the 
powerful forces of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. 

In the events of the next year he was at the fierce carnage of 
Crefeldt, where he held the great Prussian warrior, Frederick, 
at bay for hours by a maneuver which ma.sked his inferiority of 
numbers, thus avoiding destruction at the hands of that hard- 
hitting royal chieftain. 

At Minden, .so disastrous to French arms, he at lea.st came 
ofT with glory. With his regiment Auvergne. of which he was 



Froicli Anny and Navy in America 305 

then colonel, another of the valiant commands which served 
under him in the war of the vStates, he put that brave German, 
Luckner, general in command, in chancery by forcing him in 
retreat into the gorges of Sulmnnster. At Kloster Camp, the 
field of frightful carnage, he was borne out of the fray covered 
with wounds. 

The year 1761, the energies of war decadent through impov- 
erished exchequers, exhausted bone and sinew, and depleted 
material, found the spirit of Rochambeau still buoyant and 
hopeful. He had risen to mare.schal de camp (brigadier) and 
inspector-general of cavalry. In the throes of Tillinghausen 
he commanded the right wing of the battle front of France. 
When the blow struck and the lines wavered and fled, 
R0CHAMBE.4.U alone moved off in the order of gala parade, 
bidding laughing defiance to the stalwart grenadiers of the 
warrior Hohenzollern, whether essaying to buckle him, break 
him, or intercept him. 

Although the struggle dragged along through another two 
years the approaching end was evident. Rochambeau, an 
acting figure in the opening, had risen to protagonist in the 
closing scenes. 

The peace proclaimed formal subsidence of the storm with- 
out. An angered feeling of humiliation and less of American 
domain were the portion of France. 

The intervening period of a decade and a half adds no special 
feature to the fame of Rochambe.vu as a soldier. It was 
founded on a rock before the world, strong against the casual- 
ties of time. His counsels were sought, and the actions of 
men in places supreme were counted as sagacious when his 
advice was followed. 

When the "alliance," so proud in installation and barren of 
results under D'Estaing essayed this second effort, the .soldier 
of two wars, carrying a credit of thirty-eight years of martial 
activity in fifty-five years of strenuous life, elevated to the 
rank of lieutenant-general, was called to the front. 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 20 



3o6 French Army and Naiy in America 

RHODE ISLAND ASSEMBLY CONVENED 

In keeping with the universal entluisiasm and to meet Ijie 
official reqiiircnients of the occasion the j^eneral assembly was 
called together July 17 by Governor William Greene, for the 
purpose of preparing- suitable addresses of welcome to the French 
general and admiral, and making arrangements for a public din- 
ner at some proper time to all the French officers; to assign to the 
use of the allies a place of burial, which was located at Papoo- 
squasli Point; to establish a court of admiralty to apportion the 
monthly sujiplies for the army among the towns; to appoint an 
agent to attend a convention of New England States at Boston 
to adopt some uniform mode of furnishing such supplies, and to 
authorize the raising of a regiment of 630 militia to ser\'e for 
three months under Washington in cooperating with the French 
army. 

HOW THE I'RENCH WERE RECEIVED 

In a letter of Jul>- 12 to Washington, General Heath gave 
particulars of the arrival of the French. 

On the morning following he congratulated the Count and 
the Admiral. The inhabitants received the strangers with 
great respect atul voted an illumination the same night. Heath 
was charmed with the officers. At the request of the Count 
he made jiublic ad\-erlisements for "small meats and vegeta- 
l)les," for which they were to receive hard money in payment. 

The people being unaccu.stomed to this .sort of dealing, it was 
thought better to modif)- the announcement for, prAideutial 
reasons, to an assurance that farmers "will receive a handsome 
price." 

The officers expressed the highest satisfaction with the treat- 
ment they received. The markets were very good. "In short," 
wrote Heath, " everything appears agreeable and .satisfactory." 

L.'VNDED AND READY FOR OPERATIONS 

In less than a week after their arrival the French troops were 
landed and encamped in a fine situation southeast of the town 
extending nearly across the island, covering Newport, with 



French Aiitiv and Navy in Anirrica 307 

the left flank to the sea and right reaching to the ancliorage 
of the fleet, which lay under the protection of a number of 
batteries erected by De Rochambeau at eligible sites on the 
shore. These batteries, mounting French guns, were flanked 
by outworks thrown up where the enemy was likely to land. 
Trenches were also dug, from which the enemy might be 
repulsed should he attempt to put a force ashore. 

ORGANIZATION OF FRENCH AUXILIARIE.S 

The general staff and regimental organization of the French 
auxiliary army, as it was constituted upon landing at New- 
port, R. I. (July 11-18, 1780J, ready for active operations, was 
as follows: 

Conimandct in chief. — Comte de Roch.\mbk.^I', lieutenant-general. 

Major-generals. — Baron de Viomenil, Conite de Viomenil, Chevalier de 
Chastellux, De Choisy. 

Quartermaster-general. — De Beville, brigadier; Louis Alexander 
Bertliier, Caeser Berthier. 

Inteudant. — De Tarld. 

Co>nniissary-general. — Wi.a.\\z\\axiX. 

Artillery .—T)' K\ioy\\\<t, commander in chief. 

Aids-de-Cainp to Rochambeau . — MM. de Fersen, De Dainas, Charles 
de Lameth, De Closen, De Dumas, De LauVjerdieres, De Vauban. 

Aids-dc-Camp to M. dc I'iomcnil. — MM. de Chabannes, De PangiS, 
Charles d'Olonne. 

Aids-de-Camp to M. de Chaslelliix .-^V\l. de Montesquieu, Lyntcli. 

Colonels. — Bourbonnais: Marquis de Laval-Montmorencie, Vicomte de 
Rochambeau en second. Royal Deux-Ponts: Comte Christian de Deux- 
Ponts, Comte Guillaume de Deux-Ponts en second. Saintonge: Comte de 
Custine, Vicomte de Chartresen second. Sois.sounais: M. ile Saint-Mesme, 
Vicomte de Noailles en second. 

Lauzun's Legion. — Duke de Lauzun, Comte Arthur Dillon. 

Artillery. — M. Nadal, director of the park; Lazie, major. 

Engineers. — MM. Desandrouins, commander; Querenet, Chevalier 
d'Ogr^, Carnvaque, D'Opterre, Turpin. 

Medical Department. — MM. Coste, physician in chief; Robillard, 
surgeon in chief; Danre, commis.sary; Deniars, director of hospitals. 

Paymaster. — M. Baulny. 

.Staff. — MM. Chevalier de Tarle and De Menonville, major-general's 
aids; MM. De Beville (fils) and CoUot, quartermaster-general's aids. 



^(.S hi (Hill liniv (im/ Av/i"!' /// .InniiKi 

IIU.VIiiJI'AKTHKS 

'iMu- li< aili|iiai Ills (il Ciiiiilr HI' KdCiiAMiiiiAi' were i-stal)- 
lisluil at ,V'-' New l.aiif. 

IiiluiKlaiil's oHkc: J45 'riiames street. 

yiiai IfiniaslLM-nfiitTar.s olTice: ago Congress street. 

Coiiiiiiissary-j'eiKMars oflice: 7K Thames slnvt. 

Nav\' olTice: (loH Water street. 

Naval liospitals; I'reshyteriaii cMiiinli, 21^5 New Kane, and 
Mrs. lliipkiiis, i()4 Mill street. 

Naval artillers nllu-.' W'ati-r street and Khuiihin wIkiiI, 

SICNSAI'Ki.NAl, JOTTUNAI.ISIM 

■Mxiiil this time niu- 111' the rosalist iuinn.iK h.ul this to say: 

'I'lu- I'niu'li .\iliiiiral luis t.itii-ii iiiis.si-ssi<iii ut Kliuili- Isl^iiut in llu- iiiiiiu- 
of llu- Kinn 111' I'laiKi-, iiiiil (tispliiycil llie I'leiirli rdliirs witlwuU tin- li-asl 
ilfl'iTi-iu'i- 1(1 llif (liiK "I lliiir iilly, llif rfvoltfd Aiiu-ricniis. Tliis iilTunls 
ilisjiust and innililiiiilioii In llu- nluls, ix iminn lliiil lluir Kcmiaii Callmlii' 
frieiuls iuli ihl In liffp ]iossessi(iii ■■! all liny si-i/i- mi In Ncnlli Anuiii-ii. 

The iMeiich ci)k)rs alhiileil Id (Uinlilless were a ilisliirtion nf 
the signals 111' the iMelieh llenr-de-lis, eiimeited li.\' l.al'avetle at 
the eiitraiue ti> Nairagansett May as a signal In the arriving 
lleet lit He 'l\iiia\ and fi>n\(i\ nf K( iCUAM liriAr's army. 

W.VSlllNi'.'ruN's ll.VSIS 1)1'' ACTION 

Upon the leecipt of the letter and inslructii)ns of Count 
UK Rdcuamhk.vu ainuinncing his arrival with his arm>' at 
Newi»>rt, the eoiiiinandei in ehief, nnder d.ile ut Jiil\ 15, again 
disjiati lied .\l,iii|iiis de Kufayette "to eominiinieate the tnl 
lowing general ideas to Count nr: Uncii a m iir: v' '""d Chex.dier 
lie Terna\:" 

1. In .iM\ upi niliiiii, ami inidii .ill i invimslaiurM, a ilfi'isivr naval 
hniHiiiirily i.s tu lie t'linsidenil as a liindauu'iilal |iiiniiiili' ami llu- lia.sis 
li|iini wliii-ll cvtry liulR- nf siii're.>.s iiiust iilliniaU-ly di-innd. 

J. Till- ailvuiilHges of lKl.s.Sl-s.sill^; llu- imrl of N\-w Vmk liy tlu- si|Uadriin 
of l''raiii"c- havi- Ijecn iilri-udy eiiumcraU-d In Couiil nii Rochamuuau 



Frriidi .hn/v fn/(i Na7<v in .hiicn'ra 309 

t 

ami Chevalier <le Ti-niay, ami an- soolnioiis as iiol to iiei-d reca])iliilalii<ii. 
A (lelay in the execution of tliis enterprise may defeat all our ])rojerts anil 
render the campaign inactive and inj^lorioiis, 

3. To reiuler our operations nervous and rapid, it is essential for ns to 
be masters of the navigation of the Nortli River and of the Sound. With- 
out this our land transportation will he great, our exijenses enormous, 
and our progress slow, if not precarious, for want of forage and other 
means. 

4. With these ideas and ui)im this j^rnuiid it is conceived thai many 
advantages will result fnjm the French scjuadron's taking po.ssession of 
the inner harbor between Staten Island and the city of New York, and 
detaching a frigate or two above the chevaux-de-frise in the North River 
opposite to Fort Washington, for the purpose of opening the navigation 
of the river, shortening the transportation by land on the upper and lower 
connnunication, and bringing the enemy to an exjilanation respecting 
Staten Island. ShilJping so near the town would, at the same time they 
cover the frigates in the North River, keep the gani.son in check and be 
more likely to facilitate other movements of llie army than if they were 
to remain at the Hook or below the Narrows. 

5. Our operations against the enemy in the city of New York may com- 
mence from either of three points, to wit, Morrisania, the height near 
Kingsbridge, or Staten Island. ICach has its advantages and disailvan- 
tages, but under a full view of all circumstances the jireponderancy is 
in favor of Morri.sania, especially since the aid of his Most Christian 
Majesty has come by the way of Rhode Island in.stead of Cape Henry, as 
it was expected they would do, and touch at Sandy Hook, in consi'qucMce 
of advices lodged there. 

6. As the means for carrying on our operations are not yet sulliciently 
appreciated, nor is the time by which our aids will arrive sulliciently 
ascertained, it is impossible to be precise as to the time the American 
troops can with .safety rendezvous at Morrisania, but, as it is necessary to 
fix some epoch, it is hopeil that it may happen by the sth of August. I 
would propose that day for the reembarkation of the French eflicient 
force at New London (if they should liave come there), and that they 
])roceed up the vSound to Whitestone, I,. J., or to such other place on that 
island or on the main as circumstances may recjuire and the Count shall 
be advised of. F'or the operations against the enemy depending very 
much upon their holding all or dismantling some of their present ])Osts, 
anil upon contingencies on <nir side, it is not possible at this time to 
mark out a preci.se plan or determine whether our ap])roaclies to the city 
of New York shall be by the way of York Island, lirooklyn, or both. 
Numbers must determine the latter and circumstances of the moment the 
former. 



3IO FrnuJi A))iiv <i>irl Nm'v in America 

7. It must be clearly uiukrslood and aj^reeil l)clwefn the parties, tliat, 
if any capital operation is underlakeii, the I'reiich fleet and lanil forces 
will at all events continue their aid until the success of the enterprise or 
until it is mutually determined to abandon it. 

8. In all matters of arrangement and accommodation, not repugnant to 
the foregoing ideas, the Marquis, in behalf of the I'nited States, will con- 
sult the convenience and wishes of the Count and Chevalier, and will be 
pleased to assure them of the disposition I possess to make everything as 
agreeable to them as possible, and of my <lesire to manifest on all occa- 
sions the high sense I entertain of their merit, and the generous aid they 
ha\e brought to us. 

The chief consideration precedent to aggressive movements 
was the superiority- of the French fleet in American seas to 
enable it to successfully blockade New York Harbor, and land 
troops for an attack on the city in cooperation with Wash- 
ington's forces on the other side. 

In their conference Roch.vmbk.vu and Lafayette were not 
long in arriving at the deci.sion that the necessary advantage on 
the water could not be had until the arrival of the .second divi- 
sion of the French expedition. 

The marquis pa.ssed a few days among his countrxiuen pro- 
pounding and commenting upon the views of his chief, and in 
ascertaining the sentiments of the French commanders. This 
mission was in every sense a successful beginning of relations 
which were maintained to the end between the connnander in 
chief of the French and the connnander in chief of the com- 
bined forces of Continentals and allies. 

During his stay at the headquarters at Newport the Marquis 
kept General Washington apprised of what passed between the 
Count DK RocH.VMHE.M-, the Chevalier de Ternay, and himself. 

W.\SHINGTON^FELICITATIONS — ROCH.\MBE.\U 

From headquarters in New Jersey, July 16, 17S0, General 
Washington .sent forward to Count Rochambe.\U a more formal 
expression "of the happiness " he felt "at the welcome news of 
your arrival, and as well in the name of the American -\rmy, as 
in my own, to present you with an assurance of ni.\- warmest 
sentiments for allies who ha\e so generousl\- come to our aid. 



French Army and Naiy in America 311 

As a citizen of the United States and as a soldier in the cause 
of Hberty " he " thankfully acknowledged this new mark of 
friendship from his Most Christian Majesty," and felt "a most 
grateful sensibility for the flattering confidence with which he 
has been pleased to honor me." 

He gave suitable expression of obligation to "your prince 
as to the choice for the command of his troops of a gentleman 
whose high reputation and happy union of social qualities and 
military abilities promise me every public advantage and private 
satisfaction." He begged him "to be the interpreter of his 
sentiments to the gentlemen under his command." 

He referred to Lafayette, sent to him with such intelligence 
as it was essential for him to have, " as a general officer in whom 
I have the greatest confidence ; as a friend perfectly acquainted 
with my sentiments and opinions," and as one " who knows all 
the circumstances of our army and country at large;" to consider 
all propositions he makes as ' ' coming from me. ' ' 

The general also advised the Count commandant ' ' he should 
exactly conform to the intentions of His Most Christian Majest>- 
as explained in the papers put into my hands by his orders, and 
signed by his ministers." 

In the meantime Washington kept in constant communication 
with Dr Rochambeau. To make up for the depletion of the 
French ranks by sickness, he authorized the French general to 
call out the militia of Boston and Rhode Island. 

" This call furnished about 5,000," said RochambEjVU, in 
after years, "good and willing soldiers, led by the American 
General Heath, who had been detached by General Washington 
to assist the French in their operations." 

DE ROCH.\MBEAU TO VERGENNES — -AN INSIDE VIEW 

In a letter to Count de Vergennes, written from Newport six 
days after his arrival, Count de Rochambeau gives an in- 
tensely interesting contemporary insight into the spirit of the 
people and the internal condition of affairs as he found them: 

Upon our arrival here the country was in consternation; the paper money 

had fallen to 60 for i, and even the Government takes it up at 40 for 1. 



312 Froich Army and Nax>y in America 

Washington hail for a lonj; time only 3,<xio men nnder his conmiand. 
The arrival of the Marquis <le Lafayette and the announcement of succors 
from I'rance afforded some encouragement; but the Tories, who are very 
numerous, gave out that it was only a temporarj- assistance, like that of 
Count d'Estaing. In describing to you our reception at this place we 
shall show' you the feeling of all the inhabitants of the continent. This 
town is of considerable size, and contains, like the rest, both Whigs and 
Tories. I landed, with my staff , without troops. Nobody appeared in the 
streets; those at the windows looked sad and depressed. I spoke to the 
princijjal persons of the place, and told them, as I write to General Wash- 
ington, that this was merely the advanced guard of a greater force, and 
that the King was determined to support them with his whole power. In 
twenty-four hovirs their spirits rose, and last night all the streets, houses, 
and steeples were illuminated, in the midst of fireworks and the greatest 
rejoicings. I am now here, with a single company of grenadiers, until 
wood and straw .shall have been collected. Jly camp is marked out and I 
hope to have the troops landed to-morrow. 

You see, sir, how imjiortant it is to act with vigor. The Whigs are 
pleased, but they .say that the King ought to have sent 2o,tKX) men and 20 
ships to drive the enemy from New York; that the country was infallibly 
ruined; that it is impossible to find a recruit to send to General Wa.shing- 
ton's army without giving him 100 hard dollars to engage for six months' 
service, and that they beseech His Majesty to assist them with all his 
strength. The war will be an expensive one; we pay even for our quar- 
ters and for the land covered by the camp. I shall u.se all pos,sible order 
and economy. I am not jealous of my authority in matters of finance, 
and I have ajjpointed a council of administration, composed of the general 
officers, the intendant, and the first commissary of war, which I shall call 
together every fortnight to do the King's business in the best possible 
manner. We shall be very secure here in winter quarters in barracks. 
The country is cold, but very healthful. We can easily obtain boards and 
wood from the interior. The land and naval forces here united afford each 
other a umtual support, and will be ready to act offensively as soon as you 
■will enable us to do so. The harbor froze up la.st winter, but this has not 
happened before for forty years. I regard it as impossible to go for win- 
ter quarters to the .Vntilles. It would be necessary to take there at once a 
supply- of provisions, which we can only draw from day to day from the 
interior of the country, now that the intercourse and confidence between 
us and the inhabitants is increasing every day. There is also the risk of a 
long and troublesome passage with a convoy; a month to land and a month 
to reeinbark the troops with their baggage in the spring; and, for a deci- 
sive reason, the danger that in our absence the English will take this place, 
which they ought not to have abandoned. 

Send us troops, ships, and money, but do not depend upon these people 
nor upon their means; they have neither money nor credit; Iheir means 



French ArniY and Navy in America 313 

of resistance are only nionientar)-, and called forth when they are attacked 
in their own homes. They then assemble for the moment of immediate 
> danger and defend themselves. Washington connnands sometimes 15,000, 
sometimes 3,00c men. 

The correspondence between the two chiefs at this time was 
quite spirited, affording tliem an opportunity to get acipiainted 
with each otlier's views, on paper at least, as it was not possible 
to do so personally then, owing to the stidden dangers to 
which their strategic po.sitions were exposed. 

On July 18, M. de Rochambeau, son of the lieutenant- 
general, an officer on his staff, arrived at headquarters with a 
letter, to which Washington replied the next day, referring to 
the "assurance yoti give me of the ulterior intentions of his 
Most Christian Majesty" which " adds to our obligations and 
our hopes. ' ' He further mentions his ' ' sensibility for the marks 
of confidence and for the assurance of the .sentiments contained ' ' 
and should ' ' be happy in seizing every opportunity to convince 
you how entirely I reciprocate them." 

THE BLACK AND WJIITK COCKADE 

As a mark of honor to the allies. General Wa.shington, at 
his camp in the highlands of the Hudson, announced in general 
orders the arrival of the French allies and recommended the 
officers of the American Army to wear cockades of black (as the 
ground) and white (as the relief) as a sj-mbol of alliance and 
friendship for their allies — the American cockade at the time 
being black, the French white. 

GENERAL GREENE REPORTS 

On the same daj' the general informed Major-General Greene 
of the receipt of dispatches from Count de Rochambeau, 
annotmcing the arrival at Newport of the French fleet and 
army, consisting of ships of the line, frigates, and boats, and 
upward of 5,000 men. This force was inferior to the combined 
strength of Arbuthnot and Graves. The second division of the 
French fleet, looked for in a few weeks, was expected to make 
up the difference and give their combined strength superiority 



314 Frcinli Arviv and Navy in .Imcn'ra 

on the sea, which would lessen hiiid transiwrtation and tlie 
(lillieuUv of ineelinj;- the recniisite supply of provisions, forage, 
and military stores durini;- the operations against New York. 

Ni:WI'()KT NOTKS 

The British occupation of Newport, which lasted from Decem- 
ber 6, i77(>, to October 25, 1779, had greatly imiwverished the 
town in the matter of business and trade and the country around 
of its wealth of timber, orchards, and fields. 

A recently discovered journal, a.scribed to baron Cromot du 
Bourg, says: 

Rhode Islaiul iimst before the war Unve l)i-i-u one dI' iIk- most agreeable 
si)ots ill the world, a.s, in spile of the disasters it has been subjected to, 
its houses destroyeil, :iiid all its woods out down, it is still a most eharininj; 
residence. 

.\ conteniporar\- account says: 

Tlie great and small artillery landed by our generous allies and disposed 
of in different parts of this town and island exceed anything of the kind 
ever seen here. They have brass cannon from 4 to 48 pounders and in 
great plenty. 

In less than a fortnight Newport was in a good .state of defen.se 
and with the military rallying to its support no fears were felt. 

.\iiother contemporarx' authority draws the contrast between 
the arrogance of the brilish and the courtly elegance of the 
French officers in these terms: 

The I'Veiich officers of every rank have rendered lhetnselve» agreeable 
bv that politene.ss which characterizes the I'rench nation * * » the 
ofl'ioeis and .soldiers wear cockades of three colors, emblematic of a triple 
alliance between l"raiicc, Spain, and America. 

This is said to have been the first use of the tricolor. At 
the time of the arrival of the French, Newport could claim 6,000 
inhabit, lilts, and the i>eople, according to t-oncurrent authority, 
]>os.sc.s.-;eil as nuich wealth, energy, enterjirise, intelligence, and 
culture as any other town in America. 

The Newport corresiK>ndence of the New Jersey Gazette, 
dated Atigtist 2, 17S0, in the grandiloquent style of the times, 
wrote of the — 



Froich Anuy and N'avy in America 315 

brilliant appearance of the nmnerous gentlemen, officers of the fleet, and 
army of our illustrious ally who were ashore, with that of the ladies and 
gentlemen of the town, and the joy which every friend to liberty expressed 
on the happy occasion, affording a pleasing prospect of the future felicity 
and grandeur of this country in alliance with the most polite, powerful, and 
generous nation in the world. 

HKITISH COUNTER PROJECTS 

General Sir Henry Clinton, commander in chief of the British 
forces in America, who was on an expedition to the southern 
States, hearing of the presence of a French armament on the 
American coast, leaving 4,000 men with Cornwallis — the Caro- 
linas and Georgia being apparently "snl)jugated " — hastened 
north to be prepared for eventualities. 

The fact was, his convoj' from the south had been wholly in 
the power of the French as it sailed by the entrance to the 
Chesapeake, and only escaped destruction on account of De 
Ternay taking the innnense transports for great shij)s of the line. 

CLINTON BALKED IN HLS OFFENSIVE SCHEMES 

When Clinton arrived at New York his first plan was to 
attack Washington in his camp on the Hudson or make a dash 
for West Point. 

In this design he was fru.strated by the untimely and pro- 
longed absence of Knyphau.sen with his Hessians in a move 
in New Jersey, which amounted to nothing except to upset Sir 
Henry's scheme against Washington. 

The next project was a .sudden descent upon the French posi- 
tion at Newport and an attempt to carry the place by assault. 
Arbuthnot was directed, even in advance of the arrival of 
RocHAMBEAU, to have troopships for 6,000 men ready for that 
purpose. 

The French arrived oflt Newport on the loth day of July. It 
was not until the i8th that particulars of their position were con- 
veyed to Arbuthnot, who was urged to embark without further 
delay. It was not, however, until the 27th that the troops 
were aboard in the .Sound and carried to Huntington Bay to 



^ 



316 Frrtnh .liniv and S^a'rv in Auicrica 

await the return of a dispatch vessel sent by CHiiton to the 
British fleet off Newport. 

Admiral Craves made sail from Pi)rtsmouth ahout the same 
lime I)c Ternay left Brest, and encountered in the English Chan- 
nel the same j^^ales which made such boisterous navig^ation in 
the Bay of Biscay. Graves put back and lost fifteen days v.ait- 
ini; for a suitable wind. The Knglishnian, in his efforts to make 
up lost time and _t;;et in ahead of the Frenchmen, crowded on all 
.sail. He succeeded in putting into New York July 13, forty-eight 
hours after De Ternay made Newport. 

Arbuthnot had four large vessels of war in port. With the 
accession of Graves, 11 vessels would have been available to 
head off De Ternay had he delayed to engage the enemy he had 
sighted on his voyage. 

ASSEMBLY COURTESIES 

On Sunday July 21, the committee of the general assembly of 
Rhode Island waited upon Comte DK RociiA:MnK.\i- and pre- 
sented their address couched in the following language: 

The representatives of the State of Khoile Island and the Providence 
Plantations, in general assembly convene<l, with the most pleasing satisfac- 
tion take the earliest opportnnity of congratulating the Comte ni; Ro- 
CH.\MBU.\l', lientenant-general of the .\rniy of His Most Christian Majesty, 
upon his safe arrival within the United States. Upon this occasion we 
can not be too expressive of the grateful sense we entertain of the generous 
and magnanimous aid afforded to the United States by their illustrious 
friend and ally. Sufficient had been the proofs of his zeal and friendship, 
the present instance nnist constrain even envious, disappointed Rritons to 
venerate the wisdom of his councils and the sincerity of his nolile mind. 
\Vc look forward with a most pleasing expectation to the end of a campaign 
in which the allied forces of l~rance and the United States under the smiles 
of Divine Proviilence may be productive of peace and happiness to the con- 
tending powers and mankind in general. We assure you, sir, our expecta- 
tions are enlarged when we consider the wisdom of His Most Christian 
Majestv in your appointment as the commander of his army destined to 
our assistance. Be assured, sir, of every exertion in the power of this 
State to afford the necessary refreshments to the army under your com- 
mand and to render this service to all ranks as agreeable and happy as it 
is honorable. 



French Arniv and Navy Jn A)urrica 317 

We are, on behalf of the general assembly, the general's most obedient 
and most devoted, humble servants, 

William Greene. 
William Bradford. 
To Lieutenant-General Comte DE Rochambeau. 

A similar addres.s was handed to Admiral de Ternay as follows: 

The representatives of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plan- 
tations in general assembly convened, with the most pleasing satisfaction 
take this the earliest opportunity of testifying the sentiments that are 
impressed upon them by the great attention which His Most Christian 
Majesty ha.s invariably manifested to the United vStates. The formidable 
armament heretofore .sent to our aid has essentially promoted our happi- 
ness and independence. But at a time when Europe is involved in the 
calamities of war. by the ambitous views of the British court, we can not 
express the gratitude we feel upon your arrival with the fleet under your 
command, destined by our illustrious ally to the assistance of the United 
vStates. We entreat you, on this occasion, to accept the warmest con- 
gratulations of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations; 
and be assured, sir, of every exertion in their power to afford the necessary 
refreshments to the fleet and to render the service as agreeable and happy 
as it is honorable. 

We are, in behalf of the general assembly, the .■Vdmiral's most obedient 
and most humble servants, 

William Greene. 
William Bradford. 

To Chevalier DE TerNAV. 

CKREMONIAL REPLIES 

To this official expression of welcome and support General 
DE RocHAMBE.A-t; replied on the same day in the following terms: 

7'o the honorable the General .Assembly of the Slate of Rhode Island and 
Providence Plantations. 

Gentlemen: The King, m^- ma.ster, hath sent me to the assistance of 
his good and faithful allies, the United States of America. At present I 
only bring over the vanguard of a much greater force destined for their 
aid, and the King has ordered me to assure them that his whole power 
shall be exerted for their support. 

The French troops are under the strictest discipline, and acting under 
the orders of General Washington will live with the Americans as their 
brethren, and nothing will afford me greater happiness than contributing 
to their success. I am highly sensible of the marks of respect shown me 
by the general assembly, and beg leave to assure them that as brethren 



^, 



31S FrciiiJi AniiY ami Xarv in Aiiitfica 

not only my life, but the lives of the troops under nxy command are en- 
tirely devoted to their ser\-ice. 

The Comte de Rochambexit. 

The reply of Count de Roch.v:mbk.\u was iti iiiaiiy ways 
worthy of the officer and man. Speaking by authority of his 
King, his words spread throughout the country with assuring 
effect. The fear of a foreign army on American .soil after the 
experience of history in similar instances of succor was at 
once relieved. His particular declaration of the disinterested 
motives of the French monarch and the subordination of 
himself and his army to the supreme command of the American • 
commander in chief disposed of the alarming stories set adrift 
by British emissaries and press. 

The reply of De Teniay, equally quieting to the public mind, 
was not as prompt, owing to circumstances over which he had 
no control. The text of this interesting paj)er, however, may 
be given here: 

To the honorable the General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island and 

Profidenee Plantations: 

The multiplicity of business in which I have for some days been 
involvetl has hitherto prevented my honoring in due form an address 
from the honorable the general assembly of the State of Rhode Island, 
etc. I have already assureil them how sensible I am of their politeness, 
in a visit to my ship, to give me an assurance of their granting every 
necessary supply for the squadron and fleet of the King of France during 
their continuance in tliis State. 

I, with pleasure, embrace this opportunity of testifying to the honorable 
assembly my peculiar satisfaction in an appointment by the-King. my 
master, to conduct succors to his allies, who have for several years been 
successfully contending to establish an intlependence, which will be the 
basis of their future felicity. 

I have nothing further to aspire after tlian the hour when I shall partici- 
p;\te with the United States in the glorious advantages resulting from war 
with enemies who vainly attempt to subjugate them and wrest from them 
that freedom the blessings of which they already experience. 

I beg the honorable assembly would be persuaded that I am penetrated 
witli tlie warmest attachhient to every member of which that body is 

composed. 

The Chevalier de Ternav, 
Commandant of the Xaz-al Forces 
0/ His Most Christian Afajesty at Xeu'port. 



Froicli A)i)iv and Navy in .imcrica 319 

ATTICM PTKD in.OClCADK 

As the British naval force now outnumbered the French, 
Graves proposed a blockade of Narragansett Bay. On July 19 
the Britisli ad\-ance of four frigates appeared, making Block 
Island the point of rendezvous. 

The following day three of the French put to sea, intending 
to engage the enemy, but, falling in with a reenforcement, 
headed back to the harbor. 

On the afternoon of July 21, at the moment the committee of 
the assembh- delivered their addresses, the British admirals. 
Graves and Arbuthnot, appeared oflf the harbor with a fleet of 
II ves.sels — one of 90, six of 74, three of 64, and one of 50 
guns. The day following the menacing fleet was increased to 
19, 9 being line-of-battle ships. 

The French held their anchorage, their decks cleared for 
action, occupying a line from Rhode Island to Goat Island 
Harbor. 

Clinton, having returned to New York from his southern 
expedition, began organizing a formidable land force under his 
personal command, intending to attack the French Ijefore they 
could effectively establish a defensive basis. 

General Heath, in order to be prepared to cooperate with the 
allies promptly applied to Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and 
Connecticut to call out the militia. Those of Rhode Island, 
under General Varnum, being nearest at hand, responded first. 
The rally of the fighting men of the.se States was so prompt 
that before Clinton could get himself in shape for offensive 
tactics he found readj- to confront him a larger force, including 
the French, than he could possibly bring into the field. 

PREPARING FOR DEFENSE 

To resist a land attack General Heath established a regiment 
of Continental troops at Howlands and Bristol ferries at the 
mouth of Pocasset River and Butts Hill to command the west- 
ern approaches. The governor of Rhode Island was asked for 
1,500 militia. A similar requisition was made for 800 from 



^ 



320 French Army and Xaxy in Atnerica 

Massachusetts for immediate ser\-ice. All the militia which 
had been detached to serve for three months in the main army, 
except those in Hampshire and Berkshire, it was urged should 
be ordered to Newport. Governor Trumbull was also asked 
for 1 .000 militia from Connecticut. 

With this additional force the Count considered himself able 
to repel an attack. 

With his own troops. Washington, for diversion or attack, 
according to circumstances, was prepared to move from his 
position in the Highlands toward Kings Bridge. 

A DECISI\-E MOMENT 

On July 22 Washington, in a letter to an influential friend, 
expressed his \-iews of the duly of the moment ver>- frankly, 
obser^-ing: 

This is a decisive moment and 1 will go tunher and say the most impor- 
tant America has seen. The Court of France has made a glorious effort 
for our deliverance and it we disappoint its intentions by om- supineness 
we must become contemptible in the eyes of all mankind. 

TORY CROAKIXGS 

It is diverting to read Ri\-ington's ribald Royal Gazette, the 
extreme Too' organ of the day, on these ominous happenings. 
Taking a week after the landing of the French as a specimen 
of eighteenth century sensational journalism, the following is 
not behind current specimens. It says: 

* * * from the Marquis de Laiavette's report to Mr. Washington 
the Chevalier de Temay may be expected at this time to land a body of 
troops on this continent: in which case possession of the land would be 
taken in the name of the French King. * * * . The prospect of a 
French armv landing in the northern provinces alarms the republican fra- 
temitv in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Should their Rotnan Catholic 
allies ever nestle themselves on one of the revolted Slates, it is appre- 
hendevl their independence must give way to the establishment of a French 
Go\-emment, laws, customs, etc. . ever abhorent to the sour and ttirbulent 
temper of a Puritan. 

As a sample of newspap)er irresponsibility, this same British 
sympathizer in print is a curiosity. The day of the issue of the 
abo\-e screed the arrival of the French is treated as an e\-ent yet 



Ffctu'Ji Ar))iY and Nav\ in Aiiinica 321 

in the future, when the same had alreail\- happeneil fi\"e days 
before, and it was not initil two days later that Clinton himself 
learned that De Ternay had made a safe harbor for his couvoy 
of RoCHAMBEAiT and his army. 

IX DESl'KKATH STRAITS 

The desperate straits of Washington at this time were in- 
stanced by an appieal to Marquis de Lafayette to secure arms 
and powder from the Count, without wliich "we certainly can 
attempt nothing." "With every effort," he conceded, "we 
shall fall short at least 4,000 or 5,000 arms and 200 tons of 
powder. 

DE TERXAV WILL NOT ATTEJIPT NEW YORK HARBOR 

Upon investigation of the conditions. Chevalier de Ternay 
put an end to the proposed immediate attempt on New York 
harbor by calling attention to the experience of D'E.staing, 
concluding it not possible to sustain the fleet at Long Island 
without entering the Hook to do so, but declared his purpose 
to attack the English squadron at sea should it attempt to 
oppose the passage of troops. 

The commander in chief, prompting his army upon the arrival 
of the cooperating force from France, of ' ' the generosity of 
this succor and the manner in which it is given," as "a new 
tie between France and America," urged "the only contention 
between them must be to excel each other in good offices and 
the display of every virtue. ' ' 

A MEETING DELAYED 

The military situation was such that it was not possible for 
Washington and Rochambeau to meet at the time, although 
the latter had expressed such a wish and the former, in a letter 
to Lafayette, said he desired nothing more ardently, but his 
presence where he was was ' ' essential to keep our preparations 
in activity or even going on at all." 
S. Doc. 537. 59-1 21 



322 /'') ()/<// .l/iur (iiid .\iivv i)i .Inii-i/ai 

The general evidently felt deeply eonceriied. " eiitreatinj, 
the ni;u(|uis " tti impress the Ciimit with a projHjr idea of the 
matter and eonxinee him with whal pleasure I should hasten 
1(1 uKvt him, if it wonld not be injnrions to our affairs." 

At the same time the );eneral rep.-ated his conviction of the 
inadvisahility of attempting the taking of New York as part of 
the progrannne for iIr- allies on account of the diflicnlties. 

'niic line IS CAST 

In a letter to the President of Congress July 22, 1780, 
Washington gave his opinion lather tartl\' on what the com- 
mittee luul coinninnicalcd to him as to their views. He coin- 
cides in these in general, observing he had sent definite 
proposals of ci>o]ieralion to the I'rench general and admiral 
that "neitlui the reason nor re.gard to decency wouUl permit 
delay." " The ilie is cast," said he, " and it remains with the 
States either to fulfill their engagements, preserve their credit, 
and support their imlepentlence, or involve us in disgrace and 
defeat," addnig — 

" Notwithstanding the failures p(.)inteil out b\ the committee, 
I shall proceed on the snpiiosition that they will idtimately con- 
sult their own interest and honor and not sutler US to fail for 
want of means which it is i.\ identK in ilieir ]iower to afTord." 

* :;. :;: > * 

"If we fail Un- want of proper exertions in any of the gov- 
ernments, I trust the responsibility will fall where it ought, 
and that I shall stand justified to Congress, to my country, and 
to the world. * * ■'• Congress are sensible that I have 
made it a rule to speak with the most scrupulous delicacy of the 
measures 'of the States, generally or particularly * * * the 
plainness i)f my present remarks is dictated by a sen.se of dut>', 
by the importance of the conjuncture, anil by the necessity of 
givin.g them a just view of our situation. * * * ij will 
become inadvisal>le to exert jiowers which, if they have no 
sanction, may be very disagreeable to the people and produc- 
ti\-e of discontents and oppositions vhich will be infinitely 
injurious." 



Fi'cudt Arniv and Navy in America 323 

REGRETS 

Toward the end of JuK', 17S0, acknowledging a letti-r from 
the Marquis, from Hartford, the chief again regrets tlie inabil- 
ity of his forces to take New York and praises his zeal. The 
States were slow in furnishing arms, and the levies were even 
slower than he expected. 

In the event of Clinton nio\'ing in force to Rhode Island, he 
thought he might embarrass him antl precijiitate his own 
movements, but the ca])ture of the city would be impossible, 
for the lack of men and arms to accomplish that iiid. 

On his wa>' to Newport the niar(iuis had interviews with 
Governor Tnunbull, General Parsons, and others of Connecti- 
cut, in his efforts to arouse them to forward the vState cpiota of 
troops and such arms and annnunilion as could be spared. 

In the midst of these comi)lications a most disagreeable 
crisis was reached in the (luartermaster-gencral's department, 
owing to the resignation of General Greene and other oflicers. 

The chief, in a letter to Congress, referred to the result as 
a total stagnation of militarv business and the necessity of 
not onl)- ceasing from the jireparations for the campaign, 
but in all ])roljal>ility being o1)liged to disperse if not disband 
the army. 

DEFENSIVK MKA.SUKES 

On July 21 Marquis de Lafayette reached Newport as the 
personal representative of Cieneral Washington, to render such 
aid as lay in his power. Intelligence from New York set forth 
that Sir Henry Clinton was proceeding at the head of the greater 
part of his army to engage the French. 

The acquaintance of Lafayette with all the surrounding 
country, having served there at the time of the Sullivan expe- 
dition during the i)resence of D'F.staing, cooperated with 
RoCHAMBEAU in the ineparation of a plan of defense, which 
included the abandonment of Conanicnt Island and concentra- 
tion on Rhode Island. 



324 Froicli .Irn/v a in/ .Wnv in Aii/mdi 

The transports were to he witluhawii within the harbor and 
the war ships were to be anchored from Urentons Point north- 
ward under cover of the shore batteries. A frigate and cutter 
were to he posted in Seacounet Passage. The troops were to 
remain in their camp jirepared to meet the enemy at any jjoint 
he might attempt to land. 

The second Hues were tho.se formerly e.stahlished by the 
British, which were to lie occupied by tlje militia, where it was 
proposed to make the main defen.se if necessary. 

In order to be near at hand for purposes of coojK-ration, Gen- 
eral Washington ad\anced a force of Continentals toward the 
North River. 

The Count, through the Marcpiis, urged the relief of the 
Continentals if the enemy should not arrive within twelve 
days. He was prepared, however, to meet an as.sault, but a 
siege would be greatly benefited by the appearance of a corps 
of Continentals in the enemy's rear. 

W.\SlIINC.TON KK.'VUV TO MOVl-; 

During the intercourse between the Martjuis and the French, 
Washington kept General Heath constantly advised. He 
established relays of expresses for that purpose between the 
two armies. 

From Robin.sons, July 31, 17S0, he notified him, upon receipt 
of information that the enemy's transports had .sailed eastward, 
he would ])Ut his own army in motion with a view to advancing 
as rapidly as possil)k' toward Kings Bridge, which would force 
the abandonment of the British project against Rhode Island 
or afford an excellent opportunity to strike a fatal blow at the 
depleted garrison of New York. 

HKITISII K.MH.\KKINC. 

The joint operation of the British l.uid and sea forces against 
the French began July 27, by the embarkation of 6,000 troops 
at Frogs Neck, but the preparations of RoCHAMBE.vr to greet 
them with a warm reception and Washington's rapid movement 



Froirli Aniiv and Navy in Anirriai 325 

against New York gave the scheme an appearance of risk which 
Clinton was not willing to meet. After considerable bickering 
between himself and Admiral Arbuthnot, the enterprise was 
abandoned. The Briti.sh transports accordingly crossed the 
sound to Huntington Bay, and on July 31 di.sembarked at 
Whitestone. Arbuthnot, however, remained off Newport, main- 
taining a blockade and hoping to intercept the second division 
of the allied force, then expected from France. The militia, 
except those enli.sted for three months, which had rallied to the 
support of RocHAMBEAu, were dismissed. Under the impres- 
sion Clinton had actually started to attack the " armament 
from France," Washington addressed Governor Livingston, 
showing the impracticability of giving direct assistance to New 
York. 

He informed him the whole of the Continental troops were in 
motion and entreated him to order his State regiment and 
the militia called for by the committee of Congress to march to 
Dobbs Ferry, subject to the commander in chief's direction. 
He also asked the whole of the militia to be held in readiness to 
march in ca.se of orders. On the same day, August i , the chief 
sent a similar communication to the governor of New Jer.sej^ 
requesting the New Jersey militia to be held in readiness to 
move, adding ".should this be the case I shall be happy to see 
you at their head." 

0\\ the same day (August i), also from Peek.skill, he informed 
the Marquis of being on his way to New York, and of the 
whole army intending to take up its line of march the next 
day, when advices from the Sound as recent as the day before 
announced the enemy's transports putting back and steering 
westward. 

In a letter to Lord Germaine after this fia.sco General Clinton 
gave up any idea of attempting an attack on the allied armies. 

The active operations of Washington were .seriouslj- embar- 
rassed for want of arms, auununition, and clothing required 
for recruits. In the matter of powder he expressed his de- 
peudance on 50 tons from France, and the .same amount from 
the fleet. 



MINDl-'l'l. Ul" Till-: \1K\VS Ol- HIS AUUIKS 

He was at all times stiuliously iniiulfu) of not pressing 'the 
l-"rciK-h coniinaiiders to anything toward which they showed a 
disinclination, paiticnlarly in regard to the withdrawal of their 
force from Rhode Island lieforc the arrival of the second divi- 
sion, in order "to avoid resjumsibility for any untoward hap- 
penings." His policy, and so he informeil Lafayette, was to 
set forth "what we can do, what we are willing to undertake, 
and let them consult their own inclination for the rest." 

The attack on New York was held in abeyance, in expectation 
of the arrival of part of the French West India fleet or the ar- 
rival of the .second division. In event of their nonarrival by 
September he had no great hope of success. 

OFKKNSIVK IWCTICS nKKKRRED 

With resi>ect to oflfensive tactics on the jxirt of the French, 
Dk Roch.vmbeau and De Ternay judged it prudent to defer 
them for the present for three reasons: First, the arrival of the 
second division; second, the s;iiling from France of an additional 
fleet to their as-sistance, which De Ternay had required of M. de 
Ciuicheu by virtue of his powers; third, the enemy, by directing 
their forces to the south, would .so lessen the efficiency of the 
garrison of New York that the fleet would have no molestation 
to guard against from that quarter, in which event they might 
vigorously attack that position. 

WASHINGTVINS IVWKKS K.XTKN'DED BEYOXD THE STATSS 

The presence of the French troojw brought new i.ssues to tlie 
front. The powers of the commander in chief were, up to this 
time, confineil within the limits of the I'nited States. It was 
found necessary to lift this limitation in order to effectively 
cooperate with the French forces. Congress, on August 2, 
removed the restrictions by resolution. New Hampshire. Ma.s- 
s;ichusetts, Rhi.xle Island, New York, New Jersey. Delaware, 
.iiid \'irgiuia delegations stood nnaniniously in the affirmative. 
Maryland and the Carolinas were the same in the negative, and 
Georgia was divideil. Connecticut and reunsvlvania ca.st one 



French A niiy and Navy in .Inicrica 327 

negative vote each — the majority of lioth dclcijatidns, however, 
were in the afliriiiative. 

The attitude of powerful influences is sometimes unaccount- 
able, especially the action of South Carolina and Georgia in 
op]X)siiig a resolution desijjned to enable the commander in 
chief to infuse greater activity into operations, in combination 
with the French and the vSpanish in the West Indies, with a 
view to driving the British away from those very two .States. 

On August 3, from Peekskill, Washington directed General 
Heath respecting the prompt return of the militia to tlieir homes, 
in view of the scarcity of provisions. The.se reenfnrcements of 
the people from Rhode Island and Massachu.setts had responded 
with an alacrit\' which won the admiration of the allies. 

As .soon as the abandonment of the British expedition had 
become known, it was arranged between General Heath and 
Count DE RoCHAMiiK.\U that the militia .should be di.sbanded, 
except 3,500 enlisted for three months. Of the number retained, 
2,000 were po.sted between (Quaker Hill and the town and 
about 1,500 at Butts Hill. 

In all these matters of detail (^.eneral Wasliingtou displayed 
the utmost regard for the wishes of the French general, in 
view of which he gave specific orders to the American com- 
mander lo do nothing without "consulting the Count and 
obtaining his approbation of the measure." 

In addition to the cares and perplexities of his own army, 
.General Washington gave scrupulously mindful attention lo 
the presence, necessities, and participation of the allies. 

He was disappointed at the aversion of Chevalier de Ternay 
to entering New York Harbor should conditions render such a 
movement practicable, and without which it would not be ])()s- 
sible to interrupt .supplies and blockade the enemy. 

He was willing, however, to take the chances of a siege if 
his allies preferred. The entire .scheme, however, was depend- 
ent upon additional succor from France and the West Indies. 
If this should not appear, the chief was urgent to dispense with 
the militia, the feeding of whom without being able to assume 
active operations he deemed inadvisable "on every account." 



32S Frciuli Ar))iv and Naiv in .bi/rrifa 

COMPLIMKNTS l-OK LAKAYETTK 

The conduct of Lafayette in his intercourse with the French 
gave great satisfaction to Washington, aiul particularly to his 
own countrymen. In the language of Washington himself, "the 
alliance ought to be cemented in affection, and you will be 
justly dear to both countries for the share you have in binding 
it by those powerful and pleasing ties." 

.\l>PI..\inS KOCH.\MBE.Vr 

From his headquarters at Peekskill, on August 5, 17S0, 
Washington wrote the Count: " I applaud all the measures you 
have taken, which appear to me precisely such as the occasion 
required." He was also greatly pleased to know that the 
neighboring States "manifested so much ardor in doing what 
their interest, their duty, and their gratitude demanded." 

He al.-^o approved the detention of the levies "as long as you 
think they can be useful to you." 

In referring to Clinton's retrograde movements of July 31, 
he mentioned the landing of the British on Long Island and 
little or no probability of their renewal of purpose to attack. 

He mentioned the recros.sing of the Hudson by his own army 
and their march to Dobbs Ferry, about 10 miles from Kings 
Bridge, where he would establish a communication which would 
save much land transportation in event of New York being the 
object of attack. 

The general also inclosed a copy of a letter to the Ghe\-alier 
de la Luzerne, in which he expressed his views and those of 
Chevalier de Ternay respecting the seconil division, with a ]>lan 
for a junction of the fleets as suggested in his own letter. 

CKflSINT, IN SKAKCII OV A TUANTOM 

The French minister at Philadelphia .sent out fast sailing 
cruisers from all parts of the coast vainly expecting some of 
them to fall in with the much desired French division. 



Frciicli Arviv and Na7'v hi Anirrica 329 

JUNCTION OF FKKNCH AND CONTINENTAL FRIGATES 

On August 6, the general advised De Ternay of the direction 
by Congress of a junction of the Continental frigates with the 
French. For this purpose they had been placed under Wash- 
ington's orders, with directions to rendezvous in the Delaware 
and thence proceed to Newport. To facilitate matters Wash- 
ington asked the French admiral's advice as to how they might 
be employed usefully by the fleet and to send him signals of 
recognizance for them. He also requested them to be fur- 
nished to the captains of the frigates in Boston Harbor, if still 
there. 

HONORS FOR THE MILITIA 

To General Heath, two days later, Washington wrote: "I am 
exceedingly happy at the conduct of the militia in turning out 
with so much spirit. It does them great honor." He also 
refers to Count de Rochambeau expressing himself as " ' highly 
pleased with them, ' and in such terms as have given me much 
satisfaction. Gratitude, interest, and policj' combined in the 
strongest manner lead us to gi\-e him the earliest and most effec- 
tual support." General Heath reported: "At no time did the 
militia observe more order in pressing to the field or more regu- 
larity when they got there." 

a DISAPPOINTING RUMOR 

About the same time the expectations of the Americans and 
French were raised by a rumor of the meeting of a fleet at 
sea, supposed to be the much wished for second division from 
France. Hope rose high that it might get safe into port. 
Washington counseled secrecy, as the enemy would trj' e\'ery 
measure the)' could devise to intercept it. 

Chevalier de Ternay made objection to the rendezvous of the 
expected .squadron in Delaware Bay, on account of difficulties 
of navigation for large ships and danger of blockade by the 
vessels of the enem}-. He considered Boston more .secure and 
more convenient for future operations. 



330 Froicli Aruiv and Nai'v in Aiiirrica 

He thou>;lU any merchant vessels convoyed by the fleet of 
the second division might enter the Delaware. To Chevalier 
de la Luzerne, De Ternay proposed if the second division should 
arrive in Chesapeake Bay it should l>e at the discretion of 
General Washington and Count de RociivjinivVf to have the 
transports enter the Delaware and the war ships continue to 
Boston. 

AMEKIC.VN SCOUT SHIPS 

To the chevalier from headquarters at Orangetown, August 
1 6, Washington approved of the programme marked out by the 
French admiral, and informed him of the communication of his 
views to the board of admiralty at Philadelphia respecting the 
employment of the American frigates and sloop of war Saratoga, 
until "circumstances admit of our connnencing more serious 
operations against the enemy." It was at the suggestion of 
the French admiral that the American frigates were put to scout- 
ing along the coast to intercept British vessels trading between 
Charleston and New York. He also requested the .sending of 
the sloop Saratoga to San Domingo with dispatches to Connt 
de Guichen, then connnanding a French squadron in the \\'est 
Indies. 

It was the wish of De Ternay that the West India fleet should 
iniite with that in American waters, which would give a posi- 
tive sujieriority, as compared with the Briti.sh naval strength, 
and make possible the success of an attack on New York. 

In his instructions De Teniay was empowered by tjie King 
to call upon De Guichen for a.ssistance. 

On August 17, Washington ordered General Heath that as 
soon as the "three-months' men" furnished by Rhode Island 
and Mas.sachusetts could be .spared they should proceed to 
Peek.skill. 

Indications of an attempt by Clinton for another expedition 
from Xew York, though much .smaller than the former, caused 
Wa.shington to rescind these marching orders regarding the 
Rhode Island militia. 



Frcucli Aniiv and Navy in America 331 

As the imminence of attack on Newport had subsideil, Gen- 
eral Heath renewed his desire to join Washington's army, from 
which, however, the general dissented upon grounds very com- 
plimentary to Heath, quoting also from a letter from the Count: 
"I shall keep with me, if you think proper, General Heath, 
whose ardor, spirit, and activit>' are absolutely necessary to me. 

The success of the eastern cruisers against the British fleet 
bound for Quebec gave great satisfaction. Sixteen prizes were 
captured, with a hope that the remainder of the fleet would follow. 

POINTS OF UNDERSTANDING STATED 

About a week after returning to Wa.shington's headquarters 
near Dobbs Ferry (August 9), in order to avoid misunder- 
standing, the Marquis drew up in the form of articles a synopsis 
of points definitely determined upon with the French general 
and admiral which he transmitted to them for sanction and 
handed to General Washington for information, viz: 

1 . You have written to France to hasten the arrival and tlie augmenta- 
tion of the expected succors. You have already demanded the five ve.s- 
sels of JI. de Guichen, and I took charge of a separate letter repeating 
the same requisition, which is to pass throi gh the hands of the Chevalier 
de la Luzerne. 

2. As soon as you hear of the arrival either of the second division or of 
the ships from the West Indies, 3-ou will immediately dispatch an ex-press 
to General Washington; and, while our army will march to Westchester, 
and yours will be making preparations for its embarkation, M. de Ternay 
will endeavor to effect a junction. 

3. If the French fleet is equal to that of the enemy, it will immediately 
fight for the superioritv; if it is superior, it will immediately take on board 
the French troops and transport them to the place fixed upon for the 
landing. 

4. A spot shall be chosen where the ships may protect the operation, 
and where the troops first laniled may take a position supported by the 
fire of the ships, and behind which the rest of the army may join them; 
where, as the troops advance farther, they may still be supported on the 
right and left, and the rest i>f the landing be covered. Such a place shall 
be chosen, that the American division destined for this particular enter- 
prise, may arrive and land at the .same time with Count DE Rochambe.'^U, 
and that their general may cooperate w-ith the French general. 



332 Froicli Armv and Xavr in America 

5. Acconliiig to the nmiil>er of I"reiicli troops able to operate, General 
Washington will send, or lead himself, to Long Island, a number of troops 
ec)ual to those of the enemy, who may be opposeil to them, and will ^ave 
a body of about the same strength either at Westchester or on the island 
of New York. 

6. The Chevalier de Ternay will attentively examine the i>ossibility of 
forcing the passage of Sandy Ho<jk, and if he finds it can be done, he will 
accomplish at once that important object. 

7. As soon as any anns, clothing, or stores belonging to the United 
States shall arrive, the Chevalier de Ternay will have the goodness, with- 
out giving them time to enter the harbor, to send them at once under a 
convoy of frigates, or if there are no batteries erected, with a ship of the 
line, to some place in the Sound which shall lie fixed upon by General 
Washington. 

S. The French fleet will take charge of the boats which we shall need 
and which will be given at Trovidence. The admiral will lend us all the 
])owder he can spare, which at this moment can not be more than 30,000 
]x>unds. 

9. I will send to the French generals information respecting the passage 
of the Sound at Hell Gate. I will also communicate all the details con- 
cerning Brooklyn; and we will accordingly send our calculations for the 
artillery and the engineers, by which we shall determine what to send in 
these two respects with the American corps for Long Island. These two 
points are those which raised some doubts in the opinion of the French 
generals, and I will send to them from here some information concerning 
what I had the honor to tell them. 

10. The sick and stores shall be sent to Providence, and the batteries 
upon that river shall be maile fit for service. 

XI. It is perfectly understood that the moment the French obtain a 
naval superiority they will not lose a single day in commencing their 
cooperation . 

The articles conve\- what the joint op)erations were intended 
to compass, but as the second division never started, the current 
of events took quite a different trend. 

.\ BREEZY CORRESPONDENCE 

This was accompanied by a comnmnication not intended as 
official, which indicated in somewhat plain terms that the fate 
of the cause of America re.sted upon the acti\-ity of the French 
army, that the occupation of Rhode I.sland wa.s of no advantage, 
and a jiuiction should be made with Washington witliout delay 
for an attempt on New York. 



Firurh Army (Did Navy in America 333 

The letter, concluding in the nature of a summons, proved 
displeasing to the Count, inasmuch as he received \i\ the same 
courier letters from General Washington himself, in which no 
allusion was made to the plans proposed b}- the Marquis. 

The Conite de Rochambeau, somewhat aroused by the 
directness of Lafayette's intimations, grew satirical in reply, 
concluding by intimating he awaited the orders of Washington, 
and desired an interview. 

The young marquis promptly returned a reply especially 
expressive of his mortification to see the French fleet block- 
aded in Rhode I.sland and the army idle. The Count parried 
the suggestion by observing the port of Brest had been block- 
aded for more than two months by an English fleet so that the 
second division could not get out, adding — 

he had an experience of command of forty .years and of 15,000 men who 
liad been killed or wounded under his orders, yet he could not reproach 
himself with a single person killed on his account. 

The Count also reminded him there were 14,000 troops on 
New York Island, besides the militia, and the French fleet was 
blockaded in Newport by a largely superior enemy. To lea\'e 
it in such a predicament would be to invite destruction. 

At the same time De Ternay declined to go to Sandy Hook, 
as it was not feasible to get his seventy-fours over the bar. 

Any attempt, however, to create an impression that this 
divergence of views was the cause of the tardiness in the two 
chiefs getting into conference is without corroboration. 

At this time the Count appears to have mastered the English 
language. In a letter to Washington in that tongue, he ex- 
pressed his appreciation of his letters and requested in future 
to allow his correspondence with him to be direct, and renewed 
his request for an interview. 

F.ALLACY OF FORMER FEARS 

It is gratifying to the sense of American honor and to the 
patriots of Rhode I.sland and the adjacent States of Massachu- 
setts and Connecticut to have recorded in this paper the follow- 
ing from Lafayette: 



^34 Frcihli AiDty and Xaiy in Anurha 

Nolhinj; can equal the spirit with which they { the militia i turned out. and 
1 dill not ne};lect to let the French know that they have done more for 
Uieir allies than they would have done for the security of their own C6nti- 
uental troops on a similar occasion. 

The French troop-s now expressed an urgent desire to join 
Washington's command withotit delay. 

A WAKI.IKK .MII.LKXNUM 

In regard to the feeling which had caused so much unneces- 
sary anxiety on the part of Congress and Washington, the 
Marquis reported: 

You would have been glad to see 250 of ourdrafts wh) went to Conani- 
cut Island the other day. without provisions and tents, mixed in such .1 
way with the French troops that every French soldier and officer took an 
American with him and divided his bed and his supj>er in the nic\5t friendly 
manner. The patience and sobriety of our militia are so much admireil 
bv the French officers tliat two days ago a French colonel called all his 
officers together to ask them to observe the good examples given to the 
French soldiers by the American troojxs. On the oUier hand, the French 
discipline is such that chickens and pigs walk between the lines without 
being molesteil. and that there is a cornfield in the camp not one leaf of 
which has been touched. The Tories know not what to say of it. 

.\ DESPERATE ALTERNATIVE 

In a lengthy correspondence with Congress, August 20, from 
his camp at Orange, the general in chief reviewed the increased 
embarrassment of his situation in no mincing, yet very pathetic, 
terms. It is not necessar\- to repeat them here, further than to 
briefly quote in his own words — 

at this verv juncture I am reduced to the principal alternative, either of 
dismissing a part of the militia now assembling or letting them come for- 
ward to starve, which it will be extremely difficult for the troops already 
in the field to avoid. 

He c.tlled attention to tlie adverse condition, heavy debts, 
and distress in England, yet less terrible to the King and his 
ministers than giving up the contest. 

Although the capture of Xew York was one of the cherished 
objects of General Washington's plans after the arrival of the 



Fiouii Annv ciiid N(wv in Aii/cri/n 335 

French, he never abandoned the supreme thought of a naval 
superiority which would justify the undertakiiig. He so con- 
veyed his views to Count DE Rochambeau. 

CAMPAIGN PLANS BY CORRESPONDENCE 

This comnuniication, aside from the main subject, is a tribute 
to the skill of Washington in military tactics from his jxiint of 
view, and the inside glimpse it gives is interesting: 

The reflections you make on the difficulty of effecting a debarkation on 
Long Island without a naval superiority are natural and j udicious f roni 
the view you must have of it; but from a knowledge in part of the local 
situation and from particular inquiries of others I think the debarkation 
would be practicable. From the shape of the ground on both sides and 
the narrowness of the Sound in several parts there are different points of 
debarkation, and the enemy could not with propriety vincover New York 
so much (especially if we had once thrown ourselves upon that island) as 
to have a sufficient force on Long Island to give effectual opposition at 
each point. * * * 

But notwithstanding the practicabilitj' of such an operation I entireh- 
agree in opinion with you, for several reasons, that it will be best to defer 
thecommencement of the enterprise until we get superiority at sea. * * * 

As to the particular mode of operating against New York, we may at 
this time combine different possibilities, but we can not fi.x a definite 
plan. There are three ways: First, by acting with our whole force on York 
Island; secondly, by beginning our operations against Brooklyn with the 
principal part of our force, leaving a corps of observation for the security 
of our communication well intrenched on York Island or on the main; or 
thirdly, by dividing our force into two parts to act against the works on 
both islands at once. 

Which of these plans will be preferable must depend on the time we 
begin to act and the force we have to act with. If these circumstances 
correspond with our wishes I would prefer the last of the three. * * * 

In taking post on Long Island, a force equal to the whole of the enemv 
may be prudent to guard against possibilities; but after we have taken 
post and the usual precautions, two-thirds of their whole force will in my 
opinion be sufficient, both for security and the reduction of the works there. 
They will never hazard the withdrawing of more than two-thirds of their 
force from New York to attack the corps on Long Island while there is 
an army of more than their whole force in front ready to fall upon the 
remainder. 



336 Fitni'/i .{liny iiiid Xaiy in Aniiiica 

The Marquis ilo Lafaycltc after his return from Newjxirt, 
witli tlie approval of Washiuyloii. submitted to the Count a plan 
for the reduction of New York. 

This, however, did not meet with ajiproval for the following 
reasons. Before takiiiij the oflensive it was nece.s.sary to await 
the arrival of the second division of French troops, with sufficient 
maritime force to give the fleet snix-'riority, or .succor from Count 
de Gnichen in the West Indies, and a decrease of the enemy's 
forc^e at New York, by detachment to the south or the West 
Indies. 

The Count ileterniined, initil one of these i-oiulltinns should 
transpire, to remain on the defensive. 

He therefore did not take kinilly to the plan sulunitted, and 
so expressed himself in a formal counnunication. The letter of 
Washington above quoted was in the nature of a justification of 
the plan. 

COXFKKKNC1-: .soronT 

In the same letter General Washington reciprocated the 
Count's desire for an interview, observing — 

it woulil inlitiitelv facilitate our rtrrangement and gratify the desire I feel 
of a.-v<uriii}; you and the admiral personally of my esteem, 

adding — 

but to my great mortifioaiion and regret there are diflicuUies in the way 
not easilv surmouuteil. We are about 10 miles from the enemy. Our 
popular government imiHises a necessity of great circumspection. If any 
misfortune should happen in my absence, it would be attendetl with 
every inconvenience. 

The general informed the Count he would endeavor speedily 
to meet him at some convenient rendezvotis, and reqtiested to 
know to what distance the admiral and him.self would think it 
prudent to absent them.selves from the fleet and army. 

In his reply the Count informed Washington that he and the 
admiral could go as far as Hartford or, if necessary, to Dau- 
btiry, leaving it to the general to decide as to time and place, 
urging no delay. 



French Arniv and Na'.'v in Anirrica 337 

The Count, in his memoirs, comments npon this ])hase of tlie 
military propositions licfore holh armies in these terms of 
distinguished consideration and (.(inimeiit: 

I must, however, do GeiuTal I,,afayetle the justice to say that he ahvays 
showed himself the faithful interpreter of (iencral Washinj^lon's senti- 
ments, and that the latter had recourse to the youthful ardor of his friend 
to express these sentiments with greater energy. The latter really 
believed at that period, and he was perhaps not altogether mistaken, that 
on account of the great decline in the finances of Congress, this campaign 
was the last struggle of expiring ])atriotism. Under the circumstances he 
was anxious to strike a decisive blow 1)y attacking the very center of the 
enemy's position, while he could still count on the assistance of the I''rench 
troops. He was fully aware, however, of the consequences, and he con- 
curred with the i^riiiciples of my letter. Since I have corresponded di- 
rectly w^ith him, I have had many proofs of his .sound judgment; his style 
is peculiarly amiable and the death of either of us, I feelconfident, can 
alone break off our correspondence. 

BI.OCKADK OP THIC .SICCONI) I'RKNCH DIVISION 

The U. S. frigate Alliance arrived in Boston August 16 with 
information of the blockade of the second division of Count 
DK RoCH.VMBEAu's army aboard the tran.sports in the harbor of 
Brest by a British fleet of 32 sail. The Alliance al.so brought 
2,000 stand of arms, several cannon, and powder. 

The above intelligence very materially lowered the immediate 
prospects of the propo.sed campaign. The general in chief also 
realizing the necessities of the Government and the sparse 
resotirces at command, urged upon General Heath the return 
home of the nulitia as .soon as their services were no longer 
required by the P'retich commander. 

With regard to the co.st of the works on Butts Hill, which 
the comniauder of the allies thought should be borne by the 
Americans, Wa.shington showed his wonderful tact, ob.ser\'ing: 

I .should be glad that everything of this kind be avoided, so far as it can be 
done without impeaching the generosity of the States, for while our allies 
are sending fleets and armies to our assistance and maintaining them at 
their own expense in our country, it might not be decent to refu.se bearing 
such little expenses as they seem to expect. 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 22 



33S Frrin/i .Idiiv diid Xaiy in .bitnica 

Notwithstanding all that the I'Vench King had done, there 
were those who spoke disparagingly nndcr the sujiposition that 
it was not connnensurate with the conditions of the allfance 
and the importance of the struggle. Among tlie complaints 
was the assertion that Doctor I'ranklin, then in Paris, was not 
nj) to the requirements of the situation. 

SENSATIONS DEPRECATED 

M. de la Luzerne, the French envoy at Philadelphia, took up 
the subject in a report to Count de ^'ergennes, referring par- 
ticularly to the views expressed by certain individuals (then 
recently returned from France) and others of their way of 
thinking "who .seem to imagine the American minister should 
keep the French Court in a state of alarm ' ' with vivid pictures 
of the critical situation of the United States and redouble his 
applications and recjuisitions; that without a subsidy of 
20,000,000 livres annually and the aid of 20 vessels of war the 
States would be in danger of falling back into the hands of 
'England, or the people of America would be compelled to make 
a separate arrangement with England. 

Count de \'ergennes formally conununicated his views of the 
pernicious effect of an attempt to alarm the French ministry 
by false and exaggerated accounts, adding, that he was well 
advised of the state of affairs and that any .such proceeding as 
proposed by the complainants would not only put the reports of 
the American minister in contradiction to those of M. de la 
Luzerne on the spot, but would be returning decerption and 
imposition for the generous conduct and benefits of the King, 
the only ally of the United States in their great distre.ss. 

This letter of Vergennes, the most active and aggressive of 
the promoters of French aid to the United States, was written 
August iS, and put a stop to this inexcusable fault-finding 
among a small coterie of our own people. 

The blockade of the port of Brest, causing delay in the .sail- 
ing of the second division of the French fleet, very materially 
changed the state of affairs of the proposed antunni canjpaign of 
17S0, yet Washington, with that lnio>anl hope which carried 



FrencJi Arntv and Navy ?« Am erica 339 

him through so many trials and disappointments, still looked 
for "some important operation, but probaljly in a different 
quarter. ' ' 

RENEWING wVNCIENT TIES 

Recalling the attachment of the Iroquois Indians to the 
French during the colonial wars, it was deemed a stroke of 
good policy against the English to have a deputation of chiefs 
visit the French army and fleet at Newport. For this purpose 
13 Oneida and Tuscarora chiefs from the New York tribes and 
5 Caghnawago from Sault vSt. Louis, near Montreal, were cho.sen 
to compose the deputation. 

At the time of the .surrender of Canada to the Briti-sh M. de 
\'audreuil presented to his Indian friends a golden crucifix 
and watch as a token of friendship and recognition. The.se 
emblems had always been cherished among the tribes. It was 
presumed that a |renewal of the.se former ties might have the 
effect of weakening the influence of the British and bring the 
Indians into closer relations with the Americans and French. 

INDI.-\X CHIKrS IX THE FKHXCH CAJIP 

The deputation, with a competent interpreter, arrived at New- 
port toward the end of August and were received with great 
ceremony and consideration by the French officers. The Cana- 
dian delegation asking to hear mass were gratified bj- the head- 
quarters' chaplain. A series of entertainments and military 
displays occupied the time of their visit and gave the warriors 
of the forest great satisfaction. Rochambeau received them 
with cordiality and gave them a dinner. Commissar)' Blanch- 
ard is authority that they behaved well and ate cleanly enough. 
General Heath gave them a ' ' sumptuous treat ' ' after dinner. 
Suitable presents were distributed and each chief was the recip- 
ient of a medal representing the coronation of the French King. 
On the afternoon of Augu.st 24 a grand review, with di.scharges 
of cannon was given in their honor. The .sagamores, as a 
return compliment, in full paint and panc^iply, gave a "scalp 
dance," to the great edification and enjoyment of the entire 



340 Frciicli Aniiv and Na^'V in Avirrt'ca 

French atniy. They were also entertained on hoard the Due 
dc rtoiiri^oi^ite by l)e Ternay and the officers of the fleet, -with 
nnitual interest. 

The following address, in French and Ivnglish, signed and 
sealed by Count DK Rocha^iheM'. was given to the sachems as 
they departed, to be distrilnited among the friendly Indians: 

The Kiiit; nl I'Vance, your father, has not forjjottcn his children. As a 
token of remembrance I have presented gifts to your deputies in his name. 
He learned with concern that many nations, deceived by the Ivngli.sh, who 
are his enemies, had attacked and lifted up the hatchet against his good 
and faithful allies, the llnited States. He has desired me to tell you that 
he is a firm and faithful friend to all the friends of America and a decided 
enemy to all its foes. He hopes that his children, whom he loves sin- 
cerely, will take part with their father in this war against the English. 

The meeting gave W^ashington great satisfaction. He as- 
sured the Count that it would have a good effect, adding — 

It has been the policy of the Kuj^lish in regard to them to discredit the 
accounts of an alliance between France and America. * * * The sub- 
stantial evidence of your army and fleet, and not less of your ]>resents and 
good cheer, will not fail to have a happy influence. 

During the pre.sence of the red chiefs the birthday of the 
white king (August 25 ) was an occasion of loyal display among 
the allied French, and .savage rites by the aboriginal Americans. 

The warships and transports and small craft were trinuned 
with the flags of all nations at peace with France. The white 
lily .standard of I)e Bourbon waved from every ma.st and staff 
in harbor, town, and fort of Newport. 

An express announced similar honors in the cani]i of \\'ash- 
ington at Orangetown and at the residence of De la Luzerne in 
Philadelphia, where there was given a great banquet, with 
toa.sts to Louis XVL the .States, and conunanders of the allied 
armies. 

BRITISH .Vd.VIX .\CTIVE 

The activity of the British troops in the vicinity of New York 
led Washington to make a change of camp to the other .side of 
the Hackensack, about 2 miles from his previous Bergen County 



Firiic/i Aniiv and A^azy in America 341 

headquarters and about 5 luiles from the North River, where he 
notified the Count he would remain awaiting a soUition of the 
designs of the enemy. 

Although rumors were still rife of embarkations and contem- 
plated offensive operations of the British under Clinton, the 
defeat of Gates at Camden gave Washington groiuid for the 
belief that a detachment of three or four thousand men to Vir- 
ginia was now probaljle. 

PROPOSED INTERVIEW 

In order to arrive at some plan of concerted operations, Wash- 
ington proposed September 20 as the time, if convenient to the 
Count, for "our interview at Hartford." 

During these delays of more active duty Count de Roch.vii- 
BE.\U carried on the construction of a sy.stem of defen.ses of 
Rhode Island. In this connection General Washington advised 
General Heath that he had no doubt the State would do all in 
its power to accommodate the French troops should circum- 
stances require them to take up their winter quarters in Rhode 
Island. 

WASHINGTON TO DE GUICHEN 

On September 1 2 General Washington addre.ssed a lengthy 
communication to Count de Guichen, in command of the French 
fleet in the We.st Indies, in which he pointed out the urgency 
of reenforcements from him, since the second division from 
France was unable to leave Brest on account of the blockade by 
a superior British force. He also went into the critical condi- 
tion of affairs in America. Its paper credit ,so sunk that "no 
expedients can be adopted capable of retrieving it; " resources 
diminished by a five years' war; Clinton with an army of 10,000 
regular troops, aided by militia, .secured through fear or attach- 
ment, in possession of one of the capital towns and a part of the 
State to which it belonged; savages d&solating the frontier; a 
fleet superior to the French to facilitate any of the enemy's 
projects; Cornwallis with 7,000 or 8,000 men in control of 
Georgia, and the Carolinas at his mercy. 



^, 



342 Freticli AiDiy and Wrrv in Avirrica 

The Marquis de Lafayette and Chevalier de Ternay made 

similar representations. The latter requested four ships of the 
line to lie sent to the coast of the I'nited States. 

After all this correspondence, 1)> the tinii.- the letter of (jen- 
eral \Vashinj;ton, through Chevalier de la Lu/erne, who put it 
in cipher, reached its destination Count de Ouichen had sailed 
for France and De Monteuil could not unravel the cipher. 

DH TKKN.W niSS.VTISKlKn 

Chevalier de Ternay, being dissatisfied with the pro.spects, 
wrote to Count de \'ergennes that the fleet and arni\- of the 
Ring had not arrived at the most advantageous point for 
effecting any important operation on the American continent; 
that owing to inferiority of means ' ' we should he at a greater 
distance from the place where the enemy concentrate their 
forces," being obliged to remain on the defensive in his present 
position. 

The fate of North America, he thought, was yet very uncer- 
tain, and the Revolution not .so far advanced as was believed in 
luirope. 

In his letter to Chevalier de la Luzerne for transmission to 
Count (le (luichen, Washington very frankly alluded to the 
"extremity to which our affairs are tending, and the necessity' 
of support. You are an eyewitness to all our perplexities and 
all our wants." 

On September 13 Washington sent a hurried dispatch to 
Count i)K RoCH.XMBKAr aiuioiuicing, on pretty good authority, 
that Count de Cuichen was really approaching the coast. 

Although somewhat skeptical, he thought it wi.se to have the 
proposed meeting on the 20th, and would be at Hartford ac- 
cordingly. In event of the report proving correct, he still 
favored the taking of Xew York, and suggested plans to that 
end. 

ARNOLD'S DfPI.ICITV 

The last letter of Washington to Benedict Arnold, dated Sep- 
tember 14. gave the traitor information of his intended arrival 
at Peekskill on Sundav evening on his wav to Hartford to 



Frcncli Anuv and Xa'c'v in .lu/cn'ca 343 

meet the French admiral and general, and orders to send a 
guard of a captain and 50 men, a night's forage for about 40 
horses, and requested him to keep the journey a secret. 

When Arnold met Washington at Kings Ferry on the after- 
noon of September 18, on his way to meet Count DE Rocham- 
BEAU, he handed to the general in person his written opinion, 
as requested, upon the statement submitted to the council of 
general ofRcers on vSeptember 6. This contained a detailed 
exhibit of the effective condition of the American army; of the 
garrison at West Point; of the strength necessary to its defense; 
return of ordnance and disposition of the artillery corps in event 
of alarm. 

The infamy of Arnold may be best understood when it is 
known that, notwithstanding the friendship Washington had 
always .shown him, particularly befriending him when others 
suspected his fidelity and the world knew of his dishonesty, 
these papers, some original, others copies in Arnold's own 
handwriting, were foimd in the stockings of the spy Andre, 
captured five days afterwards on his way to rejoin his chief 
(Clinton) at New York to put the scheme into execution, the 
flotilla being in readine.ss. 

Prior to his departure General Washington informed Con- 
gress of his intended interview with Count DE Rocham- 
BEAu and Chevalier de Ternay, leaving the command of the 
army to Major-General Greene in his absence. 

The general in chief gave very precise orders to govern the 
actions of General Greene, especially should authentic advice 
be received of the arri\-al of a superior French fleet on the 
coast. In that event he was to immediatelj' put the army 
under marching orders; collect boats on the North River and 
plank for a bridge acro.ss the Harlem; to innnediatelj' write to 
the States of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
and New York to collect provisioiis and forage; to raise levies 
for their Continental battalions; and to put their nearest militia 
under marching orders. 

It was apparent the general in chief did not propose to be 
taken at a disadvantage. General Greene in after orders 



344 Fniir/i .Iid/v and Nmy in .Inirrira 

on the day of Washington's departure- wound \\\> by requiring 
all officers to he in perfect readiness to meet the enemy on Jhe 
slis;htest notice and guards to be vigilant and attentive and 
patrols active and watchful. 

There was great apprehension, should Washington's absence 
become known, that the enemy would be encouraged to make 
some movement. 

WASHINGTON OKF TO MEET ROCH.VMBEAU 

The general left his camp, starting on his journey to meet 
RociiAJiBE.VU on Monday, September i8, accompanied by 
Major-General the Marquis de Lafayette, General Knox, 
Lieutenant-Colonel Gouvion, and six aids, among them Colonel 
Hamilton, and the same evening crossed the Hudson at Kings 
hV-rry. .\rnold went dowil the river to meet him and handed 
him his opin-ion, as requested, concerning the exhibit of the 
military situation, and returned the next morning to Robin.son 
House. 

Washington continued on his journey to Hartford and Conite 
RoCH.VM iiE.\u left Newport about the same time, accompanied 
by General Cliastellux and seven aids, among them Fer.sen, 
Dumas, and Damas. 

H.-VSTEOKI) CONFERENCE 

The conference was largely taken up in interchange of per- 
sonal consideration, exchange of views on the conditions, and 
the po.s.sibilities of the ways and means at connnand. The 
Count jireferred to remain on the defen.sive until the detained 
fleet of his army should arrive. Washington, less anxious 
concerning the aggressive designs of Clinton, was impatient to 
do something in the way of active operations, for the effect on 
the esprit of both armies and the morale of the ]>eople fU large. 

A tentative understanding having been reached, the confer- 
ence came to an abrupt termination by the arrix'al of couriers 
bringing news to both conunanders of the arrival of the British 
Admiral Rodney at New York from the West Indies, with a 
fleet of 2 1 vessels. 



French Arniv and Na^'v in Ainmra 345 

FRENCH VIEW OI" THE AJIEKICAX CHIKETAIN 

There was great curiosity among the French officers to get a 
ghmpse of "the hero of hberty," as they called the American 
chieftain. Comte de Fersen, the accomplished first aid to 
General Rochambeau, in one of his numerous epistolary tes- 
timonials, sums up the F'rench impression as "illustrous if not 
unique in our age. His fine and majestic face, while mild and 
frank, reflects his moral qualities. He looks the hero; he is very 
cold, .speaks but little, yet is polite and suave. An air of sadness 
overshadows his countenance which is not unbecoming, and 
renders him yet more interesting." 

ROCHAMBEAU TELLS INCIDENT 

The Count tells an incident which occurred on his journey 
to the conference, as follows: 

The conveyance in which I proceeded to the conference, in company 

/ with .\dniiral de Ternay, who was very infirm, broke down. I dispatched 

mv first aid-de-camp to fetch a wheelwright, about a mile distant. He 

returned with the information that the man was sick with the ague and 

had declared that for his hat full of guineas he would do no work at night. 

We repaired to the man's shop, telling him General Washington would 
arrive the same evening to confer with us the following day and we would 
be too late to meet him. 

"You are no liars, at any rate," said he, "I read in the Connecticut 
papers Wa.shington was to be there to confer with you. .\s it is for the 
public service, I shall see your carriage shall be readj'at 6 in the morning." 

He kept his word. 

On the return another wheel broke, and we were again obliged to have 
recourse to our old friend. 

"Well," said he, "so you want me to work again for you at night?" 

".\ye! indeed we do," I replied, "Admiral Rodney has arrived, and it is 
important for us to get back to Rhode Island." 

"But what can you do with your 6 ships against the 20 English?" .said 
the smith. 

"It will be the most glorious day of our lives if they attempt to break 
our line." 

"Come, come," said he, " vou shall be on the way by 5 o'clock in the 
morning. But tell me, how did you like Washington?" 

We assured him we were greatly pleased with him. This satisfied his 
patriotism and he kept his word. 



111 tin- \\.i\ of *-<iiuuu'Ui KiHii vMiii:Ar aihls: 

I ilo not iiuwn to »'otii)vi>u' all Aiiiciicmis to this ^hhI man; Imt tilmost 
nil till- inUnul otiltivatoi^ ami all tlio lamlownois of Ci>ntuvliovit aio ani- 
niatt->t with tl\;>l )vitiiotio s\>irit which many other jHtmlo woiiUt ilo woll 
tv> iniitiitt'. 

I'l. \\s iKisTK A'ncn 

All plants It.wiiii; Ivott sot ;il iiiiit^lit li\ ihi- siimiltaniMtis 
antvtil at Now Vuik of Adiitirat Roditov, whioh iiiotx-asiHl tin.- 
I'^tivilish tmiittHMS tliixvfoKl, it was litially o«>tioltitlc(l the scasoti 
was tiH> fat atKatiocil for aotivo ojvfatiotis. Thotiijli tlioic was 
soiito ootisiiliMaliiMt of platts fi>r the spiitin', it was too fat iti tin- 
fntmx> to (U-tontiitio aitxtltittj;. It was tlton.-fotx> ajiiix-il that, 
uuKss ttucxiHvtiHl ovotits sUotiUl tiivossitatc a oliaii>;c, tht- 
attxiliary aniiN wotiUl loinaiti wlioiv itwasaiiil i;o ittto wiittot 
t|ttaitofs whott tlto «.H<U1 woatltor v-atm- on. 

\\\ the ntoaiitimo it was iKviiknl to disjvttoh a tttcsst-ttvicf Kiok 
to I'taitvv to hastoit twit fotxvttiottts and tiioticy for the ttx>oj\s, 
l''ot' tltis ptivpwso \"ivXMtito (U- Roohamlvatt, o»>loncl of tho 
Rc>;itttcnt Attwtijtto, sotAiiii; vmi tho stalT of his father, was 
soUvtol. With this tho I'lvnoh j«iMtcr;ils tvltirm-tl to thcit 
tx'sjH.vtivo iHvsis, w hoix- thoii pixsciiiv was tir>;vtttly mvik\l, 
HaixMt »K' Xiomcttil. howovct . had takott tho iiiwss;tiy ptxxMii 
tiotis for the Sixi'etyof the iMviioh shij^s, \V«shtnj;toti ix>tttnn\l 
to tho llttdsoti, arrivitiji at Wost l\Mtit in time t»> loartt v>t" tlio 
itofations plot of UoiiovUv't Attiiild to snnx'ttdor that jnvst to 
tho British attd of thooaptiuo of AmlixJ, just in tinio to provoni 
its oKiVtitioit. 

Ttllx .\KN01.1> CONSflKACV 

Tho sivtx>t v\^nx-sjx>tidot\iH> Ivtwxvtt Artiv>Kl ativl Ji^hn Andtx\ 
adjntant->;ottorstl of the Uritish forvx-s in the North Aniorioun 
v\>lonios. itvtnistal oxohisivoly with tho infainv>its hnsittoss, 
lv)iatt in 1770. It was at all titnos snttnisx-d hy tho l-jt.^hsh 
>;ottcn\l iti chief that tho jvsottdonynt 'Citistavns"" ropresxMitwl 
inorv> than att otxlittary ittstrnntont for tho Ivtrayal of tho tx^ln^-l 
oatiso. auvl "John Attdorson." alias John Andn5. ho know to Iv 
at\ oxi>crt of ntotx- thatt onlinat y abilities. 



I'^iiikIi .iiiiiv (111(1 Niivy ill .\iiicii((i .VI7 

'riic- nicisl \;illi,iM< iiihii liiiiliiill ( niiinillliiriilcd liy Arnold 
l,.|.,(,.,| I,, Ihr ;ini\.ll ul Ihr I'lcllrll ailMN lllldrr Ki K' 1 1 AM IlKA I '. 
II,. iiKidc Ihi', llic- pirli \1 loi |,i(ssinr, Ihcsalr (if Ills st-rvicfS to 
llic riH-mv, I laiinini; cliss;itisl';ui ion uilh llic I'lcn. li .dliancr and 
111,- MM' of l.iiiii'.n hoops on Ainriiian sod. 

Il \va ■ I"' "'"' i>'\'''ili'l lo (,'ImiIiiu llic iiniioilaiil sccirl, .-on 
rrali-d l>y V\';isliinKlon and Con>;n-ss rvi'ii I'roni llic miliy, ol' 
llic dclciinination hclwccn WasliiiiKton and Rorii \Miiiv\n nol 
lo nndcilaUc conrcitcil inovriiiciils until llic ani\'al ol Uk; 
a,l,lili,.iial loiiM s 1 1 01 II I'laiicc lie al-.o liclia\cd llii' cuiilid( m-c 
,i| his i.laliolis Willi llis i;clliial ill cliicl li\c\l>osin.i; lo llu 
ciiciin tli<' insc of llic invasion of Canada l>v Ui k'ii am nivM' and 
LalaVL'tlc. 

II was oil llu- ,vl 'l.iN of Ain.oisl, lyS,,, llial Arnold assiiincd 
coiiiinanil al Wcsl I'oiiil liijiil\ lu' had advised the ciiciiiy 
,,f ih,- piolialiiliU of sn.h a coiisiiiiiinal ion |,> facililali- his 
licachii \ , 

( )ii Anioisl ,V' oil'' ' li'ioii, a iiuanlK 1 of I he Conncetii'iil le^is- 
lalllie, Ihe Stale of AllloM's liillll, afli 1 ilillill)' willl the plot 
1(1, lefl West I'oiiil as licaua of a llai',, pi csninaMs , also, ol llii' 
lctl,.| ,,f that dale- fioiii Ai iiohl lo Aiidie, and, licsides, conveyed 
lothe lliitish I'eiicial oial informal ion of a liiidiK iinporlaiil 
eliaiaeld, 

'The nioiiieiit was piopilioiis. 'The p.isilion al West I'oiiil 
had alwa\s lucii icv;ardcd as Ihc.itadel ot the iiiililarv I'ovtunes 
of the Ainelieail st 1 ll););le. Tlllei- \ eal s' l.il lol and #,^,< )i " >,oi lo 
had Ikcii i-xpciiclcd on ils defenses. Il was eoiisidei ed eapalile 
of resisting' an iiiiuv laiiMi than the Ih ilish eniild niiister against 
il. Its iiossession li\ iheiiniin, he-sides llie loss of the lar;;e 
ipiaiitity of stoics and niililai v snpplit s of all kinds, would coin 
plctfly sever 1 111' New luiKland from the Middle and Soiilhein 
Slates, tliiis entlinn Hu' I'nion in twain. 

As was correctly snimised li\ I'liiiloii, the tactical Icatiiicol 
WaslliiiKloii's inovenicnt would l)e an attack upon ls.in>;s 
UridKC simultaneously IhicatcniuK Stattai Island, Ihc iMeiicli 
llilclfr. RiKii AMiiiCAli In eooperaU- li>- a iiio\'ciiieiil toward New 
N'ork liN- wa\ of l.oiii; Islind. 



^ 



34S FiTiic/i Army and Xax'v in America 

THK I'l.OT 

The arrangement between Arnold and Andre was to surren- 
der West Point at the moment the forces and materials of war 
were assembled reaily to ijo on with the combined movement 
contemplated by Washington and RocHAMBKAr. 

Under jiretense of an expedition to the Chesapeake, the 
l>ritish transports suitable for ascending the Hudson were to 
be assembled and tlie troops massed ready to go aboard. 

At the interview of September 22 at Josh Smith's house 
Arnokl produced the official plans of West Point and of each of 
the works prepared for General Washington by his French 
chief engineer. Duportail. He then also explained details 
more clearly than was possible by the light of a dim lantern in 
the darkness and bnish at Long Clove the night before. 

The route, place of debarkation, form of attack, and defense 
were arranged; and to facilitate the ascent of Rodney's flotilla 
a 240-jx)und link, under pretense of repair, had even been 
removed from the great chain barrier across the Hudson by 
Arnold's order and a slight coiuiection substituted. 

The time of execution was set for the 25th or 26th of 
September, when Washington was about to return from his 
inten-iew with Rochamukat at Hartford, probably adding the 
seizure of his person to the surrender of the post and its 
garrison. 

RAPID SEOfEXCE OF EVENTS 

Andre left New York September 20, after a banquet given 
him by Colonel Sullivan of the Eightieth Foot the night 
before. He left the I'li/Ztirf the night of the 2i.st and landed 
at Long Clove, 

The capture of Andre took place on the 23d of September at 
y a. m. at Tarrytown. Two of the six incriminating papers 
taken from his boots were in the handwriting of Arnold. Arnold 
made good his escape on the 25th, and Andre jwid the penalty 
of his offense against the laws of war Octolier 2. 

Washington, on the afternoon of September 24, on his way 
back from his conference w ith RocHAMBEAr had reached Fish- 



Frctuii Arniv and Navy in America 349 

kill, intending to pass that night with Arnold at Robinson's 
house, his headquarters, 18 miles below. Instead, meeting De 
la Luzerne, the French envoj-, on his waj' to consult with 
RocriAMBEAU, he returned for conference, the two passing the 
night at Fishkill, Washington planning to breakfast with Arnold 
the next day. During this delay the capture of Andre became 
known to Arnold, who made good his escape a few hours before 
the arrival of his deceived chief. 

CLiNTox'.s aftp:r opinion 

It will suffice to give here the British commander in chief's 
own version of his purpose in his official report to his Govern- 
ment dated nine days after the hanging of his adjutant-general: 

My idea (he writes) of putting into execution the concerted plan with 
General Arnold with most efficacy, was to have deferred it till Jlr. Wash- 
ington, cooperating with the French, moved upon this place (New York) 
to invest it, and that the rebel magazines should have been collected and 
formed in their several depots, particularly that at West Point. General 
Arnold surrendering him.self, the forts and garrisons at this instant would 
have given everj- advantage which could have been desired. Mr. Wash- 
ington must have instantly retired from Kings Bridge, and the French 
troops upon Long Island would have been consequently left unsujiported 
and probably would have fallen into our hands. 

PREPARING FOR POSSIBILITIES 

The mortification at such a dastardly act at this juncture was 
intense. The first intention, however, of Washington was to 
meet the exigencies of the moment. He made a hurried dis- 
position of his forces to resist an attack on West Point, which 
he found in a most critical condition should one be attempted 
in conformity w'ith the programme marked out by Arnold. He 
also gave specific orders to prevent the escape of Andre. On 
the morning of September 25, Andre was brought to Washing- 
ton at Robinson's, and the same evening was sent to West Point 
for safe-keeping. 

As soon as the general heard of Andre's capture, measures 
were set on foot to take Arnold. The latter, knowing of Wash- 
ington's approach on his return from his visit to Rochajibe.\u, 



350 Froicli Annv aitd Xoz'v in America 

left West Point an liour before his arrival, and made good 
bis escape before the officers could reach \'erplancks Point, 
where he had already passed with a fla^. and went aboard 
the British ship of war I'lt/tiirt-. which lay a few miles below, 
leaving Andre to his fate. 

KOCIIAMHKAI" ON AKXOI.D 

In commenting; iijjon this incident in American affairs the 
Count has this to say in his memoirs : 

This wasalioiit the tiniu of Arnold's oonspiracv. He had agreed a month 
before with Andre, aid-de-cainp to C.eneral CHnlon, to deliver np West 
Point fort, the ilepot of American stores on the Hudson, which contained all 
their supplies of ammunition. He had reckoned on the absence of tieneral 
Washington as the opportune time to carry out his treacherous plans. 
The General, who had a very high opinion of his military abilities, had 
intrusted him with this important command, and had planned to visit his 
prot(5g^ and garrison on the very day of Andre's capture by a party of 
militia. They were on the alert to secure the safe return of their general 
to his army. Their su.spicions were excited by meeting AndriJ, disguised, on 
the road from West Point to New A'ork. They stopped him, searched his 
person, and fouml concealed in his shoes the whole plan of the con.spiracy. 
He offered them money, but they scornfully refused it, and conducted him 
to lieadcjuarters. 

General Wa.shington liad just arrived at Arnold's, but the latter, as soon 
as he was apprised of the arrest of Andre, hastened from the castle, threw 
himself into a boat, and ]uit off with all speed toward an English vessel of 
war, which he knew was lying below Kings Perry. 

General Washington was at a loss to account for his absence, and his 
wife could give no tidings of her husband, but advices which he shortly 
after received from the army gave him full particulars. He gave the 
necessary orders for the safely of the garri.^on and returned in all haste to 
his quarters. 

WASHINGTON INl'UKMS ROCHAMBEAU 

As soon as his dispositions were effectual!)' made and order 
and .security restored, Washington the same day penned a 
14-line dispatch to Count de Rochajii!Kau, "General Arnold, 
who has sullied his former glory by the blackest treason, has 
escaped to the enemy," and by way of a moral, " in a revolution 
of the present nature it is more to be wondered at that the 
catalogue is so small than that there have been found a few." 



French Avdiv and Nmy in America 351 

On October 10 he wrote again to the Count, referring to the 
execution of the British adjutant-general, whicli had taken 
place October 2 at Tappan, with the comment: 

The circumstances under which he was taken justified it and policy 
required a sacrifice; but as he was more unfortunate thali criminal, and as 
there w-as much in his character to interest, while we }-ielded to the neces- 
sity of rigor we could not but lament it. 

BRITISH DESIGNS ON NEWPORT ABANDONED 

During the uncertainty natural to a situation so entirely for- 
eign to honor under the Articles of War, Rodney, having joined 
the fleet of Arbuthnot, appeared off Newport, but found that 
during the inaction of the latter the French had strengthened 
their works at Brentons Point and on Conaniciit and Rose islands, 
which were manned with guns of 24 and 36 pounds. The cross 
fire thus effected made the entrance secure against any possible 
attack. The increase also of the American land forces by the 
prompt rally of the militia rendered further effort futile. Accord- 
ingly the idea of an attack was abandoned and the entire force 
of the enemy sailed back to New York. After remaining idle 
in harbor for some w'eeks, before the winter set in. Rodney, 
leaving 12 sail of the line tinder Admiral Arbuthnot, departed 
for the West Indies, The English squadron remaining estab- 
lished winter moorings in Gardiners Bay at L,ong Island Point, 
with a view of keeping the French fleet in sight. At the same 
time a 50-gun ship and .several frigates were dispatched on a 
crui.se down the coast. Notwithstanding the apparent vigilance 
of the English, trade at Philadelphia and Bo.ston was active. 
The American privateers also made several important captures 
of ships of the enemy. 

DE LUZERNE VISITS HIS COUNTRYMEN 

In the first week of October, Chevalier de la Ltizerne left 
Philadelphia on a visit to his countrymen. After a brief halt 
at Washington's camp in the field, he continued to the head- 
quarters of RoCHAMBEAU at Newport, where he was received 
with great ceremony. 



352 Frnicli Aniiv and Navy in Anirrira 

The seiuliii^ of a nifssenger to France to represent the sit- 
uation and work up the interests of the cause was carefully 
discussed and a line of action agreed upon. The Chevalier 
l)repared his own version of the retiuirenifuts. which were 
dispatched with the same messenger. 

There were two understandinjj^s when Rocii.xMUK.vr left 
France. One, that a .second division of ships and troops should 
soon follow the convo)- of De Ternay; the other, contemplated 
a junction of the fleet of De Guichen in the West Indies with 
De Ternay and RoCH.v.MisK.Vf. 

In that (ptarter of the globe it was a (piestion of nia.stcry. 
The iCa.st Indies were unquestionably British. It was now 
doubtful as to whether the West Indies would lie the same. 
Rodne}' was then operating the British naval interests and kept 
De Guichen so preoccupied as to render him unable to get away. 
This was a decided .setback to the combined offensive ojierations 
propo.sed by Washington and RoCHAMBE.\r. The vessels of De 
Ternay were outclassed by Arbuthnot alone in numbers and 
metal. With the addition of Rodney's .ships aggres.sive opera- 
tions were out of the question. 

The second division of the au.xiliary army of Count de 
RociiAMBEAU, proposed for ser\-ice luider Washington in Amer- 
ica, was still in French v^-aters, owing to blockade in the harbor 
of Bre.st; while war with England, growing out of the alliance 
with the United States, and menacing conditions incident to 
international politics at home, rendered assistance from the 
second division improbable. 

DK TKRN.W TO DE VEKGENNES 

The F'rench admiral continued his corre.spondence with Count 
de Vergennes, ventilating his sentiments as unfavorable to the 
outlook of affairs in America, having charged M. de la Perou.se 
to explain to him his reasons, and call his attention to Arnold's 
treason as an evidence that there were traitors. 



French Arniv and Navy in America 353 

CAMPAIGN PLANS FOR THE KING 

From his camp near Passaic Falls, October 11, 1780, Wash- 
iugton submitted to the President of Congress his views upon 
the new arrangement of the arnu-, which by a special resoh-e 
was referred to the commander in chief. 

The enemy's embodied force of infantry in the States, with- 
out reference to occasional aids of militia, he placed at 18,000. 
to 20,000 men. He figured his estimates on not less than 
18,000. In the conference with the French general and admiral 
he felt obliged to give an opinion of his own force which might 
be expected for the next campaign, which he placed at 15,000. 
On this estimate of 15,000 a memorial with a plan for the en,suing 
campaign had been transmitted to the Court of France. 

After the Arnold treason and the defeat of Gates at Camden, 
General Washington notified Count DE Rochambeau of the 
necessity of transferring General Heath to the command at West 
Point, which he assumed October 16. 

General Greene, who had command at that place, at the solici- 
tation of the three southern States of Georgia and the Carolinas, 
had been appointed to supersede Gates. 

BRITISH DIVERSION SOUTHWARD 

In October, General Leslie sailed from New York with about 
3,000 troops in order to create a diversion in favor of Lord Corn- 
wallis's operations in North Carolina under his command, but 
to act on James River toward the Roanoke. Clinton, however,* 
advised his home Government that, while Washington remained 
in such force and the French continued at Rhode Island he did 
not think it advisable to weaken New York. 

AIMING AT a "happy STROKE" 

Washington still wished to terminate the campaign by some 
liapp3' stroke, in the hope of correcting "the misapprehension 
of our circumstances in Europe." 

He had gone so far as to project a descent by Marquis de 
Lafayette and his light infantry upon Staten Island, which did 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 23 



354 Frnic/i .-irii/y and Na^y in America 

not come off, liowt-ver, for lack of boats ami olln-r essential 
preparations. 

In order to relieve the tension of the situation in the south, 
Washington urged at the Hartford conference, as far as decency 
and policy would permit — which was also advocated by General 
Sullivan, then a Delegate in Congress from New Haven — the 
expediency of ordering the French fleet from Newport to Boston, 
where it might remain secure till reenforced, and of calling the 
French troops to headcjuarters. 

The object in Washington's mind was to arouse fear in the 
British general's calculations for the safety of New York, and 
to deter him from sending reenforcements against Greene. 

The proposition was without result in convincing the French 
officers at the conference, therefore the troops sent from the 
New York garrison to the south during the winter of 1780-81, 
formed a very important part of the British forces in that 
quarter. 

The situation in every way grew more distressing. The 
news from the southern States was unfavorable. Lord Corn- 
wallis had defeated Gates at Camden, forcing him to retreat in 
the utmost confu.sion to Hillsboro, N. C. 

The French fleet was blockaded in Narragansett Bay, and de 
Ternay him.self, not satisfied with the trend of affairs, was writ- 
ing letters to that effect to De A'ergennes, the French minister 
of foreign affairs. 

In one of the.se he used these words: 

Wc are actually conipelled to remain on a very strict defensive. The 
English sfiuadron is superior in numbers and in every other respect. The 
fate of North America is very uncertain, and the Revolution is not soiar 
advanced as is believed in Europe. 

no:MES VKKSfS KII.I,KT.S 

On his return from the Hartford conference. Count de 
RoCHAMBEAU engaged in the unusual task of providing winter 
quarters for his troops in a country wliere the homes of the 
people were .sacred and inviolable. 



Frrmh Adiiv aiid Nm[V in America 355 

The European .system of billeting soldiers on the people 
presented a novel contrast to the practice in free America. 
In commenting on the point the Count says in his memoirs: 

Each individual holds his own property in such sacred veneration that 
General Washington's tirniy throughout the summer had no other resi- 
dence than their camp, and for the winter were obliged to make shift 
with wooden huts, which the soldiers built for themselves in the forests. 

• This plan, however, he found impossible in Rhode Island, 
.as the English had cut down and used for fuel during the 
three years of their occupation every tree on the island. 

The vigorous discipline of the French army had produced 
such a favorable impres.sion upon the Government and people 
of Rhode Island that the State authorities granted the reque.st 
of the Count to repair, at his own expen.se — about 20,000 
livres — the houses damaged by the English, and use them as 
quarters in place of a barrack camp, the inhabitants to provide 
.separate accommodations for the officers. 

DISPATCHES FOR FRANCE 

The Count took an early opportunity to get a frigate through 
the English lines to convey his .son as bearer of dispatches to 
France to explain his own wants and those of the Americans, 
in accordance with an arrangement at the Hartford conference. 

On October 28, in a gale of wind, the An/azoiic, La Perou.se 
commanding, selected for this dangerous mission, put to sea. 
The Briti.sh squadron, dispersed by the elements, failed to over- 
take the vessel. Though partly dismasted in the storm. La 
Perou.se made good his departure and safely reached France. 

THE FRENCH IN WINTER QUARTERS 

The French corps went into the winter quarters they had 
provided early in November. The regiment Bourbonnais fir.st, 
the others as rapidly as accommodations were ready. 

Owing to the scarcity of provisions, part of Duke de Lauzun- 
Biron's legion, cavalry, and artillery horses occupied barracks at 
Banora, Conn. , the duke himself being in command. 



35^ Froicli Annv and Naz'y in Ainrrifa 

RoCHAMBEAU, lookiuja; for quarters for the not yet aliaiidoiied 
second division, visited New London, Norwich, and Windl\ani 
in Connecticut. During his tour he paid a visit to Duke de 
Lauzun and inspected the winter quarters of his legion. 

DEATH Ol- DE TEKN.W 

Upon his return he found Chevaher de Ternay ill from a 
fever, but as the Chevalier exhibited no serious symptoms, 
continued his journey to Boston. 

During his absence the Chevalier's illness took a critical turn. 
Having been taken ashore on December 14 for better treatment, 
the next day the end came in the Wanton House, 149 Thames 
street. 

The funeral, which was conducted with great pomp and cere- 
mony, took place on December 16. The troops were inider 
arms and .sailors bore the coffi:-. to the grave. 

The burial .service was rendered by priests of the Roman 
Church, and the remains were consigned to the earth in the 
grav'eyard of Trinity Prote.stant Episcopal Church." 

The high tributes paid the lamented De Ternay by friend 
and foe were numerous and deserved. The Royal Gazette 
(Rivington), one of the most implacable of Tory .sheets, spoke 
of him as — 

an officer of distinguished reputation — a gentleman of most excellent heart 
and amiable disposition * * * a real ornament of the elegant nation 
from which he was derived. 

DESTOUCHES IN COMMAND 

The connnand of the fleet devolved upon Chevalier Destouches, 
as .senior officer of the squadron, who carried out both in spirit 
and letter the instructions of the late admiral. 

(I In 1785 an elegant monument was erected by order of the 1-rcncb King, consisting 
of a slab of Egyptian marble inscribed in gold. Relow the inscription and between 
the brackets was an escutcheon charged with the insignia of the Knights Hospitaler 
of St. J<ihn of Jerusalem. It was intended for theinsideof the church, but, being out 
of proportion, was erected on the west side of the gate. Owing to the effects of the 
elements, in 1794 its position was changed at the expense of the officers of the Trench 
frigate Mfdiistr. -In 1873. at the expense of the I'nited States, under the super\'ision of 
the Marquis de Noailles, son of an officer under Rocii.^MltKAf. it was repaired and 
transferred to the inside of the church and a granite stone placed above the grave. 



Frciich Aniiv mid Navy in America 357 

The death of Chevaher de Ternay was a great blow. He 
was a skillful navigator, as shown by the masterlj" manner in 
which he conducted the convoy of Rochambeau and his army 
across the ocean swarming with British cruisers. 

WASHINGTON HOLDS THE BRITISH IN NEW YORK 

The commander in chief, owing to the unsatisfactory condi- 
tion of affairs on land and water at Newport, impressed with 
the futilit}' of active operations single handed against the Brit- 
ish position at New York, withdrew with his army to the New 
Jerse}' side of the Hudson in the fall, having previoush' estab- 
lished a cordon of military posts within supporting distance of, 
each other around the cit}'. 

From this point Washington not only held his troops well in 
hand but was in position to resist any aggressi\'e mo\'ement 
of the British. At the same time he was in connnunication, 
by the slow methods of the day, with the Frencii commander 
on the water and the French and American forces on land in 
Rhode Island. 

In December, from headquarters at New Windsor, Washing- 
ton approved of the wintering of the expected second division 
in Connecticut, rather than in Massaciiusetts, as more conven- 
ient to the probable scene of operations. He al.so notified the 
Count of the withdrawal of his chain of dragoons, and in the 
future would send his dispatches to the Duke de Lauzun, at 
Lebanon, Conn., as he desired. 

As an evidence of the continued desperation of the situation, 
at the same time froin the same headquarters (New Windsor), 
AVashington informed Lafayette of ' ' there not being so much 
money in the hands of the quartermaster-general as would bear 
the expense of an expre.ss to Rhode Island." 

CORNWALI.IS BEING REENFORCED 

About the middle of December, from New Wind,sor, Wash- 
ington informed Rochambe-\u and de Ternay of the embark- 
ation of about 2,500 British troops to strengthen Cornwallis 



358 l-'rrtnli Arrtiv and S^ax'v in Auirn'ca 

in tin- soiilli, and also of information received of powerfnl 
reen forcenienls to be sent over from luijjland. 

THK SKCONI) KRKXCH DIVISION NOT MKNTIONKD 

By the latest vessel from France the long-expected second 
division apjieared to have dropped completely ont of si>;;ht, as 
no mention even was made of it. Washington, therefore, found 
another of his cherished hopes gone and his fertility of resource 
driven hack tt) the maintenance of the struggle by arts and 
extremities endural>le onh- by one of his most exalted fortitude. 

I'KOl'OSED COOPKRATION WITH SI'.VIN 

A new straw al w liich he hoped to be able to grasp by a par- 
ticiiiation of the allies was the exjieditions liinted at, at the 
comt of Spain, against the British settlements in Florida. The 
first of these, consisting of 4,000 men, convoyed by 8 vessels of 
war, had sailed October 16 from Havana to attack Pensacola. 
The other, 10,000 men with 12 ships of the line, frigates, and 
bomb ketches, was to proceed forthwith against St. Augustine. 

Washington proposed combining his forces with tho.se of 
Spain to subdue the enemy not only in Florida, but in Georgia 
and .South Carolina. 

The mode of procedure .suggt^sted by him was to negotiate 
with the commanders of the Spani.sh forces and the governor of 
Havana with a view to cooperation conjointly or by diversion. 

In event of acceding to the propo.sition the Spanisli ships, 
after the debarkation of their troops at St. Augustine, were to 
form a junction with the French .squadroi; at Newjwrtand take 
inider their convoy the French from Newport and .\nierican 
troops from Philadelphia for Charleston. 

The latter force promised was 2,000 Continentals, expecting 
the Count. to detach double that number, leaving the New Eng- 
land militia to a.ssist the remainder in protecting their works 
and stores. A requisition on the French fleet in the West 
Indies was also proposed. 



Frciic/i Aniiy and iVazy in America 359 

NKW COMMAND KOK d'ESTAING 

The plan was not favored by Count DK Rochambkau. At 
the same time inlelHgence was received confirming the appoint- 
ment of the Marquis de Castries and the preparation of large 
forces at Brest and at Cadi/, which, it was said, would Ik- under 
the connnand of Count D'Estaini;-, 

In view of all this, De Rochamheau looked for dispatches 
of decided import from his Government and therefore could not 
engage in the operations suggested by Washington. 

The chief difficult)- in tlic way of this progrannne was the 
possibility of the Spanish connnander in the West Indies hav- 
ing specific instructions which would interfere with the trans- 
port of American and French troops to the south. 

In addition, the recall of Ue Ciuichen to Europe left Cheva- 
lier de Monteul, the French admiral, with a force insufficient to 
insure the much desired naval superiority. 

The .sudden death of Chevalier de Ternay added not a little 
to the complications. His successor. Chevalier Destouches, 
pleaded the unseasonableness of the weather for the project in 
question, and also lack of sui)plies. 

COUNSEL.S WITH FRANKtIN 

In December, Wa.shington .sent a long communication to 
Franklin, the American plenipotentia.ry, reviewing the situa- 
tion and particularly the retrograde operations of Cornwallis 
in the .south and the high .sen.se he had of the abilities of Count 

DE ROCHAIIBEAU. 

In January, 1781, Col. John Laurens, after a conference with 
Washington, under instructions from Congress, left for France 
to lay before that Government the full condition of affairs. This 
action led to a lively debate in diplomatic quarters, in which 
Count de Vergennes took up the cudgels most emphatically in 
support of the course of Doctor Franklin as ' ' zealous and 
patriotic as it is wise and circumspect. The last campaign had 
cost 150,000,000 livres extraordinary and the next was expected 
to exceed that sum. ' ' 



^ 



NEWPORT TO YORKTOWN— VICTORIOUS OPERA- 
TIONS OF THE ALLIED ARMIES, 1781 



About Christmas time the first floating rumors were heard 
of a change in the ministry by the substitution of M. de Castries 
for M. de Sartines as minister of marine. The abihty of the 
retiring minister as builder of the French navj' was universally 
conceded, but his skill in employing it did not win the same 
encomiums. 

The new minister, who had won distinction in the Seven 
Years' War, was looked to for great achievements, and particu- 
larh' in behalf of French maritime operations in the waters of 
the States. 

PROGRAMME FOR 17S1 

The plans for 1781 embraced the siege of New York on the 
basis of naval superiority and an army of 30,000 men — about 
double that of the enemy. The disposition of events took a 
very different trend. 

The programme, with the usual "if we are able to get the 
force we count upon," was an attack on the British works 
on York Island and those on Long Island, the former by 
Washington and the latter by Rochambeau. 

At the beginning of the year 1781, Benedict Arnold, in the 
livery of England's king, was dispatched from New York with 
2,000 men to replace General Leslie's detachment on Elizabeth 
River, attack Portsmouth, Va., and to ravage the regions of the 
James and the Chesapeake, there being no other American forces 
in those sections than raw militia. 

361 



T^f,2 Ncivfyoii III )'iiiklini.'ii, ijSi 

'I'liL' Uritisli .s<|iiaflri>ii niaiiilaiiiiii); tlie hlockadeof the French 
at Newport were anclmixd in (lardiners Bay, east end of Long 
Island, hetwcen Cardiiicr and I'hun islands, and consisted of one 
slii]) of <ji> gnns, fonr <jf 74, three of 64, one of 50, and several 
frigates. 

On the 22d day of Jannary a storm disastrous to their fleet, 
es])eci.illy in the total loss of one and the dismasting of another 
74-gnn ship, k(l to tile detachment, early in I'ebniary, of Lafay- 
ette from the main arni>- at New Windsor and Morristown, with 
a select corps of light infantry of 1,200 New luigland and New 
Jersey miii, to |)roccc(l on tiic march to \'irginia to' cooperate 
with the I'Vcnch s<|niidron, about to sail, and (".encral .Steuben, 
then on his way to join the Continental forces in the Carolinas. 

With the greatest expedition Washington proposed to Comte 
Die Rc)CiiAMiii';AU and Chevalier Destouches cooperation in \'ir- 
ginia with the entire I-'rench fleet and j)art of the land force. 
Before the receipt of this pr(ii>osilion, for the reason that two 
formi<l.ible British vessels had been hurt by the gale, Destouches, 
at the re<|Uest of (Governor Jefferson of Virginia and Congress, 
through Chevalier de la Lu/erne, sent .a ship of the line and 
three frigates to the Chesapeake to blockade Arnold's s(piadron 
and to cooi)erate with the American forces on land. It was 
known Arnold was accompanied b\- but two .|i)-gun slii])s and 
a few smaller craft. 

Dl-; 'PIl.l.V M.MvKS A CAl'TCKK 

This expedition, under conunand of M. de Tilly, left Newport 
early in l''ebruary. Count UK RoCiiAMHKAU offering to send a 
division from his force, which, however, was not deemed neces- 
sary, as the movement was to cut off Arnold's comnuinication 
by water and cajUiu'e him if jHissible, the Continentals and \'ir- 
ginia militia being thought sufTicient on land.. 

The fleet at Gardiners Bay also set sail and arrived off the 
Ca]5es of Virginia in advance. Although there was nuitual 
surpri.se when the two fleets sighted each other, a naval condjat 
ensued, the gallant De Tilly succeeding in capturing the enemy's 
44-gun Romidiis. two i)ri\alecrs, one of 14 and the other of iS 



Newport to Yorktown, ij8i 363 

guns, seizing four and burning a number of other prizes, and 
taking 500 prisoners. He would have captured Arnold but for 
information from Arbuthnot of the sailing of the French and 
Arnold's escape up Elizaljeth River, where he could not be pur- 
sued for want of sufficient depth of water for the French vessels. 

The experience, however, was valuable, as it pointed the way 
to another undertaking on a more elaborate scale. 

The British ships from Gardiners Bay fared sorely in their 
efforts to intercept de Tilly's return, two being driven ashore and 
two others dismasted. 

Washington proposed to Count dk Rochambeac to send a 
detachment with the squadron to join Lafajette with a view to 
an attack upon Arnold at Portsmouth, where he had taken 
refuge after his handling ?jy Chevalier de Tilley. 

EXPEDITION AGAINST ARNOLD RENEWED 

Letters captured threw such a favorable aspect on affairs 
that De.stouches determined to renew the expedition with his 
entire naval force, as sugge.sted originally by Washington, the 
objective being to prevent Arnold from establishing himself at 
Portsmouth, Va. 

At Washington's suggestion of a cooperating land force, 
RoCHA.MBEAU di.spatched 1,120, embracing all his grenadiers 
and chasseurs, commanded by Baron de Viomenil. This left 
RoCHAMBEAU 2,500 men to protect his transports and maga- 
zines. He asked 2,000 militia from Rhode Island and Massa- 
chusetts during the absence of the expedition, using Washing- 
ton's name. 

DISPATCHES FROM FRANCE 

The arrival at Boston of the French frigate Astree, M. de la 
Peyrouse commanding, about this time f February) brought to 
RoCHAMBEAi' the onlj' dispatches he had received from France 
since his landing on American soil. He now learned for an ab- 
solute fact there would be no second division. There had been 
a change in the ministry of marine from Sartines to Ga.stries, 
the Queen Empress had ended her mortal career, the English 



364 N^ra'poii to Yorklown^ ij8i 

were warring on the Dutch, and France was preparing to resist 
them, for which reason fears were entertained of the abiHty of 
the King to do more for America. 

His Highness, however, was not in the least hikewarm, being 
determined to do the best in his power under the circumstances. 
He therefore hastened La Peyrouse to embark at Brest on one 
of his fleetest frigates for America, taking with him the 1,500,000 
francs which had been held there in exjjectation of going out 
with the promised second division. 

L.\FAVKTTE KN ROUTE 

The expedition under Lafayette reached the Head of Elk in 
Marj'laud on March 3, four days earlier than was calculated. 
There it was learned of the return of M. de Tilly to Newport 
and of the proposed earlj- departure of another squadron under 
M. Destouches with the same object in view. 

As active operations were impracticable until the presence 
of French ships in the bay, leaving his command, the Marquis 
him.self proceeded to the headquarters of Baron Steuben at 
\\'illiam.sburg, Va., for conference. 

From there, on March 23, he infonned Washington concern- 
ing his march and of the situation. 

In order to give the departure of the French fleet to the 
Che.sapeake his personal recognition, Washington determined to 
proceed at once to Newport. 

FRENCH HONORS FOR W.VSHINCTOX - 

In furtherance of this plan, leaving General Heath in com- 
mand of the army during his absence, the chief started from 
headquarters on the 2d of March and reached Conanicut at 
2 p. m. on the 6th. Here he found the French admiral's 
barge awaiting him, in which he was conveyed to the Due 
de BonrffOffnr, flagship. There were assembled Roch.\mbe.\u 
and Destouches and the general officers of the army and com- 
modores and captains of the fleet. To give eclat to the .scene 
the grenadiers of Regiment Bourbonnais, with De \'iomenil at 



Newport to Yorktown, ijSt 365 

their head, were already aboard, having embarked earlier in the 
day. After an interchange of compliments and hospitalities, the 
chief left the flagship for the shore, being honored by a salute 
as he went over the side. Landing at Barney Ferry ( Long 
Wharf and Washington street), he was met by French officers 
and escorted to the headquarters of Rochambeau (Clarke 
street), where he was greeted with all the consideration due a 
marshal of France. The route of his progress was marked by 
French troops three lines deep on either side, which gave the 
entire army, rank and file, an opportunity to see him whom 
their officers lauded as the " strongest support of liberty." 

NEWPORT HOSPITALITIES 

The same evening the fleet in the harbor, the troops on board 
and in full equipment for sea, and the houses on .shore were 
illuminated. There was also a grand parade led by 30 youths, 
each bearing a candle on a .staff, followed by Washington and 
Rochambeau, attended by their aids and officers, and all of 
Newport capable of being in line. After passing through the 
main thoroughfares, Washington and Rochambeau, with the 
general officers, returned to the French headquarters. 

As the chief was there on business he gave the more impor- 
tant matters his fir.st attention. He again had an interview 
with Destouches. The land forces had embarked antl the fleet 
was ready to weigh anchor. 

The prospects were bright. Therefore the commander in 
chief was in an excellent frame of mind to participate in the 
functions the people had arranged for him. On the evening of 
his arrival, as has been said, Newport was illuminated in his 
honor. The next night a grand ball was given him Ijy the 
leading citizens. 

destouches off for the CHESAPEAKE 

The following day (March 8) Destouches sailed out of Nar- 
ragansett waters with eight ships of the line, including the 
captured '&r'\l\s\\ex Romultis, and a detail of Rochambeau's best 



^66 



Nrn>por/ to Yoiklinvn^ ij8i 



troops ( I, GOO infantry and 150 artillery) under Baron de \'io- 
nienil. with mortars and howitzers and a full field equipment. 
The sailing was witnessed by Washington and Rochambhai', 
Major-General Howe, and the French general officers. 

The French fleet having sailed, Washington turned his atten- 
tion to arranging with Rocii.v.MBK.vr the campaign of the year 
as far as the situation and means at hand would ]>ermit. 



KociiAMiii:Ar s i:i"KKCTi\i:s 

The return showed the physical condition of the French 
auxiliary army for the military operationsof the year as follows; 

iirneral situation 0/ the army under the onicrs of Count (/<• Rothambt'au 
for the period to March /, i-Si. 





Effective force on Febniar\- aS. 




Present, 


Hospitals. 


Total. 


Reiigasfs 


and men I>^tnch4s. 
of all 
arms. 


^>-port.' V^X 




852 

91a 
21 


'1 

2 


3a 
16 
26 
21 
9 

a 




914 
995 
911 

9» 

4>3 












I 
















Mineurs 










330 


2 
13 




Vol t i(je« rs de I<aii tun 

A N't\v|x>rl 

Hussards De l^uzau 


12 

6 








J-Vl 








•1. .596 54 ; IlS I 

4.£oS , tx) j 114 I 


4, 570 5 
4,^3 1 



During this period the ca.sualties were but 7, no deaths, and 
but 2 desertions. 

In a dispatch from Newport, March S, Washington apprised 
Lafayette of the departure of the fleet that evening with .1 fair 
wind. The British followed with their whole sailing force at 
Oardiners Bar the next morning. 



Newport to Yorktoiun, ij8i 367 

VIRGINIA INSTEAD OF NEW YORK 

To General Phillips was intrusted the command of the British 
detachment sent to reenforce Arnold, the whole to act in concert 
with Cornwallis. 

The latter suggested to Clinton to make the Chesapeake the 
theater of war, even to the abandonment of Xew York. The 
subjugation of \'irginia was regarded as precedent to a perma- 
nent hold on the Carolinas. 

The general in chief remained in Newport several days, hav- 
ing frequent meetings with Rochambeau and his officers, and 
mingling freely with the citizens. 

P.\RTING PARADE 

He parted from his French hosts with the same honors 
accorded on his arrival. The entire French army was paraded 
on Broad street, their length of line extending beyond the town 
limits. All general officers held position in the center. As the 
American commander in chief passed down the line the highest' 
honors known to the Articles of War were bestowed upon him, 
including 13 guns from the French artillery. 

He left with citizens several written expressions of approbation 
of their patriotism, and appreciation of their esteem. 

In one of these he said: 

Among the distinguished honors which have a claim to my gratitude 
since my arrival. I have seen \vith peculiar satisfaction those effusions of 
esteem and attachment which have manifested themselves in the citizens 
of tliis ancient town. JI}- happiness is complete in a moment that unites 
the expressions of their sentiments for me with their suffrages in favor of 
om' allies. The conduct of the French army and fleet, of which the in- 
habitants testify so gratefully and in so effectual a sense, at the same time 
that it evinces the wisdom of the commanders and the discipline of the 
troops is a new proof of the magnanimity- of the nation. It is a further 
demonstration of that generous zeal and concern for the happiness of 
America, which brought them to our assistance, a happy presage of future 
harmony, a pleasing evidence that an intercourse between the two nations 
will more and more cement the union by the solid and lasting ties of 
mutual affection. 



368 Newport to Yorktown^ ij8i 

HOXORS IN PKOVIDKNCE 

At the conclusion of his stay in Newport the General left for 
Providence, on the way passing through Bristol and W'arreu. 
His greeting in the ' ' Providence Plantations ' ' consisted of two 
days' military honors, an illumination, a public dinner, a grand 
ball, and public addresses. 

Upon leaving, the chief, greatly to the delight of the inhabi- 
tants, said; 

I am deeply penetrated with the demonstrations of attachment whicli 
I have experienced from the inhabitants of this town. 

And gave special emphasis to — 

the determination you are pleased to express of niakin}< eyery effort for 
giving vigor to our military operations is consonant with the spirit that 
has uniformly actuated this State. It is by this disposition alone that we 
can hope under the protection of Heaven to secure the important blessings 
for which we contend. 

Washington returned to his headquarters after an ab.sence of 
;iineteen daj-s. 

DESTOrCHES THE VICTOR 

In the meantime Graves, who had refitted, put to sea on March 
10, accompanied by Hood. The spring equinoctials were on 
in full blast. Both fleets, although in the open at the same 
time, had all they could do to combat the onslaughts of the 
weather. 

The fleets were of about equal measure — eight line of battle 
ships and three frigates each, but Graves had the preponderance 
of guns. He hoisted his war flag on the London, a three-decker, 
whereas Destouches flew his from the captured British frigate 
Romulus, of less fighting capacity. They came together on 
March 16. 

No time was lost in fanciful tactics. Decks were cleared for 
action and both sides proceeded to business without ceremony. 
The four vessels at the head of Destouches battle line at once 
engaged the four frigates of Graves nearest at hand. 

The Conquerant, M. de laGrandiere, \\\^ Jason, M. de Marigny, 
and Ardent, La Clochetterie, fought heroically for the glory of 



Newport to Yorktoicn, rySi 369 

France and success of the States. The conflict was obstinate 
and bloody. Three of the English vessels, roughly battered, 
were put completely out of the fight with serious loss. Two 
of the French vessels also sustained more or le.ss injury, the 
Conqucrant having her rudder shot awaj-. 

Destouches, in for another test of seamanship and gunnery, 
swinging around to bring up once more in fighting formation , 
found Graves making head to the leeward in all liaste to avoid 
being cut off in an attempt to get inside the Chesapeake capes. 

The enemy declined a renewal of the fight, and the imprac- 
ticability of successful pursuit in the contracted waters of the 
bay being manifest, Destouches had no choice. Therefore, 
taking the Conquerant in tow, and the wounded commander, the 
brave Marquis de Lavel of Bourbonnais. on board his own .ship, 
he convoyed De Viomenil, who had lo.st 7 killed and 29 wounded 
of his regiment, and his transports. 

The French were back at Newport March 26, having been 
absent 18 days. The result was highly honorable to Jhe French, 
but the British fleet secured entrance to the bay and Phillips 
reenforced Arnold with 3,000 men. 

In a letter of April 3 Washington sent to Rochambe.vu 
an account given b}- the enemy of the action of March 16, 
observing — 

I'rom his avowal three of his vessels were entirel3- disabled, and as the}' 
had no advantage, as they are always disposed to make it appear that they 
have, it is evidently their inside view that the)' have not much to glorify 
about. 

APPRECI.\TIOX OF CONGRESS 

The Congress of the United States directed its President — 

to transmit to Count DE Rochambe.\u their thanks and also to Chevalier 
Destouches and to the officers and seamen under his orders, for their 
bravery, firmness, and fine conduct * * * so courageously and advan- 
tageously maintained off the capes of the Chesapeake against a superior 
squadron of the enemy, doing honor to the arms of His Most Christian 
Majesty and a happy presage of decisive advantage for the United States. 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 24 



370 A'e'a'port lo )'i>rkt(ra'ii, ijSi 

The action cost France a nnniber of men. The losses reported 
were: Six killed and 5 wounded on the Piic dc Boiirgogiic { flag- 
ship); 51 killed and 41 wonnded on the Conqucraiit: 19 killed 
and 35 wounded on the Ardent; 5 killed and 1 wounded'on the 
Jason; 4 killed and 2 wounded on the Neptune; 2 killed and i 
wounded on the Romulus; i killed aud 3 wounded on the Eveille, 
and I killed and 7 wounded on the Pnneuee. 

The Eveille, M. de la \'illebrune commanding, was particu- 
larly distinguished. A British ship of the line," 98 guns, 
attempting to cut the French formation between the Romulus 
and EveilU\ the conniiander of the latter vessel, which had 
but 64 guns, held to the wind and sent his broadside to the 
approaching \-e.ssel at three points, receiving all of the enemy's 
in return. Had this fire been well directed it would have seut 
the Eveille's colors down, in view of the small distance which 
separated them. But for the gallantry of this bold maneuver 
the FCnglish would have cut the line of the French ships. 

While these events were transpiring on the coasts of America, 
Count de Grasse, March 22, sailed out of Brest. The ship- 
}-ards of that famous port and of Toulon and Rochefort in 
three years had constructed aud made ready for sea more than 
20 ships of the line. Some of these new ships sailed under 
D'Eslaing. De Grasse had under his orders 26 vessels and 
some frigates. 

It was his orders to proceed to the Antilles, thence along the 
coast from .south to north, between Savainiah and Rhode Island, 
along the shores of the I'nited States, and give to the army 
of \\'ashington and Roch.x.aiuk.vu all the as.sistance possible, 
retaining, however, the right to exerci.se his judgment. He 
was to rally the fleet of Destouches, of which Count de Barras 
was to take command. 

L.\F.\VETTE INIOVES SOUTHW.VRD 

On April 8 Lafayette was again at Elk from his conference 
with Steuben. Here he received orders from Washington to 
continue his march south. 



Xcirpor/ to ]'ork/tra'ii, /ySi 



J/ 



Oil April 13 he crossed the ,Susqiiehaniia and on the isth 
was at Baltimore. On the 23d he reached Alexandria, \'a., 
and was at Richmond the 29th, where he was joined by the 
Continental forces under Steuben and Muhlenberg and the Wv- 
ginia militia under Nelson. 

As early as this Washington had a premonition of the possi- 
bility of a transfer of his field of operations to the south. In a 
letter of the 21st of that month he gave Lafayette the option to 
go on with his movement or turn over his command to another 
and return to him at general headquarters, but intimated if he 
should resolve to go forward there would be one consolation — 
the fact that the a.spect of things made it mo.st probable the 
weight of the campaign would be in the south, when it would 
become his duty to go there in penson, adding, "of this I would 
not have you say ain-thing. ' ' 

.\ FI.fRRY BETWEEN THE CHIEF.S 

At this time an intercepted private letter of Washington 
to Lund Washington, his kinsman and agent at Mount \'ernon, 
made public in the Tory Oazette in New York April 4, 
created con.siderable consternation. vSeeming to reflect upon 
the French operations, it gave ri.se to considerable interpolation, 
particularly the declaration — with the ])arenthetical ob.serva- 
tions, "but this I mention in confidence," that — 

It wa.s uufortunate the French fleet and detachment did not undertake the 
enterprise they are now upon when I first proposed it to them. The 
destruction of Arnold's corps would then have been inevitable before tlie 
British could have put to sea. Instead of this the small squadron which 
took the Roiini/iis and other small vessels was sent, and could not, as I 
foretold, do anything without a land force at Portsmouth. 

The slip gave the general deep concern and occasion for 
lengthy comment in a letter (April 21 ) to Lafayette, his ever 
ready and confidential counselor in man\- delicate situations. 
He was able neither to a\o\v the letter as published nor declare 
it spurious, as no copy was taken. His remembrance was his 
chagrin upon receiving his own (Lafayette's) letter (March 



-\']2 Ncivporl /t> )'()rk/(ru'ii, /~S/ 

15) from Voikliiwn, in \'ir);iiii:i. that Uk- l"n.-ncli ik-ct liad not 
appeared — 

williiii llic capes of llit- Chesapeake, and iiUeiideil to express in,confi- 
(leiiee liis apprehension and concern for the delay. 

Ik- intimated lie would not be surprised if the "inspectors" 
of the Royal C.azette at New York had taken lil)erties with the 
text as the\- had in puhlishin.i; a letter from himself to Gov- 
ciiiiir Hancoek, and his ic])l\- which ne\er had an existence but 
in the C.a/.ette. That lliey were not less eajjahle of the same 
now, he thought, few would deny; though his (Rivin.e;tou's) 
friends do not want to convict him of falsehood, and ours 
i Washington's) had not the opportunit>- of doing it, as both 
sides knew his talents for lying. 

The Count DK R()Cii.\.MHK.\f took an earl>- op]x)rtunity 1 April 
26) to bring the extract from tlie published letter referred to 
to the notice of Washington with this comment: 

If this was really written by yoiir excellency, I shall beg leave to observe 
that the result of this reflection would .seem to be that we have had here 
the choice of two expeditions proiHjsed, and that we have preferred the less 
to a more considerable undertaking, which your excellency desired. If 
such is the meaning, I beg your excellency to call to mind that the line of 
battle ship an<l the two frigates went out of Newport on the 9th of Febru- 
ary on a demand made by Congress and the State of \'irginia to the Cheva- 
lier Destouches; that your letter with the plan for the goiiiK out of the 
whole fleet with a detachment of 1,000 Frenchmen to act conjointly with 
llic Marquis de Lafayette bears date of the 15th; that I di<l not receive it 
till the 19th; that having given an instant conmiunication of it to M. Des- 
touches, I had the honor on the 2oth to send his answer to your excellency, 
and that no later than the day after the gale of wind which w>'akened the 
Hritish fleet toward the end of January, I offered all the land forces that 
could possibly be transported by the navy, and have not ceased to do it 
since. I shall not mention to you the reasons that delayed the departure 
of M. Destouches's squadron because they do not come under my cogni- 
zance. I only state these facts to call to your mind these dates, which I 
beg you to verify by your correspondence that you may be entirely per- 
suade<l; that there will never be the least delay in what concerns the 
troops wlK>m I connnand in the execution of your onlers as soon as I shall 
receive them. 

This Straightforward jiresentation of the case by Roch.\m- 
BKAf hiui.self, and so commendatory of his fealty and his high 



Newpoit lo Yorktoimi^ ijSi 373 

sense of honor, was met by Washington in an entirely charac- 
teristic reply from his headqnarters at New Windsor ( April 30) , 
mentioning his "pain at the occasion of that part of his letter," 
and his unhappiness "that an accident should have put it in 
the power" of the enemy " to give to the world anything from 
me which may contain an implication the least disagreeable to 
you or to the Chevalier Destouches. ' ' Calling attention to the 
difference between the extract sent and the copy published he 
assured the Count — 

Whatever construction it may bear, I beg your excellency will cousider 
the letter as private to a friend, a gentleman who has the direction of my 
affairs at home, totally unconnected with public affairs, and in whose dis- 
cretion I could absolutely rely. No idea of the same kind has ever gone 
to any public body. 

In admitting the general import of the letter to be true, this 
reply brought out many qualifying explanatory observations, 
jiarticularly facts he had learned since, especially that his pro- 
posal did not reach the Count until after the departure of the 
first squadron, concluding — 

with this explanation I leave the matter to his candor and to 3'ours, and 
flatter my,self it will make no impressions inconsistent with an entire per- 
suasion of my sincere esteem and attachment. 

In reply Comte dk Rochambkai; expressed his entire .satis- 
faction with the proper light thrown upon the incident and 
hoped it might be considered closed. 

PENOBSCOT EXPEDITION ABANDONED 

Destouches, again ready for sea and anxious to be doing 
.something, listening to the solicitations of the merchants and 
authorities of Boston and Massachusetts, propo.sed an attack on 
Penobscot, an isolated British post of 350 men on the Ma.ssa- 
chusetts (Maine) coast of no strategic consequence, though 
.somewhat troublesome as a harbor for pirates. 

The council of Massachusetts had suggested it as practicable, 
during the absence of the British fleet in the Chesapeake sup- 
porting the renegade Arnold's foray into Virginia. Destouches 
accepted the proposition and agreed to furnish two frigates, 
sixtv-four's, and other vessels. 



374 Neivporl to Yorktoiviiy ij8i 

The preparations were iin(ler\va\. Ahoul (ku) land troops 
were offered by RociiAMincAr with four mortars and four 24- 
])()unders. Che\'aher de CliasteUux was li> connnand and no 
niihtia were to participate. 

Tile \ie\vs of Washington on ilie snlijeil, eonnnunicated to 
RociiAMHKAi'. showed the general as adroit with the ]>en as 
tactful with the sword. While di.sapproving of the expedition 
he couched his opposition in an appearance of concurrence of 
RoCHAMBH.vr's thought, if the stake was worth the time and 
toil. He did not fail to recall an ex]>erience two years before of 
a lioston expedition swallow-ed iii> in the treacherous waters of 
that .stream. 

Thus while appnn'ing the ])r()jecl in i>lirase. he gave it such 
doubt by inference that both Riicn.\:\iHKAr and De.stouches 
pKunpth- abandoned the scheme. 

A more weighty reason for not embarking in the undertaking 
was the evident purpose of Clinton to strengthen his operations 
ill the south. 

The repairs to the di.sableil Hritisli sliijis were niaile. All the 
50-gun frigates which could be detached from other points 
were being concentrated at New York. 

KocHAjniK.\.r .m;ain pkoi'OSKS vikcinia 

.Ml indications pointed with certainty to an active Briti.sh 
campaign in Virginia. Hy thus weakening the garrison of New- 
York, the danger to French ships or stores at Newport was 
lessened. 

In view of the.se conditions, Rocha.mbkai- propo.sed to Wash- 
ington the transfer of his entire force, save a small guard 
strengthened by a sufficient l)ody of militia, by land to a point 
on the Hudson opposite New York, in order to enable him to 
strengthen the forces of Lafayette in \'irgiiiia. 

The commander in chief received the proposition with favor, 
and .sent forward a force from the Pennsylvania line under 
General Wayne to join T^afaNette. 

In the meantime Cornwallis entered N'irginia. uniting his 
forces with those of lMiini]is and Arnold. 



Nczcporf to Yorkto'ani, [-/Si 375 

DE BARK AS ARRIVES 

Young Rochaiiibeau " arrived at Boston May 8 on the French 
frigate Concorde, M. de Tanouarn, commanding, in company 
with M. de Barras, sent out to succeed the late Chevalier de 
Ternay; also Baron Cromot du Bourg, for the staff of Rociia.m- 

BEAU. 

The advices brought gave nuich detail i)f proposed naval 
movements, especially the sailing of De Grasse with a convoy 
of 15 transports, with 2 companies of artillery and 6go recrtiits 
under escort of the Sagittaire as the only aid then practicable 
for North America. 

In lieu, however, of troops 6,000,000 livres were to be sent 
with which General Washington might provide for the wants 
of the American arnn^. Part of this was brought by M. de 
Barras and the rest was to arrive by the SagHtaire. 

TROUBLE OVER THE KING'S KOUNTV 

This special bount)- of the French King came very nearly 
being the cause of a serious split between Congress and 
Washington. 

As the money brought out on the Concorde was designed as a 
.special succor to the army, it was proposed, after a part was paid 
for munitions purcha.sed in F^urope, the rest should be disbursed 
b)' General Washington as he should consider best for the 
general good. 

Having determined upon this course Doctor Franklin was 
informed. He at once conmumicated the fact to Congress, 
where the suggestion was received with considerable alarm. 

<[ Rochanibeau (the younger) (Doiiatien Marie Joseph de Viineur Vicomte de) in- 
lierited the warlike iiistiiict.s and won the progressive honors of rank of his distin- 
gui.shed parent from cornet to lieutenant-general. He was born at the family chateau 
at Veudotue, and received his military education at Brienne, where he won all the 
IH'izcs for text-book proficiency in the art of war. He accompanied his father to 
.\merica and bore an honorable part in all its military performances. After the war, 
returning to France he fought with Tlierit under the great Napoleon. He was in com- 
mand in Santo Domingo, where he conducted an heroic defense when besieged by the 
Kuglish, Cottipelled to surrender to starvation and numbers, in violation of an agree- 
ment to his return to France, he was held a pri.soner in England for eight years. At 
last reaching France he at once took service under Napoleon, and two years later (1.S13) 
fell at the battle of Leipsic. 



-^76 Nrzt:'/}(>r/ to Yoiktoi^'ii^ ijSi 

The ix-presLMUativos of tlic jK-oplc, even llnis earl>- in the 
cotUrol of ci\il affairs, were dccideilly unfavorable to any such 
])o\ver lieiui;' placed wilii the head of the arni\-, if even it were 
the mainstay of the eonllict. 

'Pile tact of M. de la Luzerne, however, eanie to the rescue, 
])articnlarly as not a few attributed some latent motive to this 
mode of exi)enilitiue. 

In a letter to the I'rench minister. Count de VerReinies 
suggested that the expenditure to he made 1)\- (leneral W'ash- 
iuj;ton "or some other ])ersou." 

M. de la Luzerne promptlx' (luieted the anxieties of Congress 
h\ suppleuK'nliuL; this \cr\- imporlaiU alternate proposition, 
which the \eneral)le doctor aj'pareiUh' overlooked. 

It is recorded \\';ishington \erv cordiallx' thankeil M. de la 
l.nzerue for relie\in>;' him from a very embarrassing jwsition. 

INS'rKlX'TlONS I-KOM X'lO'ISAII.I.lvS 

The Coiuoidt- was the messenger of supplementary instruc- 
tions from tlu' niinisti.T of war, dateil \'ersailles, March 7, to 
Comte Die RociiAMmCAf, in which possible iKqiiienings in the 
situation, most likely based u])on the pessimistic utterances of 
the late admiral, were met with specific directions. Their 
iulelligenl comprehension of conditions and evident disposition 
to stand b\- the American cause and bring success, if among the 
l)ossil>ilities, indicates that the second llioui;ht of the King was 
no less determined and devoted than the first. The following 
is the text of this document so \ital to the continuance of the 
militar\ phases of the struggle: 

1. It is the iiueiuioii of lli-s Majesty that you do not abandon Rhode 
Island, if the squadron destined to act in concert with you for its defense 
can not retire to Ho.slon without hazard, or before it shall be relieved from 
its defensive position at Rhode Island by a .superior naval force. 

1. 1 will inform you that in the month of July or .\ugust the superior 
naval force of which vou have just received notice will withdraw the 
squadron of M. de Rarras frtim the harl)or of Rhode Island, anil you will 
carefuUv reserve to vourself the knowledge of this arrangement, which 
iiinv be accelerated. 



Ncivport to York/ozcii, ij8i 377 

3. If, by unforeseen events or an)' cause whatever, the army of Wash- 
ington should be broken up and dispersed, it is the intention of tlie Knig 
that under these circumstances you should decline acceding to any orders 
or requests of that general to penetrate into the interior of the continent, 
as in that case it would be prudent to reserve yourself and to retire to the 
Antilles, if possible, or to Santo Domingo, according to the season. 

4. If, on the contrary, the American army remains in its present state, 
and yet without being able to undertake any combined operation with the 
sqviadron, and if this latter should attempt any other enterprise where 
the concurrence of a certain number of land forces would be re(|uired, the 
King leaves it in your power to furnish them, provided that the plan be 
concerted with the American general. 

5. Should there be an opportunity for the squadron at RluMle Island to 
act independently of the American army, yon are aware that the naval 
forces of the King .should concur in all operations which are considered 
advantageous to the common cause. 

6. You are also aware that as long as the King's troops occupy Rhode 
Island the tran.sports destined to receive the troops are to be kept there; 
when, on the contrary, the army under your command shall penetrate into 
the country and the squadron abandons Rhode Island, this squadron will 
proceed to Boston and take with it the transports that have been retained. 

7. If, from the different causes mentioned, you should remain in your 
position at Rhode Island, and a superior naval force of the King should 
withdraw the squadron which is in that port, I give you notice that the 
Count de Grasse has orders to leave with you two ves.sels to defend the 
port and the transports necessary for your army. 

The jtinior Rochambeau also bn)us;iit to his father a con- 
fidential me.ssage, intended for Rochambeau alone, which 
.stated that the Comte de Grasse would proceed with his division 
to reenforce de Barras. It was given out that when de Grasse 
sailed from Brest he was heading for the Cape of Good Hope. 
Another piece of news was that M. de Segur had succeeded 
de Montbarry as secretary of war. 

ROCHAMBEAU .SL.\TED FOR MINISTER OF WAR 

And more interesting than all, personally, was a private let- 
ter which informed Rochambeau that, had he been in France, 
the King would have appointed him minister of war. 



37S Xiicport to )'(>rkt()-a'iiy ijSi 

A SKI.l'-S.VCKIinCINC I-'KIICND 

The nobility of soul of KDCiiAMmcAr here stands forth in all 
its niajcstv in his own connncnts on this incident afttrwards: 

Mv :iinliition TR-vor asi)ir(.-il lo such an important function; Iml I must 
confess, when I reflected on these scanty resources and the distressing 
predicament to which I was reduce<l, this was the oidy moment of my 
life I rejjretted it. It became urjjent. however, that I should jj^et out of 
my present eml)arrassin>; situation and ilo my best for the serxdcc of the 
two nations. 

KOClI.\MKKAf'S NKW I'OWERS 

The most important act of royal connnand connected with 
these supplementary instrtictions to the French connnander was 
the removal of all restrictions in the exercise of his powers and 
granting him full authority in the tt.se of the P'rench army 
and fleet in their cooperation with the American forces under 
orders of General Wa.shingtou. Rochambeai' acted promptly 
under these new orders from \'ersailles. The French arm\ . 
practically idle for nearly a year, at once sprung into activit\ . 
Orders were issued to put the entire force in condition lox the 
field. The artillery and heavy equipments were transferred to 
Providence for .security at a greater di.stance from the coast. 
These new departures came none too soon. The morale of the 
officers in particular began to show signs of diminuti(Mi. The 
taciturn methods of Rochambkai" were construed into a lack 
of confidence. An immediate conference with the commander 
in chief was therefore of necessity to RociiAMBKAf. . 

On May S, immediately upon receiving information of De 
Barras's arrival, the Count in apprising Washington expressed 
the opinion "as soon as we have received our di.spatches we 
should have a conference with your excellency." He promised 
further advices by the next express, but suggested to him to 
fix a place for the meeting. 

By way of information he wrote — 

the commodore is about 60 years of aj^e, a jiarticular friend of Comte 
d'Estainji, and connnanded his vanijard when he forced the entrance of 
this harbor. 



Neivpoil i<> Yorktoioi^ /'jSi 379 

DK BAKRAS KKPORTS 

On May 1 1 from Newport De Barras'' reported his arrival to 
Washington in the following gratifying form: 

I have the honor to announce to your excellency my ariival at Boston on 
the 6th of this month in the frigate Concorde, the King having appointed 
me to the command of his squadron in these seas. I arrived here yester- 
day. The Count dk Rochambeau has commtinicated to me the letter 
which he had the honor to write to your excellency requesting an inter- 
view. When he shall receive your answer we will conform to your deci- 
sion. I am very impatient to have the honor of making an acquaintance 
with you. and to assure you that I have nothing so much at heart as to 
render myself serviceable to' the King and to the Ignited States. 

WASHINGTON CONOR ATT^LATES 

In reply (May 14 J Washington extended his congratulations 
and the degree of pleasure it gave him to find — 

tlie command of His Most Christian Majesty's fleet devolved upon an 
officer of his excellency's distinguished character. 

" Comte T.ouis de Barras, St. lyaurt'iit, was born in Provence, the same as was his 
conipanion of the sea De Grasse. He was 60 years of age wlien he succeeded to the 
naval command which had left I'rance under De Ternay. His first noticeable act was 
leading the van of D'Estaing's fleet in forcing the harbor of Newport in July. 1778. and 
again in his operations on the Georgia coast in October, 1779. He sailed from Brest on 
March 22, 17S1, on the Concorde of the fleet of De Grasse. Although his junior in rank. 
De Grasse was at the head of the expedition with the pro\'isional rank of lieutenant- 
general. About seven days out (March 29) De Barras left the fleet, taking his course 
for Boston where he arrived May 6. and proceeding to Newport hoisted his pennant 011 
the Due de Bourgogne. Although invited, he was unable to participate in the Wethers- 
field conference owing to the appearance of the enemy's fleet as he was al)out to depart 
on the journey. He cooperated in the plans of Washington and Rocn.\MDE.\r, but 
within the strict construction of his orders from Versailles. De Grasse gave him free 
scope in his discretion, which he sometimes exercised seemingly contran,- to the views of 
R(.>CH.\MBE.\i' and Washington's expressed wishes. On August 25, however, he waived 
all questions of rank, sailing for the Chesapeake with his fleet and joined De Grasse who 
had just rounded up the British fleet of Graves. De Barras signed the capitulation of 
CornwaUis on behalf of De Barras and himself. He sailed for the West Indies with De 
(irasse, where he had the first opportunity to distinguish himself, which he did in the 
two days' fight, in January*, 17S2. with Hood, under the guns of St. Christopher, and was 
assigned to take possession of the two captured British islands of St. Nevis and Mont- 
serrat. He fortunately escaped De Grasse's misfortune with Rodney, in April of the 
same year, having sailed for France. In 17S2 he was made vice-admiral and retired the 
next year after the signing of peace. He died before the outbreak of the revolution of 
17S9. He was a man of lovable characteristics, a thorough disciplinarian, and faithful 
frietid. His death was lamented bv the heroic armies of France and America. 



380 Neivport lo Yorktmvn, ijSi 

He also named Moiuhu', May 20, of which lie had advised 
General Rochambeau, for an interview at Wethersfield, 
Conn., where — 

I shall very impatiently wail for tlie <)])i><irliiiiity of coiiviiiciii),' you 
personally that I am, etc. 

THK CHIICI'S MKKT 

Oil the 17II1 Washiiii;ton iufoniieil the President of Congress 
of the receipt of dispatches from the Court of France, by the 
frigate Comordc, by Comte DK RocHAMnKAU, and of his 
request for an interview, which he had granted at Wethers- 
field the following Monday, for which place he would set out 
on the iSth. He was in hopes from the intelligence received 
of being able to settle a definite plan of campaign. 

Accordingly on the day mentioned Washington left his 
camp at New Windsor, accompanied by General Knox, his chief 
of artillery, and General Duportail, the distinguished F~rench 
soldier, his chief engineer, and the same night was 43 miles 
from Fishkill Landing. 

The next day (19th) he breakfasted at Litchfield, dined at 
Farniington, and lodged the same night at Wether.sfield. 

The 20th, awaiting the arrival of General Rochambeau, 
was passed in conference with Connecticut's war governor, 
Jonathan Trumbull, respecting the probability of receiving the 
necessary cooperation of the States. The governor assured 
the general if any imjiortant offensive operation should be 
undertaken he had little doubt of obtaining adequate men and 
provisions. 

Comte DE Rocn.\MHK.\r arrived at noon on the 21st, accom- 
panied by Chevalier de Chastellux, one of the finest officers of 
his corps, who took the place of Admiral de Barras, detained 
on account of the sudden appearance of the English fleet off 
Hlock Island. The event was celebrated in Hartford by a salute 
of cannon and the serving of refreshments, after which the two 
generals and their suites, attended by a party of gentlemen as 
escort of honor, were accompanied to the place of meeting. 



Newport to Yorktowu, rjSi 38 1 

WETHERSFIELD CONFPCKENCE 

The commander in chief and commandant-general of the 
allies held their conference on May 22 at Wethersfield, Conn., 
as arranged. 

The exchange of views was had in the form of queries sub- 
mitted by Count de Rochambeau and answered in writing by 
General Washington. The substance, as given, throws much 
detail on events preceding the march of the two armies to the 
scene of the surrender of the last organized force of British 
troops of any consequence in the field on American soil. 

Rochambeau. — Concerning a project of employing the squadron at New- 
port to transport the French army to Chesapeake Bay he consulted 
Count de Barras, who deemed it impracticable, cliieflv on account of the 
inferiority of his naval force to that of the enenn,-. The objections were 
mentioned in detail. 

Washington. — However desirable such an event might have been, 
the i-easons assigned by Count de Barras are sufficient to prove its 
impracticability. 

Rochambeau. — Should the French arm^- march to the Xorth River, will 
the .squadron be .safe at Newport under a guard of militia ? B\' his secret 
instructions he is not permitted to separate his army, except for detach- 
ment of a short duration. Count de Barras thinks the squadron would 
not be secure if the enemy should take possession of Rhode Island, and, 
moreover, he has been instructed that in case the arm}- should march 
into the country his fleet should proceed to Boston. 

Washington. — It is General Washington's opinion that the plan of the 
campaign is for the French army to march from Newport toward the Nortli 
River as soon as possible, and that consequently it will be advisable for 
the Count de Barras (agreeably to his instructions in that case provided) 
to seek the first favorable moment of removing the squadron under his 
Command to Boston. 

Rochambeau. — In that case what does General Washington propose 
about Rhode Island? Does he intend it should be kept by a general 
officer and a body of American militia? It is to be observed that if in the 
hurricane months the French fleet should come to the coast the harbor 
of Rhode Island might be of use to the operations of the squadrons, either 
for a union to act against New York or as a place of retreat in case of 
misfortune. 

Washington. — .As the harbor of Rhode Island may be useful to the fleets 
of His Most Chri.stian Majesty, it is General Washington's opinion that a 
force should be left for the securitv- of Newport ; but as the enemy will 
not be in a condition, from the present circumstances of their affairs, to 



3S2 Nc'ivport to )'orktozan^ ij8i 

ilftacli any ooiisklerablt; body i>f imn to repossess the island, it is aj^eed 
1ii-t\vfiii Count I)]-: RocilAMBKAl' and General Wasliinj^on that 500 militia, 
under a ^ood officer, will be sufficient as a j;uard for the works; but in 
case of an enterj^rise against tlieni a greater force should be called in for 
their defense. 

Rochamheau. — If General Washinj^on resolves that Rhode Island shall 
be left and the works destroyed, does he consider the siege artillery, 
powder, magazines, and heavy stores, which can not follow the French 
army in a land march, as safe at Providence under no l"rench troops and 
the militia? Kor such an object the Knglish may attempt an enterprise 
to seize these stores. Would lliey not be more secure if taken with the 
fleet to Boston? 

Washington. — In the former connnunications between Count nE Ro- 
CH.\MHEAi' and General Washington it was understood that the French 
fleet was to remain in the harbor of Newport after the removal of the army ; 
and therefore Providence was fixed upon as a safe and proper deposit for 
tlie heavy artillery and spare stores. It now being determined that the 
fleet shall embrace the first opportunity of going round to the harbor of 
Boston, it is to be w vslie<i that the heavy artillery and spare stores should 
be sent round also. Hut (Tcneral Washington being informed by Count 
DE RuCH.\.MBK.\r that they have been already deposited at Providence, 
and tliat it will be impossible, under the present circimistances of tlie 
fleet and want of transportation, to remove them to Boston, he is of opinion 
that they may safely remain there under the guard of 200 French troops, 
who will be aided by the militia of the country in case of need. The 
possession of Newport will add to their security. 

Rochamheau . — Should the stiuadron from the West Indies arrive in these 
seas, an event that will probably be announced by a frigate beforehand, 
what operations will General Washington have in view after a union of 
the French army with his own? 

Washington. — The enemy, by several detachments from New York, 
having reduced their force at that post to less than one-half of the num- 
ber which they had at the time of the former conference at Hartford in 
September last, it is thought advisable to form a junction of the F'reiich 
and American armies upon the North River as soon as possible, and move 
down to the vicinity of New York, to be ready to take advantage of any 
opportunitv which the weakness of the enemy may afford. Should the 
West India fleet arrive upon the coast, the force thus combined may 
either proceed in the operations against New York or may be directed 
against the enemy in some other quarter, as circumstances shall dictate. 
The great waste of men, which we have found from experience in the long 
marches to the southern States, the advanced season in which such a 
march must be connnenced. and the difficulties and expense of land trans- 
portation thither, with other considerations too well known to Count l>E 



Newport /() }'i)i-k/ozi'ii, /ySi 383 

Rochami!?:au to need detailing, point out the preference which an 
operation against New York seems to have in the present circumstances 
over an attempt to send a force to the south\\ard. 

THLLTALE CORRESPONDENCE 

While the conference was on, General Washington was handed 
a packet containing two letters which had been captured b>- an 
American privateer from L,ord Germaine, British minister of 
war, to General Clinton, which revealed the purpose of the 
British campaign of that year to conquer the whole south and 
confine Washington to the north of the Hudson River. 

It may be said Washington and Rochaiibeau had no little 
amusement over the contemptuous reference of Germaine, who 
had been cashiered for cowardice in the Seven Years' War, to 
the American forces, and upbraiding Clinton in that — 

he had said there were in the King's service more American royalists than 
rebels in Washington's army and it was very extraordinary he should let 
the rebellion last so long. 

He hit at the P'rench corps by conveying the information 
which had been confirmed in advance by young Rochambeau 
" that no preparations were being made in France to send out 
the second division," and "the first would have quite enough 
to do to uphold and protect its little squadron at Newport." 

Rochambeau, in continuiug the story, adds this interesting 
contributory information : 

Germaine did not forget to observe the precarious state of the finances 
of Congress, and in this his calculations were so near the truth that at 
the period at which the conference took place at Wethersfield the paper 
currency after having been reduced to as low as i ,000 to i was at length 
completely "annulled " by resolution of Congress. 

Comte DE Rochambeau among his papers referring to this 
conference says that Washington had dominant in his thoughts 
an expedition against New York as the most effectual way to 
deal a death blow to British power in America, his hope of 
sticcess resting on the diminution of the garrisons by drafts for 
the south. 



384 Newport to Yorktoivn^ ij8i 

III Ihc Count's own words — 

IK' coiisu\ertil an expedition against Lord Cornwallis in Chesa]H;ake Bay 
quite a secomlary object to which there was no necessity of our diverting 
our attention until we were unite certain of our inability to accomplish the 
former. 

The two generals finally agreed that, as soon as the recruits 
of the convoy of the Sagiltaiir arrived, the French auxiliary 
corps slu>uM uiiitL- w ilh the American army opposite New York 
Island. 

After effecting a junction it was propo.sed to advance as close 
as possible and take up a defensive jwsition, awaiting news 
from Comte de Grasse. A frigate from De Barras's fleet at 
Newport was to be dispatched inunediatel>- for that purpose. 

The letter of Washington to General Sullivan, then in Con- 
gress, informing him of this plan was intercepted. It was 
charged that Washington had sent this comnuuiication with 
the intention of having it fall into British hands and thus mis- 
lead General Clinton. 

Here, again, stands out in bold relief the greatness of 
RoCH.\.MBE.\t'. Said he in after years: "There is uo need of 
such fiction to convey to po.sterity the glor>- of this^na/ man. 
His wish was then to attack New York, and we shotild have 
carried the plan into execution if the enemy had continued to 
draft troops from that station and if the French nav>- cotild 
have been brottght to our as.sistance." 

What really did deceive Clinton was a confidential letter ef 
Chastellux to De la Luzerne at Philadelphia of having brought 
RoCH.VMHE.vr to accept Wa.shington's plan of attack on New 
York; that the siege of New York was determined tipon; that 
the two armies were really on the way to begin operations, and 
orders had been .sent to Comte de Grasse to come north with 
his fleet and force his way into the entrance to New York 
Harbor. 

On the 23d the Coiuit and chevalier parted with the com- 
mander in chief on their return to Newport. The chief 
spent the remainer of the day in preparing dispatches to the 
governors of the four New England States, "calling on them 



Newport to ) 'or/; town, ijSi 385 

in earnest and pointed terms to complete their Continental bat- 
talions for the campaign, at least, if it could not be done for 
the war or three years, to hold a proportionate body of militia 
read\- to march in one week and to make some arrangements 
to provision and transport them." 

A JIWCTION ARRANGED 

On the same day he informed Count de la Luzerne of the 
intended march of the Frencli army toward the North Ri\-er 
and of the destination of the French fleet at Newport, "if 
ci rcumstances will admit of the respective movements. ' ' 

He al.so mentioned Rochambeau and Chevalier de Chastel- 
lux agreeing with hiui, and that while affairs remained as they 
were the West Indies fleet should ruri immediately to Saudy 
Hook, and there be joined hy that of Count de Barras. 

NEW YORK STILL THE OBJECTIVE 

He informed him "our object is New York." The difficult}- 
and expense of land tran.sportation and continual waste of men in 
every attempt to reenforce the southern States, as he urged, were 
almost insuperable objections to marching another detachment 
from the army on North River. It was not for him to know 
how the French fleet was to be employed in the West Indies 
during the summer nor to inquire at which epoch it might be 
expected on the coast, but intimated that its aid was of such 
essential importance in any offensive operation and to stop the 
enemy at the .southward, that he desired to be excused for 
endeavoring to secure his good offices in facilitating an event 
upon which .so nmch depended. He mentioned as a stronger 
plea the concurrence of General Rochambeau'. s opinion, and at 
his "instance principally I make to you this address,'' 
concluding — 

If we are happy enough to find your excellency in sentiment with us, 
it will be in your power to inform Count de tirasse of the strength and 
situation of the enemy's naval and land force in this country, the destina- 
tion of the French squadron under .A.dtniral de liarras, and the intention 
of the allied arms, if a junction can be formed. 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 25 



,^S6 .\'<:rf>(>r/ to )'('rktiiu'i/^ /jSi 

On till.- l()lUi\vin>; nioniiug ( J4tli i ;>lailiii^ on his rcliiin, Uic 
i-liiff (liiieil at I*'arniinRtoii and lodged at Litchfield, niakinjj his 
hi'adqnartovs l>y sunset the day after. 

A DISTrKniNC, PKoroSITION 

RoCHAMiiEAiT, vipon aniviiij; at his headquarters from the 
conference, was astounded to learn the iMench wssels were j^et- 
ting ready for sea, pro]iosin<j to sail for Hoston as .soon as his 
army started on ils march to join \\"ashins;ton. 

The inconvenience of Hoston as compared witli Newport from 
a strate.i;ic ]>oint of view, considering; any ]irol)ahle military 
operations, was apparent. 

The Count at once ]>roposed a council of war of naval and 
militarv su]ierior otTicers. To this l)e Harras assented. The 
t|ueslii>n before the council was the safety of the fleet at Rhode 
Island after the departure of the French troops, with a s::uard 
of 500 men, under He Choisy, and a body of i ,000 American 
militia to occup\- the forts constructed ft^r the protection of the 
anchorage. 

The council nuisl have been .somewhat \igorons fron\ what 
is known of its deliberations. 

M. de la \'illebrune called upon Roch.vmhuai" "to slate 
whether or not he thou,i;lU M. lie Grasse would hrinsj his fleet 
into Xorlh American .seas! If he is really to come, would it be 
]>roper to stay here, .so as to be prepared to act in conjunctiim 
with him as expeditiously as possible; but in the contrary case, 
are we not acting in direct opposition to or.r instructions from 
the council of T-'rance, and by so doing shall we not be obligetl 
to abide by any fatal conseiiuence which may arise, however 
unlikely this may be?" 

The ten.sion of the moment was relieved by De Barras him- 
,self, who, replying for the Count, .said: 

No one is more interested than I in tin- arrival of M. do C.r.issc. He wa.s 
niv jnnior in the service anil has lately been rai.seil to licutenant-xeneral. 
.\s soon as 1 am aiipri.si-il of his arrival I shall hasten to join him and phuv 
myself nndor his orilers. I will serve Ihrongh this campaign, Imt not a 
second one. 



Nrn'poii ht )'(>r/:/(iu'ii, /yS/ 387 

RociiAJimcAr ivlV-rs to this " lujlik- and ne-ucrous repartee" 
as carrj'ing the (|iiestioii " unaiiiiiiouslN' in the aflirmative." 

COMMTINICATIXC WITH 1>)C CKASSK 

This decision hax-in.u,- been reached, K()C1IA:miiicaii indited his 
dispatches to De Grasse, and l)e Ilarras ordered the Concorde 
ready for sea. 

It is interesting to repeat the spirit of the Comit's letter, 
showing as it does the situation of affairs when the Vorklown 
opporttmit)- jiresented itself to the notice of the American 
chief. 

lie referred to the distress at the south, and especially \'ir- 
ginia, which was defended against Cornwallis's formidable force 
only by the small body of troops under General de Lafayette, 
who for his own safety would be obliged to depend upon able 
mancu\'ering. He al.so included the articles of the conference 
at W'ethersfield, and added, in the way of comment, his own 
(De Grasse's) ability to judge of the practicability of an attack 
on New York, referring to D'Kstaing's experience, under whom 
De Grasse him.self had served, especially the difficulty of secur- 
ing pilots even with liberal offers of money. 

KoCIIAMlils.Vf fKClE.S AN .VTTACK ON COKN\V.\LLIS 

R()CiiAMHi';.\ti suggested as his own opinion llie favorable 
opening for an expedition again.st Cornvvallis on the Chesa- 
peake, which he considered more practicable and less expected 
by the enemw 

He urged him to intercede with the governor of Santo 
Domingo for the use of M. de vSt. vSimon's French lirigade 
and a loan of 1,200,000 francs. 

He further entreated him to send the Concorde \ym-\^ ])roinj)tly 
with his reply, .so that he might — 

take the earliest opportunity to coiitimie our niurcli witli Ui.il of C.eu- 
eral Washington so as to proceed by land as e.xpeditiously as possible and 
join him at any stipulated part of the Chesapeake. 



388 Nca'porl lo York I men, ijSi 

Wasliiii^toii a]>]ini\x'(l llic iv<|iiisilioiis on Count tk- Cirassc. 
;iiul could not nri^jftoo strongly the liringinf; of alxHlyof troops, 
as it was iloiihll'ul w Ik-IIkt his own conld he collected in .time. 

Al-IAIKS AT NtCWl'OKT 

In acknowledt^ini; the resnlt of the second council of war, 
received from Count de Harras, in favor of detention of the 
French fleet at Rhode Island, the general in chief conceded his 
respect for the ojiinions of the gentlemen who conijxised the 
lioard, which left in his mind no doubt of the i>ro]iriety of the 
measure. 

While he preferred to adhere to his ojiinion lie would not set 
up his judgment against gentlemen of experience and knowl- 
edge of marine aflfairs, in which he candiilly confessed liis lack 
of information. If they thought best to adhere to their \-iews, 
he gave them letters to the governments of Ma.ssachusetts and 
Rhode Island to call out 51x1 militia. He wi.shed, however, the 
march of the troops expedited to the North River. The strides 
the enemy were making in the south rendered it neoe.s.sary to 
concentrate at New York in order lo relieve that section. 

In \'irginia Coniwallis had assendiled S,ooo men, about four 
times the strength of Lafayette, who, by dexterous handling of 
his men and the junction of Wayne, was maintaining a bold 
front. 

As soon as the council of war made its deci.sion to leave the 
French squadron at Rhode Island, Rdchamuk.vi" prepared to 
entbark his army for Providence to await a rea.sonable time the 
arri\-al of the Sai^ittaire with the recruits. 

The convoy, fortunately not long delayed, came in ample 
time, with the specie and draft of recruits. 

These fresh men were left with the detachment of I)e Clioisy 
to guard the ships. 

.\I.ONK IX I'DWKK TO COMMANP 'K'WV. l-KKNCH 

In the midst of the.se conflicting plans and operations Gov- 
ernor Jefferson, for the people of A'irginia, appealed to Wash- 
ington to take connnand of the arm\- in that State. In re]il\-. 



Npiupofl to )'()rklira'u, ijSi 3<S9 

aiiiiiittiiiij: thai his inclinations would 1)l- the defense ol' the 
country where all his jiropcrty and connections were, there 
were powerful objections to his leavin.u; his station, one of them 
"that no other jierson has pow-er to conunand the I'rench 
troops now about to form a junction with this army." 

XKWS l--K()M TlIK SnrTlI 

On June 3 Lafayette reporU-d the Hrilish arni>- in consider- 
able force betweeu Richmond and Fredericksburg, its destina- 
tion uncertain, but at liberty to move anywhere, owing to 
.superiority of numbers. 

To 'iWRp; Tiiiv i'ii-;i,i) 

The junction of the I'Vench and American armies on the 
Hudson having been determined, (General Washington re([uested 
the calling out of the Rhode Island militia to combine with the 
French detachment as a guard to relieve the marching forces 
for the protection of the heavy stores and baggage and of the 
works erected for the security of the harbor. 

General dK Roch.vmhK.vu at once began the final jjrepara- 
tions antecedent to taking the field with his tn)oi)s. 

The monthly report of June i showed his total effective 
-Strength to be: Bourboiuiais, 910; Sois.sonnais, 985; vSaintonge, 
897; Royal Deux-Ponts, 926; artillery, 408; nuners, ?3; laborers 
26: Lauznn, 581; total, 4,756, as follows: Captains, command, 
51; second captains, 45; lieutenants, 108; under lieutenant.s, 
85; cadets, gentlemen, 13; lower officers, 344; corporals, fraters, 
fusiliers, and drummers, 4.412: total. 4,756. 

FKKXCII AIXII.IAKV .\KMV 

The organization of the iMcnch auxiliary army for opera- 
tions, which included the march from Newport, R. I., to the 
junction with the American forces under Washington at Dobbs 
Ferry on the Hudson Ri\-er was as follows: 

Liiulciiaiil-gciienil (Vi/inimn/iiix . — Coiiilr luo Roch.\aikh.-\u. 
Inteiidant. — I)e Tarle. 



3go Ncicpoit to Yfliklmiui, ijSi 

.Vaj'or-fft'iit'rti/s. — liarijn ilc X'ioiiieiiil, Chevalier ileChastellux, Comle (It 
Vioiiieiiil, l)e Choisy. 

.Iriin- slaff. — Be Bevillc, c|iiartfrinast<.T-geiieral. 

Adjutant quarteriiiiisters. — X'icomte <le Rochainbfau, CoUol, De Beville. 

Aids to the major-gcncrats of infantry. — De Mciionville, De Tarle, 
Duboucliel. 

Engineers. - Dcsandrouins. 

Colonel and commandant — De Quereiiel, lieuteiiaiil-colonel; Iil- I'alys 
major; Do Doyrc, captain: Cnibliez d'Optt-rre, captain; He Gazarac, cap- 
tain; Baron dc Turpin, captain; De Plancher, captain. 

.hiillery. — D'Aboville, colonel, comuiantlant; De Lazier, wagon master; 
Jlaudnit, adjutant. 

. /</w/H/i7/(7//o;/. — Blanchanl, commissary-general; De Corny, connnis- 
.sary of war; De \'illeman/.y, commissary of war; Gau, commissary of war 
and artillerj-. 

.Second army staff. — Mulliii, captain of guards. 

Provost. — De Ronchanip. 

Aids-de-canip to Kocliamheaii. — Comle de I'ersen, JIartiuis de Damas, 
Chevalier de Lanieth, Dumas, De Laiiberdiere, Baron de Closeii. 

Aids-de-cainp to Baron de I'ioinenil. — M. d' .\ngely, I,e Chevalier de 
\'iomenil, DeChabannes, Brintaneau, \'iconUe Armand, De Sauge, Bri.son, 

Aids-de-camp to Chevalier de Chastelln.r. — De Lintz (Lintch), De Mon- 
tesquieu. 

Aids-de-camp to Comle de I'iomenil. — D'Olonne, sr. ; D'Olonne, jr.; 
Stack. 

.lid-de-camp to Pe Choisy. — Sauniann. 

Aid-de-camp to .M. de /ievilh.— lie Beville. 

Paymaster. — De Baulny, paymaster of the army. 

Supplies. — Danre, superintendent; Morion, cashier; Bourguin (Bourg- 
neuf), director; Duval, inspector. 

Hospitals. — De Mars, superintendent; De Coste, physician in chief; 
Robillard (Robillaidi surgeon in chief; Abb^ de Gleson (Glemon), chap- 
lain. 

Butcher's meal. — Buret de Ulegier ( Durel de Begier), superintendent. 

Forage. — Louis, superintendent. 

Clothing. — Martin, storekeeper. 

RKC.IMENTS 

liourhonnais. — Marquis de Laval, colonel; N'icomte <le Rochatnbeau, 
second colonel; De Broselles, lieutenant-colonel; De Ganibs, major. 

Roval Deu.X'-Pbnts. — Comte de Deux-Ponls, colonel; Comte Guillaunie 
de Deux-Ponts, second colonel; Baron il'I'/beck, lieutenant-colonel; Des- 
prez, major. 



Newport lo Yorklozmi^ /~Si 391 

Soissonnais. — Maniuis de St. Maime, colonel; Vicomte de Noailles, sec- 
ond colonel; D'Ansehne, lieutenant-colonel; D'E.speyron, major. 

Saintoiige. — Marquis de Custine, colonel; Cotnte de Charlus, .second 
colonel; De la Vatelle, lieutenant-colonel; De Fleury, major. 

Corps of Royal Artillery (second battalion regiment Auxonne). — De la 
Tour, lieutenant-colonel; De Buzelet, brigadier in chief. 

Sappers and miners. — De Chazelles, brigadier in chief. 

U'orlcmeii. — De la Chaise, second captain. 

Lauzitn legion. — Due de Lauzun, colonel (proprietor); Gugean, lieu- 
tenant-colonel; De Scheldon, major. 

FAREWELL TO XEWPORT 

The French auxihary army received it.s marching orders from 
RoCHAMBEAU on June 9. The next day the regiments Bour- 
bonnais and Deux-Ponts, forming the first division under Barou 
de Viomenil, moved out of its works, the second division, the 
regiments Soissonuais and Saiutonge, marching a few hours 
later. The detachments of artillery moved with the.se com- 
mands. Quartermaster-General de Beville and Commissary- 
General M. Claude Blanchard had their respective departments 
thoroughly prepared for equipping and victualing. 

ROCHAMBEAU LEADS 

On June 10 Comte de Rochambeau with his staff left New- 
port, reaching Providence the next day. Here the march for 
the Hudson was to begin. He established his camp on the 
heights overlooking the city. The next eight days were occu- 
pied in securing horses for the artillery, wagons for the train, 
and oxen to draw them. The hospital and ambulance corps 
were put in field order. 

A siege batter}' of eight guns, at the request of Washington, 
was forwarded to Hartford to join the main column eu route. 

After ele\-en months of inactivity the French troops were 
uow in motion. A force of 600 French grenadiers and 1,000 
militia, previously agreed upon, under Brigadier de Chois5% 
remained as a garrison for the defenses and guard of the squad- 
ron of eight vessels at Newport and to cover the French stores 
left at Providence. 



^q2 Nczi'porl /(> )'(>rk/(ra'n, ijSr 

'I'lic eiilii'f l'"rciich army was Iraii.st'crrcd iii two (Iclachiuciils 
to Providence, 30 miles distant, both sailing <••' Jim*-' kj. They 
made their first camp the same day just ontside of the trt«n 
and remained until the 20th, durinj^ which time Rocii.VMUKAf 
made the necessary dispositions and field orders of his troops 
aliont to enter upon a cani]xnj^n concerning which nothing 
could l>e foretold and out of which sprang the greatest events 
of all time. 

While the French army was in camp at Providence, Wash- 
ington expressed his anxiety to RociiAMiiKAU concerning the 
convoy of 15 French vessels with 690 recruits and cash sent by 
Count de Grasse, under escort of the Sai>illain', a 50-gun shi]). 
Part of the convoy and the gun ship, however, fortunately 
arrived the same time (June 11) at Boston, the rest having 
been dispersed in a gale. These subsequently made port, mak- 
ing matters easy for Rociiajibk.vu and decidedly comforting 
for Washington. 

Coiuit DE RoCHAMBEAU reported from Providence the land- 
ing of these recruits — 400 in condition for duty, 260 down with 
.scurvy, and 30 not accounted for according to fir.st figures. 

Although about to maix-h with that object in view, Roch.vm- 
BE.W still did not approve of the attack on New York, but 
yielded to the wishes of Washington. In his letters from 
New Wiud-sor, received by RocH.\MiiE.\:' before leaving his 
Providence camp, Wa.shington .still looked upon Xew York as 
the only practicable objective at present, but conceded with 
naval superiority others might be, and urged him to.explain 
this to Count de Grasse, if the frigate had not yet sailed. 

AS To DE CK.V.SSE 

On the same day (June 13) Washington, writing to Luzerne 
concerning the Rocha:mbeau letter to De Grasse, urged a land 
force with the naval army, as he feared as before stated he would 
not be able to get the men together in time to insure success 
against the enemy's most important post. As De Grasse's .stay 
would be limited, the addition of a corps from the West Indies 
would terminate the matter favoral)l\- very soon. 



Nricporl to Yorktmcn, ijSi 393 

If these views agreed with his own, Washington urged the 
presentation of the subject to the French commanders in the 
West Indies, setting forth, " by one great and decisive stroke 
the enemy may be expelled from the continent and the inde- 
pendence of America established. ' ' 

MARCHIXO ORDERS OF THK FRENCH 

On June 16 the entire French corps was under orders of 
Baron Viomenil for a grand review, which took place the same 
day in the presence of Rochambeau and the American general 
officer in command of the guard in reserve under De Choisy. 

The order of march put the column in motion as follows: 

June 18, advance. Regiment Bourbonnais, muler RoCHAJiisEAti and De 
Chastellux. 

June 19, Regiment Royal-Deux-Ponts, under Baron de Viomenil. 
June 20, Regiment Soissonnais, under Comte de Viomenil. 
June 21, Regiment Saintonge, under Comte de Custine. 

The regiments under orders were to preserve a distance of 
about one day and move at the .same average stage as to miles. 

Comte de Dumas, under directions of M. de Beville, pre- 
ceded the advance, in order to designate the sites for the 
camps, from day to day, as the commands moved up. 

Among the officers who then marched to victory over the 
arms of England in America were many distinguished in the 
late wars of France on the Continent, and not a few who took 
their first lessons in campaign and battle in the New World to 
become famous in the great struggles of the Old. Of these 
may be mentioned Rochambeau in both, his son among the 
aids; Fersen, the gallant Swede, distinguished as the stanch 
friend of Marie Antoinette, the queen, in her captivity; Dumas, 
general of division in the armies of the French Reptiblic and 
author of valuable memoirs; Berthier, the great Napoleon's 
favorite chief of staff; Vicomte de Noailles, brother-in-law of 
Lafaj^ette and his friend and would-be companion in his flight 
from France to serve the States; De Montesquieu, son of the 
author of L' Esprit des Lois. 



;,9( Xfa'fxui /(> )'()rk/(ra'ii, /ySi 

'ria- next (l:i>- (JiiiK' 17) Wasliiiij^tou siij;>;cstc(l to RociiA.M- 
ni;Ar an (.'xpoilition to the ClKsaiK-ako \)\ M. dc liarras witli 
his flctt not m-cili-il at Xcwiiort, as lu- niij;hl jui-wnl a rfuiiion 
of the cncni>'s forces. Count <le Karras was favorably inchiied 
to the sutiinestion, hnt could not sail under twenty days. 

KoClI.\.Mlii;.Vi: .\>I) luHKlloNNAIS IN" TIIK VAX 

On June iS Coiute Die RoCii.VMUK.M', with his I'Vench corps, 
in lonforniity with his niarchinj; orders, set out with Regiment 
lUiurboinuiis as the advance and vaufjuard and his bodyguard. 
The movement of the remaining regiments was to begin regu- 
larly within the three da\s following. Two companies ( De 
Choisy's detachment 1, with siege artillery ready to be embarked 
to go !)>■ sea when wanleil, were conveyed from Newport to 
Providence for greater ,securit\-. During the.se movements the 
pleasing intelligence reached I'rench headquarters of General 
Greene ha\ing forced Lord Rawdon back to Charleston, S. C. 

On June Ji the last of the I'rench regiments broke camji, 
nioxing out on the main road, jiassing through Wollaston, mak- 
ing camp No. 1 at Waterman. 15 miles \\e>t of rrnvideuce. 

i'ki:ncii .moiv i\ motion 

iMiim New Windsor, June 24. Washington writing to Ro- 
cnAMHi:Ar, in referring to the Coiuit's letter oi the 2olh on 
the progress made in the march of his troops and intentions to 
come to liis camp in jier.son from Hartford, expres-sed himself 
ha])|\v at the priispecl of seeing him, informing him his camp 
was at IVekskill. 

After a march of i() miles the next ilav, passing through 
Canterbin\v, the column halted at camp No. ,;, IMainfield, in 
the southeast corner of Windham County, Conn. 

The I'rench otTicers complained of the tard\' movements of 
the ox teams — which were not up with the tents initil late after 
the enil of the day's inarch — but the I'rench soldiers bore all 
with good huiiu>r. To encourage them maii\ of the officers 
marched with their companies anj sulmiilted to their hardshijis 



Ncivporl Id ^'oiklnwii^ rjS[ 395 

and i)ri\-atioii.s. Tlie \'iscoiinl dc Noailk-s (a kiiisiiiaii of Lafay- 
ette) performed Ihe whole march from Providence to the North 
River on foot. 

The afternoon of June 22 brought tlie cohinm to cam]) No. 4, 
Windham, 16 miles from the la.st hall. 

The main colunin the next day, after a march c>r lO miles, 
pitched its tents at cam]) No. 5, just outside of Hollon, in Tol- 
land County. 

On the same day (June 23) Rocii.VMiiH.vr, from Hartford, 
reported his arrival the ilay before with the advance of one 
regiment, followed by the second the same day, the third and 
fourth to come up the day after. He proposed to remain tw<5 
days for repairs of vehicles and to rest the younjr artiller\- 
horses and oxen. 

The day after he would be ofT for Newtown, the ;uni\ to 
march in four divisions, as before, arriving at Newtown on the 
28th, remaining there 29th and 30th to a.ssemble the brigades, 
and would then march in two divisions to the North River. 

Tn a dispatch of June 27 to the Count, Washington expres.sed 
Uk- plea.sure it would give could he make it convenient to meet 
him at Newtown, but he was detained in hourly expectation of 
the arrival of Chevalier de la lyUzerne. He was pleased that 
his idea of ]iosition coincided with his own and would give his 
ciuartermasler ex'ery aid in reconnoitering and marking out his 
camp. 

Th(- conunander in rliief sent his letter Ijy Col. I)a\-id Cobb, 
one of his aids, with in.structions to bring back an\lhing the 
Count should ha\'e to conununicate. Should the Count him- 
self be iiiclineil to conic forward from Newtown Colonel Cobb 
woidd be i)rou(l to attend him. 

The general in chief also wishetl him to thank Count de Bar- 
ras for his ready acceptance of the proposition he made to him. 

.\T II.\RTI'()Kn 

During these interchanges of courtesies of correspondence, 
about sundown cif the 24th, after a day's march of \2% miles, 
the main cohunn made Kast Hartford (camp No. 6). 



3q6 Nnvf)i»l Id Yorkloioi, i~Si 

The next two days (25111 and 2()lh ) were sjient in Kt'ttiiig 
llie troops. Ki"'^. atiinials, cciiiipnient, and l)aj;^},fat;:e across the 
Connect irii I River. 

As the l-'rench cor])s was now ajijiroachinj^ the scene of 
active hostiUties, its eoniinan(hni^ jieneral >;ave the men and 
c(|uii)iiicnl IhoiDiii^h insiKttioii an<l issued s])ecial field orders 
to insure tlie extra precautions prudent in march formation 
and vi.Lcilance in jiicket and patrol duty in caniji. 

On the jdlh Ri iciiAMBK.vt', with the Hourbonnais as a 
>;nard, pushed ahead to Newtown. 

The main column on the next da\- made its seventh camj) at 
l-'arniini^jton, 12^'^ miles from Hartford. 

It started out tlie next day on a i_vmile march to Hacon's 
Tavern (No. 8); the day following-, 13 miles to Breakneck, a 
Cotmeeticnt \'illage. and ihe nt-xl da\- reached Newtown. 15 
iiiile.s (camji No 10 ), it being the last day of June. 

ON lUWKI) AllAlXST TOKIKS 

The French general was put on his guard by special injunction 
of Washington, as he was in a badly disaffected region, where 
Tories v/ere numerous and would report his movements and any 
Dtlier information. 

At this camp (Newtown) RoCH.VMUKAf made a rende/.vous of 
his entire foot force, assemi)liug his l)rigailes and organizing 
them into two divisions in order to be in fighting trim on short 
notice. 

I.AfZfX'S iirss.VRS 

When the main iMcnoh army left camp at Windham, Duke 
de I,au/.un. who w.is still at the ipiarters in which he had 
wintered at Lebanon, Conn., received orders from his general 
to move out with his hussars and dragoons as a cover on the 
left flank at a distance of 9 or 10 miles. His line of march 
acconlingly lay through or near Middletown, Wallingford, 
North Haven, North Stratford, and Oxford. 

The main column, from its last halt after a march oi 15 mile.s 
on the evening of July ;. went into cam]! at Ridgeway. The 



Newport to \'orkto'ani, ij8r 397 

.saint (la>- the corps of I.)c Lau/.mi madea junction at this point, 
and thereafter ni()\-wl with the cohinin, performing flanking- and 
scouting duty. 

On the next da>- the h'rench changed their position, but again 
went into camp No. 1 1 in the same \-icinit3' (Newtown). They 
were now 42 miles from PeekskilL 

Wa.shington, learning that the enemy had not onl\- divided 
his forces hut had .sent a strong l)od>- into New Jersey, planned 
an attack on the IJritish forts at the head of New York Island. 

.\KKAXC;iN(; .\ .SUKPRI.SR 

On June 30 he sent forward .secret information to C\)unt 
R()Cii.\MBE.\i' of the contemplated surprise. As this would 
require the assi.stance of the French he urged him to bring 
his troops forward with greater haste and by different routes 
then in view. The Duke de Lauzun was to arrive in advance. 

On July I, from his headquarters near Peekskill, Washing- 
ton i.ssued his instructions to Major-General Lincoln, who was 
to command the enterprise. His force was to consist of two 
regiments formed in four battalions, a detachment of artillery, 
and a corps of watermen. His primary object was Fort George, 
on Laurel Hill, north end of York Island, as success there 
would afford a cover for the troops should thej' be disappointed 
in other attacks, and in case of necessity open a secure retreat to 
the main body of the army. In event of carrying Forts Knj-p- 
• hausen and Tryon only, they were not to be held, as no support 
could be given from without. The artillerymen were divided 
for the three attacks, each party to be supplied with two lanterns 
and rockets, one to be fired in each fort as soon as carried. 

If successful, the boats were to be drawn across the i.sland 
from North River into the Harlem and secured under the guns 
of Fort George if circum.stances admitted. 

Inca.se of too much opposition and being obliged to retreat 
1)\- water and unable to pa.ss the enemy's .ships and boats, the 
attacking party was to push over to the Jersey shore. If, after 
a reconnoissance during the day the strength of the enemj- for- 
bade, or discovery was made by the enemy's boats, attention was 



nnkiid 1(1 tho siipiH)!! Ill :\\\ atlciiipl on lilt- luoiiiiiij; of July t,, 
li> Diiki' ik' I,;iti/un, mi 1 )claiici-y corps of ivfujjefS to the 
Kritisli :uiii\ at Monisaiiia. To do this Liiioohi was to land 
aliovf till- mouth of Spuytcu Uuyvil Crcik and march to the hiuh 
i;rouuds in trout of Kiti^s Hiidne and lie concealed until the 
duke's attack was announced by lliinn' <ir other means. The 
Americans were then to lake ]iosilion tt) i)revenl a movement of 
the enenu over the bridge to turn the (hdce's ri>;lit and also to 
pre\'ent Uelancey jiassinjj that way. \\'ashin),fton projioscd to 
he in the nei);hl)orliood of Kin>;s Hridne early on the morning' 
of Ihi- \i.\ with the remaiuiki of the arm\ , where he would open 
lonnuunicalion and k'vi.' orders as reiiuired by the ;;eneral state 
I'f alTairs. 

If .1 landinj; sliouUl be (.iTiiti'd on the east side of the ri\'er the 
lioats were to be .sent uii alonj; the east shore. If no particular 
directions were >^i\en they wt're to continue lo Kings h'erry. 

To Ihigadier W'aterbnry, comm.uulini; tlie Connecticut State 
Iroops at Horseneck, Jul\- i, \\'ashiui;ton gave orders lo march 
with all his troops to form a junction with Colonel Sheldon coni- 
maudiug the "Daiiple Citey" Continental Dragoons, on the 2d 
at Clapp's, whert- lie wnuK! be joineil b\- the iMi'nch I,ej;iou undiT 
Ihic de I,au/iin. 

This olVicer, a luigadicr in the service of His Most Christian 
Majesty and an ollicer of long .service ami merit, was lo com- 
ntand all the Iroops as.sembled. Therefore, lieiieral W'aterbnry 
was directed to ])lace him.self umki his onlers and commands, 
the l>uke ha\iug siiecilic orders for what was to follow. 

l'"t)KcM:i) ^l.VRCIllCS 

To l\oi.'n AMiii:Ar, Jnlx' .', from reekskill, Washington sent 
word: 

1 tliiiik it will lie vi-ry well for your excoUoiioy to prix-eod to-morrow to 
Not til Castle wliere you will eonlinue until you n.-vscuibk- your whole force. 
Heiug at Nortli Castle will jml you in a ilireot route lo receive your pro- 
visions from Crompoiiil and it will lie in a direct way for your Iroops lo 
advance lo While I'laius or auv other point below, as circumslances appear 
lo ilemand. 



Nczi'pnr/ Id )'()rkl(ra'ii, i jS i ^gg 

In compliance with these directions, on Jnl\- 3 Rociiasiuhau 
moved the position of his army to North Castle (camp No. 13), 
where he remained July 4 and 5, awaitinj^ orders. 

To Ck-neral Knox at New Windsor, Washington (July 2), 
.spoke of this enterprise as one he had long contemplated and 
would be executed in the cour.se of that night, if (General l,in- 
coln after reconnoitering found it acU'i.sable. 

A Kl",CONNOISSA.\'Cl'; IN I'OKCl'; 

In execution of the movement toward King's I5ridge the 
American army marched out of their camp near Peek.skill at 3 
o'clock on the morning of July j, leaving their tents and bag- 
gage standing, in order to cover the detached troops and im- 
prove any advantages gained by them, reaching Valentines Hill, 
4 miles from Kings Bridge, soon after daylight. General Lin- 
cohi, after dark on July i, with 800 men, dropped down the 
North River from Tellers Point in boats, landing near Philipps's 
Hou.se before daylight of July 3 and occupied a position on 
Harlem River, formerly Fort Independence. This movement 
was to .support the attack by Duke de Lauzun with his French 
legion. Colonel Sheldon's Continental regiment of dragoons, and 
the Connecticut State troops under Brigadier-General Water- 
bury, on Colonel Delancey's corps of refugees and other light 
troops in the \-icinit\- of the bridge. 

I<AUZfN IN SriM'ORT 

The Duke de Ivau/.nn on Juh' 2, despite the inten.se heat, 
moved from his camp at Ridgebury (Ridgeway), reaching ICast 
Chester early on the morning of the 3d. Upon his arrival, 
finding General Lincoln being attacked and the alarm given, he 
abandoned his own plan and ha.stened to the support of the gen- 
eral, who kejit up skirmishing with a body of Jjigers, German 
mercenaries, in an attemiJt to draw them sufliciently into the 
country to enaljle the French legion to cut them off from their 
post on the east side of the Harlem River. General Parsons, 
who held the heights commanding Kings Bridge, was in posi- 
tion to head the enemy off l)y that retreat. Tlie nio\-ement. 



400 Nra'porl to \'oik-l<n>.'it, ijSr 

lii)\vc\LT, (lid not siiccccil. Washington, accoini)aiiii.(l l)\- (Icii- 
fial Diipoitail, wliilt- his troops lay on their arms, spent the. rest 
of the day in a personal survey of the enemy's works. , Find- 
ing the British main force retired to York Island, in the after- 
noon he withdrew all his forces to \'alentines Hill. 

The Duke de Lau/un and General Waterbury took post on 
the ea.st side of the Bronx River, on the Kast Chester road. 

rill'. IIITII A\.NI\'ERS.VRV OF TIIK I)l':CI..\K.\TIOX 

t)n Jul\ 4 tieneral Washington went into camp a lillle to 
the left of Dohbs Ferry, where he marked the site for the F'rench 
army on his left, and the Ducde Lau/.un then advanced to White 
Plains and Waterl)iir>- back to Hor.seiieck. 

In an express, Washington .sent word he would receive Count 
ni<; Uocii.\Mi!K.\U with his lroo])s at that place on July 6, as the 
jioinl for beginning the concerted operations of the campaign. 

On July 4, at 9 a. m., the Count arrived at North Castle with 
the first brigade, the .second brigade by a forced march bring- 
ing up the .same afternoon. He promptly reported to Wash- 
ington " We are now all together, ready to execute your orders. " 
On the 5th Washington paid a visit to Rochajibeait at his 
camp at North Castle. 

On the dth the F'rench arni\-, after a march of 22 miles, formed 
a junction with the American army on the site indicated on the 
American left 1 camp No. 14). Lauzun's French legion occu- 
pied a position in advance on the plains near Chatterton's Hill 
west of the Bronx Ri\-er. 

On the same day that the allied armies came together for the 
first time under the innnediate command of their American chief. 
Chevalier de la Luzerne, the l'"rench minister, arrived from 
Philadelphia. 

TIl.WKS To KOCIIAMDK.Vr 

On that day Washington took occasion to publish in general 
orders his thanks to the French general and troops in the fol- 
lowing ajiplauding terms: 



■ Ncivpurt /() Vork/o'a'i/, ij8i 401 

The coinmaiuler in cliiff uitli pleasure fiiiljraces the earliest ])ublii' 
opportui:ity of expressing his thanks to liis excellenc)' the Count MV. Ro- 
Chaiib?:au, for the unreniittin>f zeal with which he has prosecuted his 
march, in order to form the long wished for junction between the French 
and American forces, an event which must afford the highest degree of 
pleasure to every friend of his country, and from which the happiest con- 
sequences are to be expected. The general entreats his excellency, the 
Count DE RoCHAiiBEAU, to convey to the officers and soldiers under his 
immediate command the grateful sense he entertains of the cheerfulness 
with which they have performed so long and laborious a march at this hot 
season. The Regiment Sainlonge is entitled to particular acknowledg- 
ments for the .spirit with which Ihcy continued their march without one 
day's respite. 

NE.^K THK ENEMY 

, The position of the alhed armies was about 12 miles from 
Kings Bridge. It was encamped in two hnes with the right 
resting on the Hudson River near Dobbs Ferry. The French 
troops occupied the hills on the left in a .single line extending 
to the Bronx River. The two armies, although in sight of each 
other, were separated by a valley of some extent. 

SITIWTIO.N IX VIKGIXI.V 

On this same eventful day (July 6j, the day of momentous 
happenings, Lafayette was pushing his work to conclusion in 
far away Virginia. This is his story of the situation: 

The enemy have been .so kind as to retire before us. Twice I gave them 
a chance of fighting (taking care not to engage further than I pleased), 
but they continued their retrograde movement. Our number is, I think, 
exaggerated to them, and our seeming boldness confirms the opinion. I 
thought at first that Lord Cornwallis wanted to get me down as low as 
possible, and use the cavalry to advantage. But it appears he does not as 
\-et come out, and our position will admit of partial affairs. His lordship 
had (exclusive of the riflemen from Portsmouth, said to be 600) 4,000 
men, 800 of whom were dragoons or mounted infantry. Our force is 
about equal to his, but onlv 1,500 are regulars and 50 dragoons. Our little 
action marks the retreat of the enemy. From the place at which they 
first began to retreat to Williamsburg is upward of 100 miles. His lord- 
.ship has done us no harm of any consequence. He has lost a verj- large 
part of his former conquests, and has not made any in this .State, deneral 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 26 



^ 



402 Neivpoii 1(1 Yorkloioi^ ijSi 

Greent- dcniaiKlcd of 111c only tii liokl my K''"'J'"1 '" Virjjiiiia, but ihe 
moveim-nts of Lord Coniwallis iii.iv .inswiT luttir jnirijosts Ih.iii that in 
the military line. 

Washinjjtoii, in rL-tuin, ]>r()in])tl\' wrote to Lafayette (July 13) 
from Dobbs l-'erry: 

I sincerely congralulate yon on llie favorable turn of affairs announced 
in your last, and I hope you will be able lo maintain that superiority 
which you seem to be gaining over I^ord Cornwallis. * * *^ Comte 
DE RoCHAMBEAU formed a junction with iiic at the camp about 12 miles 
from Kings Bridge a few days ago. 

I shall shortly have occasion to communicate matters of very great 
importance to you, .so much so that I shall send a confidential officer for the 
purpose. You will in the meantime endeavor to draw together as resjiect- 
able a bod}- of Continential troops as you possibly can, and take every 
measure to augment your cavalry. Should the enemy confine themselves 
to the lower country, \-ou will no doubt pay attention to the formation of 
magazines above. These will be in every case essential, whether the war 
continues in Virginia, or whether it shall still be carried on in South Caro- 
lina. Should General Greene come into Virginia in per.son you will be 
good enough to conniiunicate the foregoing to him. 

In the present situation of affairs it is of the utmost importance that a 
communication by a chain of expresses should be opened between this 
arniv and that in Virginia. They are already e.stablished from here to 
Philadelphia, and if there is none from you to Philadelphia, you will lie 
pleased to take measures for having it formed. Vou will also endeavor to 
establish such a communication with the coast as to be able to know 
whether any troops are detached by sea from Lord Cornwallis's army; for 
it is more than probable, that, if he finds him.self baffled in attempting to 
overrim Virginia, he will take a strong po.st at 1'ort.sniouth or Williams- 
burg, and recnforce New York or South Carolina. Should an}' detachment 
. be made you will transmit to me the earliest intelligence. * * * 

You have the compliments and good wi.shes of all your friends in the 
French army, while those of the .\merican anny are not behindhand with 
them. With the warmest affection and esteem, I am, etc. 

Recent movements evidently disposed of any further reliaiKe 
on New York as affording the much desired climax to niilitarj' 
operations. 

In le.ssthan a fortnight, so sudden had become the transitions 
of military sittiations, Washington with all the American force 
he could spare from the Hudson River and all our French 
friends were marching across New York, Pennsylvania, Dela- 



Newport to Yorktozcit, ij8i 403 

ware, Maryland, and \'irgiuia, to the regions of ancient York, 
Williamsburg, and Jamestown, to give the final blow in the 
struggle Lafayette was engaged in with the British. 

COURTESIES TO OUR ALLIES 

Washington was scrupulously attentive to the proper cour- 
tesies to our allies. An instance of this may be cited from 
a letter 1 Juh 14 j from the chief to Lord Stirling, a noble gen- 
tleman in the American service. This. is what he says: 

The greatest liarmony having hitherto subsisted between the French and 
American soldiers, your lordship will be particularly careful to see that it 
is not interrupted b}- any act of imprudence on our part; and, as Baron 
Viomenil, who will command the French line, is older in commission than 
your lordship, you will take the parole and countersign from him daily. 
It is scarcely probable that the enemy will make any attempt upon the 
camp, while so respectable a force is near their own lines. Should they 
do SQ, it must be by water. The officer commanding the water guard will 
communicate an^- movement * * * at Dobbs Ferry, * * * which 
you will of course transtnit to Baron \'iomenil. 

DE GRASSE TO S.VIL I-OR THE CHESAPEAKE 

Upon his return to vSanto Domingo from a cruising expedi- 
tion off the Antilles, Comte de Grasse found De Barras"s frig- 
ate with RocHAMBE.\u's dispatches awaiting him. He at once 
conferred with ]\L de Lillancourt, connnandant of that i.sland, 
and the Spanish admiral, Seiior Solano. In them he found 
ready concurrence in his plan of an expedition to the mainland. 

The particulars of what tran,spired are fully pre.seuted in his 
letter to Rochambeau (at the cape, Santo Domingo, July 8, 
1781). He wrote in an open, manh* tone of "seeing with 
regret the distress which prevails on the continent and the ne- 
ces.sityof the prompt succor you solicit." He mentioned his con- 
ference with M. de Lillancourt, who had but taken conuuand of 
the government on the da\- of his arrival, and had arranged 
with him to furnish, from the garrison of Santo Domingo, a 
detachment from the regiments Gatinois, Agenois, and Tour- 
raine, 3,000 men, 100 artillery, 100 dragoons, 100 pieces of field 
ordnance, and several of siege artillery and mortars. This 



404 Nc'a'porl /(> ]'i>rk/()-u'ii, /jiV/ 

whole force was to he embarked in JS lo 29 vessels of war to sail 
from that coloin- on the 13th of Aiit,'iist, ])roceedin<; directly to 
the Chesapeake, " which jilace seems to i)e indicated l)y your- 
self, General Washington, M. de la Luzerne, and Comte de 
Barrasasthe best ])oint of operation for acconi])lishini; the object 
proposed." 

The admiral also referred to doini; all in his ])ower to procure 
the 1 ,200, two lures. 

As the Santo Domiu.uo colon\' was not in condition to furnish 
any such sum he offered to send a frigate to Havana specially 
to obtain it, adding, "and you may depend upon receiving 
thai amount.' ' 

He stated specifically, as neither himself nor the lroo])s com- 
manded by the Marquis de vSt. Simon could remain after Octo- 
ber 15, therefore " I shall be greatly obliged if you will employ 
nie prom])tly and effectually within that time, whether against 
the maritime or land forces of our enemy." 

EVICKVTMINC. KH.\I)V TO I'KDCHKI) m.MKl)l.\TKI.V 

The reasons given by the Count de Grasse for his inability to 
leave the tioops beyond that period were presented iu this letter, 
as follows: 

l'"irst, because part of them are under the orders of the Spaiii.sh j;enerals 
and have heeu obtained only on the jMoniise thai Ihey shall be returned 
bv the time they will be wauled; and, secondly, because the other part are 
destined to the garrison of Santo Domingo, and can not be .spared from that 
duty to M. de Lillancourt. The entire expedition, in regard to those troops, 
has been concerted only in consequence of your retjuest, without even the 
previous knowledge of the uiini.sters of France and Spain. 1 have thoujiht 
luy.self authorized to assume this re.sponsibility for the common cause, Init 
I .should not dare so far to change the i)lans they have adopte<l, as to 
remove so considerable a body of troops. 

You clearly perceive the nece.s.sity of making the best use of the time 
that will remain for action. I hope the frigate which takes this letter will 
have .such dispatch that everything may be got in readiness by the time 
of my arrival, and that we may proceed immediately lo fulfill the designs 
in view, the success of which I aniently desire. 

With this gloriously encouraging respon.se the Coiicordr ptit 
back to Newport. 



.Vrzi ■/>.■>,'■/ //> ]o/-/c/i)h'//, /jSf 405 

To 1:01, 1) ON To COKXWAI.I.IS 

Washinjj:t()ii promptly informed Lafayette of the return of 
the Concorde and of the intended saihng of Comte de Gras.se on 
August 13 witli 25 to 29 sail of the line and a considerable body 
of land forces, his destination bein;j,' the Chesapeake, and to look 
out for him. 

He gave orders to take such a position as would best enable 
him to prevent the t'nem>-'s sudden retreat through North 
Carolina. 

The chief added "you sJiall hear further from me as soon as 
I have concerted plans and formed disposition > for sending a 
reenforcement from hence;" also, "you will take measures for 
opening a comnnniication with Comte de Grasse the moment he 
arrives, and will concert measures with him for making the best 
use of your joint forces until you receive aid from this quarter. " 

CH.\NGH OF FRONT 

In the confidence and counsel of his own thoughts Washing- 
ton, in the face of his persistent designs upon New York, 
promptly adopted his plan of future actions to the exigencies 
of circumstances. In his diary, entry of July 14, he states his 
position in these precise terms: 

Matters having now conic to a crisis and a decided plan to be determined 
on, I was obliged, from the shortness of Connl de Grasse's promised staj- 
on this coast, the apparent disinclination of their naval oflRcers to force 
the harbor of New York, the feeble compliance of the States with niv 
requisitions for men hitherto, and the little prospect of greater exertion in 
the future, to give u]) all ideas of attacking New York and instead thereof 
to remove the French troops and the American army to the Head of Elk 
to be transported to Virginia for the purpose of cooperating with the force 
from the West Indies against the troops in that State. 

.\ DKI.ICATK POINT 

In his letter accompanying the intelligence of De Gras.se's 
proposed sailing from the Chesapeake, De Harms intimated that 
that officer did not re(]uire him to form a junction with him, 
leaving him to engage in an\' other expedition in his discretion. 



4o6 Nrirfyoii to Yorklo-a'ii, ijSi 

It was cviileiit from Uk- tijiior of the context there was a 
feehiig of unrest, if not of dissatisfaction, conceriiin),^ the coininj^ 
of De Grasse, an<l De li.irras gave notice of his own proposed 
departure on an expedition a.u;ainst Xewfonndland. 

The inc()ni;ruit\- of such a diversion under coincident circum- 
stances called forth the utmost remonstrance consistent with the 
quasi freedom of initiati\-e on the part of De Barras in naval 
affairs. Both the army chiefs su^^ested the dant^crand inexpe- 
dience of such a movement from the stand])oint of direct results 
of the presence of the fleet and consecjuent danger from the 
jirobahle presence of Rodney following; De Grasse up from the 
West Indies. 

Their position led to the deterniination of De Harras to .sail 
to the ChesajK-akc and join De Cirasse when the moment for 
that opportune mo\-emenl ;nri\e(l. 

.V.NdTHICK OITI.OOK .\.CK()SS TIIK lllDSOX 

Not even yet despairinj; of an opportiniity to strike a deci- 
sive blow against the enemy's chief stronghold, Washington, 
accompanied by Roch.^mhk.vu, De Beville, quartermaster- 
general of the French, and Duportail, engineer in chief of the 
Americans, crossing the Hudson at Dobbs Ferry on July i8, 
with an escort of 150 men of the New Jersey line, spent a day 
on the connnanding grounds between the ferr\- and Fort Lee, 
studying the British positions. 

The determination to make his capital .stroke at New York 
was still st) strong that, anticipating the arrival of Comte 
de Grasse with his licet, Wa.shington communicated with him 
in a letter (July 21) in Comte de Roch.\.mi3E.\u's cipher, 
bringing to his attention the fact of the junction of the two 
armies, their position and strength, and that of the enemy. 
He went further, explaining the plans in view. This letter 
was dispatched to General Forman, who still held post at Mon- 
mouth, with instructions to keep a constant lookout on the 
heights, and to go aboard the flagship and deliver the letter to 
De Grasse in jjerson. ' 



Newport to Yorklo-dni, lySi 407 

Oil the same day (July 21 ) at Dobbs Ferry, Washington 
replied to a letter of the 15th from Comte de Barras, who had 
declined to take his squadron to the Chesapeake at that time. 
The chief thought his objections were founded on propriety, 
but was certain could the measure have taken place it would 
have been attended with most valual)le consequences. 

The rea.soi> in tlie mind of De Barras was the imprudence of 
ri.sking any new enterpri.se which might disconcert the gen- 
eral plan in view and delay junction witli De Grasse. 

AX ENTERPRISK WITIIijl'T KESUI^T 

A detachment from his fleet had made an attack, under 
command of Baron d'Angely, again.st Huntington Bay on the 
Sound, which was not a succe.ss, for which, however, Wash- 
ington thanked him for directing the attempt to be made. 

It appears a body of refugees in considerable force had estab- 
lished a fort and camp at Lloyds Neck, near Huntington Bay. 
A project was .set on foot to dislodge them. The duty was put 
down for the fleet, not then very busy, at Newport. Part of it, 
3. frigates with a landing party of 250 French troops under 
Baron d'Angely, was a.ssigned to the venture. The expedi- 
tion sailed July 10. In the Sound they were joined by some 
American volunteers in boats and several Fairfield pilots. On 
the 1 2th the party landed on the Neck, at a point near the 
fort. They were not long in ascertaining the po.sition not 
a.s.sailable without artillery. The attacking party hastily. 
departed to their vessels, with several wounded by cannon from 
the fort. The enemy's vessels were out of danger, having 
taken refuge up the river out of range of the frigates. 

L.\ST D.VSH AT NEW \()KK 

As a result of the ob.servations of the i8th, a reconnoissance 
in force, con.sisting of about 5,000 Americans and Frenchmen, 
was conducted by Washington, in person, in the direction of 
Kings Bridge. 



4oS A'tirpo)/ lo Yorkloicii^ ijSi 

The march bcj^an at S o'cl<x:k on July 21, the army moviiig 
ill four coliiiiius, the Amcican right on the North River and 
left on the Sawmill River roads. 

The whole army was at Kings Bridge about daylight and 
formed on the high ground in the rear of Fort Independence 
extending toward Delancys Mills. Lauzun's legion and W'ater- 
bury's Connecticut militia made clean work of tlieir part of the 
lirogranime, but the coveted refugees scattered in all directions, 
managing to get over to the island or the .shipping in the Kast 
River with but .small loss. 

The whole movement was conducted with .so much regularity 
and alacrity that the enemy was entirely ignorant of the pres- 
ence of the allied armies until the whole force was in position 
'July 2 J ) ready for action. 

After forming his lines, Washington, with Roch.vmbeau and 
the engineers, availed himself of the facilities for reconnoitering 
the enemy's position and defenses, beginning at Tippets Hill 
opfwsite the enemy's left, taking in Fort Charles, a redoubt 
near Kings Bridge, a fort on Cox Hill out of repair, P'orts Tryon, 
Knyphausen, and Laurel Hill, found to be formidable, and Fort 
George, the key to the chain of works on a hill opposite. 

An elevation from the creek east of Harlem River, and a 
little below, was found to command the opposite shore and all 
the plain adjoining. These positions were near the old lines 
of defense of Washington's army in 1776. 

'mv. CllIKFS I.N .\ l)n,lCM>I.\ 

The next day (July 23) was spent on Frogs Neck. 

Among the incidents of this brave movement ma\- be repeated 
this one: While the engineers were making geometrical calcula- 
tions to a.scertain the width of an inlet on Long Island, the two 
generals who had crossed to a small island off the shore, fell 
a.sleep under a hedge within cannon range of the enemy. The 
Count arou.sed hastened to awaken Wa.shington, reminding him 
they had forgotten the time of the tide. 



^\r'a'por/ Id Yorktmvii, ijSi 409 

The generals liastily returned to the dam breast by which 
they had crossed the inlet from the mainland, only to find it 
submerged. Two small boats having been brought to their 
relief, Washington and Rociiambeau jumped into them with 
their saddles and horse accoutrements and were rowed back to 
shore. Two American dragoons, excellent swinuners, led their 
hor.ses into the water, the rest of the animals being driven after. 
The remainder of the party were also safely brought over, 
the experience la.sting an hour. 

Having finished the recoiuioiter, with but a few harmless 
shots fired at them, the whole force at 6 x>. m. returned toward 
Dobbs Ferry in reverse order, reaching camp about midnight. 

A vidette now brought additional intelligence of Cornwallis's 
continued retreat with Lafayette at his heels, Wayne, whom 
ROCHAMBEAI' calls " a brave but very ardent officer " in the 
van. 

CCJRXWALI.LS HAK.VSSHI) 

The young Frenchman with his Continental light infantry 
was miking things exceedingly lively on the James. He was 
harassing Cornwallis to such an extent that Rochambeau made 
Lafayette's movements the theme of a complimentary report to 
his King's minister of war. 

CI.IXTOX THWAKTKD 

The reconnoi.ssance accomplished what was anticipated. 
Clinton was com])elled to abandon his jirojected operations in 
the .south. 

Washington and Rochambeait were in jKissession of informa- 
tion that the British general had received orders to embark a 
strong force and engage \\'a.shington ea.stof the Hud.son. Fail- 
ing of reenforcements frojn the north, Cornwallis was forced 
out of inland \'irginia by Lafayette and took refuge at the 
entrance to Chesapeake Ba\', where he was ordered to occupy 
a peimanent and fortified position which might be reached 
bv water from Xew York. 



4IO Ncii'fyoit to Y(>rkt(n\.'ii, ijSi 

CORNW.M.I.IS STII.I. KINNINO 

On the heels (if this iriatifvin^ news came the additional 
information that Cornwallis was retreatin^j by the James River 
to Richmond, and thence to Williamsbnric, the oUl \'iri;inia 
capital, about u miles from Vurk. 

A letter from Lafa\ette at Williamsburj; reported Cornwallis 
had fled to Porlsnioutli, from whence he ])rojx)sed, under orders 
from Clinloii, to ship ]iart of his army to New York. 

Durint; the mouths of July and August the valiant French- 
man in the uniform of the Continentals. havin<; driven Corn- 
wallis from pillar to post, had him effectually cornered and 
proposed to hold him. He notified W'ashinijjtou of the situa- 
tion and nr;4ed him to hasten to the l''ni;lishmau's certain 
capture. 

The arrix'al of reeuforcements chau,i;ed the liritish connnan- 
der's proji;rannne. The earl was ordered to take up a strong 
position on the Chesapeake, from which he mi,i;ht harass \'ir- 
ginia and Marxland. His engineers examined Old Point Com- 
fort. Vorklowu, and tUoucester. 

M.\i<Ks lus sT.v.vn .\'r vokktow.v 

Considering the positions at Vorktown and (Gloucester better 
for the purpo.se, and unable to proceed by land, as Lafayette 
controlled the situation there, Cornwallis transferred his forces 
liy water from Portsmouth to those points, taking possession on 
August I and 2. 

His entire force consisted of 7,1x10 men, and fortifications were 
begiui at once. 

I..\1\V1':TT1' TICIITICNS HIS (-.KIl- 

As soon as Cornwallis took this position Lafayette moved 
down from Williamsburg to within a few miles of the British 
lines. 



Nncpoii to ^'orkloxi'ii, i']8i 411 

BRITISH kKCKIITS 

Aflfairs were now getting lively all around. The British garri- 
son at Charleston, S. C, had been strengthened by a convoy of 
3,000 recruits from Cork, Ireland. 

On the nth of August, with tlie arrival of recruits and the 
Pensacola garri.son, notwithstanding the forces dispatched to 
the south, the effective .strength of the British at New York 
was more than 12,000. 

STKKXCTII ()!•■ TWV, .VI.I.IKI) .\RMIKS 

The whole strength of Washington's two divisions and 
RocHAMBE.vi"'s French corps combined footed up 9,000 men. 
Of this nnmljer the return of Roch.\mbeau's effectives showed 
that upward of one-half were Frenchmen. 

FE.^RS 01" COKNW.\LLIS'S RELIEF 

From Malvern Hill, \'a., Lafayette reported to Washington 
the Briti.sh light infantry, the guards, the Thirtieth Regi- 
ment, and the Queen's Rangers, under orders for New York. 

A fleet of 20 .sail arriving at New York about the middle t)f 
August gave rise to nuicli e.\citement in camp in the high- 
lands, concluding it came from the Chesapeake with the Corn- 
wallis detachment, but it jiroved to be a body of Hes.sian recruits 
from the other side. 

The .skillful tactics of Lafayette had at length forced Corn- 
wallis into a trap, where he held him with inferior numbers as 
in a vise. 

The apprehension of W^ashington witli regard to the force of 
Cornwallis during these maneuvers was not his getting away 
from his embarrassments with Lafayette ; it was the po.ssi- 
bility of his whole force or part of it l.ieing taken off to New York 
as a reenforcement for that ])0st, and consequent. raising of a 
barrier to all hope of its capture Ijy siege or as.sault. 

Conditional instructions liad been forwarded by Clin;.on, 
directing Cornwallis to .send a detachment to New York as 
.soon as he was .safely establi.shed in the fortified post he was 
diiected to construct on the Chesapeake. 



412 .Vnr/iii// to )'i)rkt(>u'i/, /~S/ 

KociiAMiu: Ai rKia"i:i)ics \ hkitism ii.o'pii.i.a 

'I'hc furci'il luarclK-s (.-iijoinfd on tliL- ImciicIi to tlit- Hudson 
luid iiuulc victnaliii)j; ver\' difficiiU. Adtk-d to this, a vessel 
cair>iiij; four days' bread rations to the c<>r])s was taken liy 
an Ivn^lish ex])edition sent on a reconnoissance nji the Hudson. 

As a result the iM'encli troops were ])Ut on rations of 4 
oiuices jier daw riee and additional meat in place of hrcad, 
to which the men submitted cheerfully. 

In order to j)rt-\ent a recurrence of this anno\ance the 
Count dis])atched a batter\ of u ])ounders and mortars under 
Captain \'erton to a narrow ])arl of tlu' river to await the 
return of the British llotilla. When it i-anie in si.t,rht a spir- 
ited artillerx dui.-l luok jilace, in wliirli tlic enemy severely 
sulTercd and limped awa\' downstre.im. 

M'l'Kl lAe'llINC, A CKISI.S 

The jiersistence of Lafayette, hovering on the front, flank, 
anil rear of the nnich jierturhed carl, so frustrated or defeated 
his tactics that he was unable to carry out the iujinictioiis of his 
chief in Xew York. In the meantime, the fleet of De Grasse 
arrived in the Chesapeake, .i;reatly to his disniav and ultimate 
' ' bottlinj; up. ' ' .\fter the \ ouiitj Frenchman and his American 
Continentals fairl\- set their .urip, no ])arl of Cornwallis's army 
was able to get awav. It was now only a matter of a little more 
streuj^th of numbers, his force at all times hax'inj; been greatly 
inferior to the European veterans of his antagoui.st. _ 

This relief was fortunately near at hand and .soon in evidence. 

In the meantime that \aliaut Rhode Ishuuler, Greene, who 
had succeeded the badly beaten English-American Gates, was 
making sjilendid headway against th6 cuen»y in the Carolinas. 

Kver\thing now ]>ointe(l to a crisis and a culmination. 

ANTICll'ATINC. !))■: l.K.KSSI'; 

iMoni liis can\p al I'hillipsinug > Aug. 171, in anticijiation 
of tin. ariixal of tlie I'reuch fleet from the Indies, Washington 
hastened an express to inform Comte de Gra.s.se of the abandoi- 



Nrivf^nit Id )'iirl-/iiu<i/, /jS/ 413 

iiient of the eiitc-r])rise ai::aiiisl New York, and ol" tuniiiij; his 
attention toward the sonth. A reason, additional to the news 
from the Count, was the arrival at New \'ork of 20 sail bringing 
in, among other warlike merchandise, ,1,000 Hessian recruits 
for the ranks of the mercenaries of the English. From this 
fact he writes — - 

We have clfteriiiiiif<l lo reiiiovc Ihe whole of the r'reiich army and a 
large detachment uf the American army lo the Chesapeake to meet your 
excellency. 

The chief then proceeds to a discussion of the "])rincipal 
cases which ])re.sent them.selves, and upon which we shall 
be obliged tdtiniatel>- to form unr plans," which he rccpiested 
his excellency to revolve in his mind and prepare his ojiinion 
by "the time we shall have the pleasure of meeting you in 
^'irgillia." 

He proposed .sending General Duportail to give information 
as to the mode of attacking Charleston if that was to he luider- 
taken, as he was present during the siege. 

This important letter was signed jointh- b\ Washington and 
RoCII.A.JIHE.Vf. 

NO C.VSII I'OK Till''. C.V.AII'.VIC.N 

The I^ivingston mansion, at the time of which we sjieak, was 
the headquarters of Ck-neral Washington. Having abandoned 
the capture of New York as inipracticaljle for lack of sujierior 
naval force, the letters of Lafayette strengthened the suggestion 
and his own conclusions as to the demand for a movement to 
the south. 

While in this .state of mind it hapjiened that Robert Morris, 
superintendent of finance, and Richard Peters, secretary of the 
board of war, were guests at headquarters. RevoKing in his 
mind the embarrassment t)f future operations, owing to lack 
of resources in UKjuey and material, the general in chief sud- 
denly tiu-ning to Peters remarked: 

"\\'hat can \-ou do for me?" 



414 Nc'ix'porl to Vork/o'a'ii, Ij8i 

"With money, evcrythinjr; without it, nothing," repHed 
Peters, casting an incjuiring glance at Morris. "Let nie know 
the sum," said the resourceful financier. 

The rest of the morning the chief was busy over his figures 
and estimates to meet the requirements of an autumn campaign 
in \'irginia. The calculations were submitted, arrangements 
were promptly made for the necessary funds, which, however, 
being of the fiat variety, presented poor encouragement in actual 
test. 

ROCH.\:«I!K.\r'.S I.O.VN 

The only recourse for real money was to turn to Roch.\m- 
BEAr, who had control of the King's war chest. The Count 
accepted a promise to return the sum by the following October. 
Twenty thousand dollars in coin were handed over to Washing- 
ton for the purpose. 

It was French money which o])ened the means and a French- 
man who paved the way to the triumph at Vorktown. 

It was at this critical moment Washington received later 
information from Count de Gra.sse that he was prepared to sail 
from Cape Francois, West Indies (August 13) for the Chesa- 
peake, one of the two points of concentration indicated to him. 

K.MHAKK.\SSI.\"G 

The general in chief again turned his attention to the fieet at 
Newport, particularly as Comte de Barras was more strongly 
impressed than ever against leaving that harbor. - 

■ In giving his own reasons ( July 30 ) for desisting from 
further representing the advantages which would result from 
preventing a junction of the enemy's force at New York and 
blocking up those now in Virginia, Washington was fearful 
in event of di.saster and the loss or damage to the fleet, it might 
be "ascribed to my obstinacy in urging a mea.sure to which his 
own (De Barras I judgment was opposed, and the execution of 
which might impede his junction with the West Indies fleet and 
thwart the views of Comte de Grasse." 



A'ezi'por/ to- yorkioi>.'u^ /jSi 415 

PREPARING FOR THE FIELD 

The combined armies remained in the vicinity of Phillips- 
burg, in Westchester County, X. Y., engaged in these move- 
ments and maneuvers toward the British positions on York 
Island until August 19, when suddenly swinging into column 
the}' disappeared toward the ferry. 

The receipt of definite news from De Grasse, based upon a 
fixed purpose as to the time of departure for the Chesapeake, 
and approximating his arrival, as we have seen, ver}' summarily 
changed the posture of affairs from the direction- of New York. 

Comte de Fersen, first aid to Roch.\jibeau, was ordered 
with quick dispatch to Newport and Providence, to hasten the 
embarkation of the artillery and prepare for the departure of 
the fleet. 

Having communicated the cheerful news to Washington, 
RoCH.\MBE.^u began preparations with De Barras for an early 
junction with De Gra.sse, and for bringing up his heavy ord- 
nance and detachment left with De Choisy. 

On August 19, Washington a.s.signed General Heath to the 
command of all the troops remaining in the department, com- 
prising the Second New Hampshire, Tenth Massachu.setts, Fifth 
Connecticut troops of the line, Sheldon's Horse, the Corps of 
In\'alids, Third Regiment of Artiller}', and the .State troops and 
militia, to insure the safet}' of West Point and the posts in the 
highlands. His orders were to keep the enemy at New York 
from reenforcing the armies in the south, and from harassing 
the inhabitants of the coast. 

He further gave very specific in.structions, together with .gen- 
eral directions for the protection and covering of the country 
and the northern and western frontiers of the States, assuming 
his force adequate. As a rule he was to act on the defensive 
only, but not to hesitate giving a blow to the enemy should a 
fair opportunity present itself. 

He directed the north side of Croton River as the most eligi- 
ble position from which to execute his orders. 

The redoubt on the east side of Dobbs Ferrj- was ordered 
demolished and the lilock house on the other side held or 



4i6 \rzr/>(>r/ lo )'(>r/c/(>u'i/, fjS/ 

cvacuatfcl and destroN ed, as tliDiiglit jiroptT, 'V\\v water 
guards Wftx- to lie held against surprise. 

On Au^H^t 2ct the French troops were retmned to their for- 
mer camp ( \o. 15 I at North Castle, a march of 22 nnles. On 
the same day al 10 a. ni. Washinjfton's own detachment left its 
camp on llie road near the river lo Verplancks Point and began 
crossing; at Kinijs Ferr\-. H\' sunrise the next morning his 
entire force was at Stonv Point, on the west hank of the 
Hudson. This consisted of a corps of picked American troops 
about 2, OKI strong. 

Ki>CII.\MI!K.\r IN MOTION' 

In informing Rocii.\MBiiAr in a dispatch, Washington added, 
" I hope your army will be enabled to cross with the same 
facility when they arrive." 

The French arm>- moved by way of White Plains, North 
Castle, Pines Bridge, and Cromjiond, where it camped (No. 16) 
.\ngust 2 I . 

.\i tliis cam]) RoCH.VMnKAU received a courier with a note 
from the chief, " I shall be happy in your compan>- to-morrow 
(22d) at dinner at m\- (piarters and will meet xou at the ferry 
by S o'clock, when we will either be furnished with some cold 
repast en passant or will take yon to my quarters about 3 miles 
from the ferry, where you shall be introduced to a warm 
breakfast." 

On the da>- referred to (22d) RoCH.\Mm:.\r, after a march of 
i.s miles, camped ( Xo. 17) at Kings Ferry. 

( )n this day ( 2 ist ), Wasliington despatched this information to 
Lafayette, "The troops destined for the southern quarter are 
now in motion. The American detachment is alreatl>' on the 
west side of the Hudson. The iMencli arm\- I expect will reach 
the ferry this da>'. Our march will i)e ct)nlinued with all the 
dispatch that our circumstances will admit." 

Fearful oi an elTort on the part of Cornwallis lo retreat, upon 
beholding the French fleet in portentious rcalit\ . Washington 
expressed to Lafayette his — 



Newporl to \'orktoic)i, ijSf 417 

most earnest wish that the hind anil naval forces which you will have 
with you may so combine their operations that the British may not he able 
to escape. 

How this slioulil be done the chief would not dictate, coii- 
sideriiiir the various and extended nio\einents the nianiuis 
had made, ' ' and the great opportunities for observation you have 
enjox'ed, of which I am perstiaded your niiUtary genius and 
judgment will lead yoti to make the best improvement." 

The chief also inclosed for Conite de Grasse a letter "left 
open for yotir (Lafayette's) observation and committed to 
yotir care for its safe conveyance. ' ' 

He also reqttested the marquis to be pleased to have " water 
craft sent to Head of Elk by the .Sth of September to facilitate 
the embarkation of the troops who will be there by that day." 

DE BAKK.\S TO JOIN DK GRASSE 

Still another piece of news in the grand cooperating activity 
was word from De Barras of his intended departure from New- 
port with his fleet, sailing August 21-25, to join De Grasse 
with 8 .ships of the line, 4 frigates, 10 transports, and 8 Amer- 
ican vessels. 

The great anxiety in the mind of the commander in chief, 
notwithstanding the favorable trend of events, was the move- 
ments of De Grasse. He had heard of his intended sailing for 
the Chesapeake but nothing of his arrival. He feared the 
English fleet, by first gaining possession of the Chesapeake, 
might frustrate his plans. He still entertained some solicitude 
concerning De Barras sailing on the date he had named. 

Upon Lafayette he enjoined "if the retreat of Cornwallis by 
sea shouUl be cut off by the arrival of either of the Erench fleets 
you will do all in your power to pre\ent it by land." 

J-'RENCH .VKMY CROSSES THE HtlDSON 

The next two days ( 23d and 24th 1 were occupied in trans- 
jiorting the French forces, with all their baggage and stores, to 
the west shore of the Hitdson, under protection of the American 
guns at Verplancks Point. 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 27 



4i8 . Nca'poyl lo Yorktoiv)!, ij8i 

In ihe meantime Wa,shingtt)ii was deeply occupied in giving 
orders aud making dispositions of his own forces. 

ON THK KOAD 

The main body of Americans under General Lincoln took 
the roads leading through Trenton, one column moving through 
Ramapo Valley and the pass to Morristown, another through 
the upper route above the Ringvvood Iron Works. 

The French troops followed the river route by Tappan aud 
the Hackensack Valley on the west side, making a demonstra- 
tion at Newark, Brunswick, and Perth Amboy, of a purpose 
to attack the British posts on Staten Island, and ultimately on 
New York Island itself. 

The French column advanced to Sufferns, i6 miles. This 
was the real beginning of the march of the allied armies for 
Yorktown. The number of Americans present was about 2,000, 
much less than one-half the force of the French. 

The American detachment assembled in the vicinity of 
Chatham on the 24th and the French on the day following. 

In order to gi\'e the feint an appearance of realit)- every prep- 
aration was made for an attack, erecting ovens at Chatham 4 
miles from Staten Island, collecting forage, and constructing 
boats. M. de \'illemansy, comnii.ssary, did as much in deceiv- 
ing Clinton by building ovens and victualing the French troops 
as could have been done by building redoubts and charging 
them with cannon and musketry. 

The question of pay of the American troops .selected for the 
march was getting serious. In his letter from Chatham (August 
27) to the superintendent of finance, Wa.shington called atten- 
tion to their having shown marks of great di.scontent. The 
service on hand was not suited to the inclinations of the northern 
regiments, but, .said the chief, "I make no doubt that a ' douceur ' 
of a little hard monej' would ])ut them in proper temper. Part 
will be better than none. ' ' 



Newport to Yorktowii^ ij8i 419 

FRENCH CASH TO THE RELIEF 

On August 24 Colonel Laurens put into Boston on his return 
from his special mission to France, having in his custody 
2,500,000 livres as an installment of the King's bounty of 
6,000,000 livres recently donated to the United States. 

This opportune sum quieted any further discontent among 
the troops on the march concerning pay, and enabled Mr. 
Morris to make good his obligation to Roch.\mbeau. 

The Comte having received word from De Barras of his pur- 
pose to join the fleet in the Chesapeake, sailing from New- 
port August 21, .should the winds prove favorable, Washington 
.sent the information forward by express (August 24) to meet 
the West Indies fleet upon its arrival. 

He also estimated, judging from the progress made on the 
march, the arrival of the allied armies at the Head of Elk by 
the 8th of September, and urged sending to that point by that 
time all his frigates and transports 'in order to hasten the 
arrival of the allied armies at the seat of war. 

ROCHAMBEAU'S RUSE 

The march was resumed August 27, advancing to Pomptou, ' 
17 miles, and August 28 to Whippany, 16 miles, a short dis- 
tance east of Morristown, which had the appearance of a con- 
templated advance on Sandy Hook in order to cover the 
entrance of the French vessels for an attack on New York. In 
order to strengthen this belief the allied troops went into camp 
August 29, but RoCHAMBEAU by a quick movement suddenly 
swung to the right, moving rapidly to the Delaware the next 
day, camping that night at Bullion's Tavern, 16 miles. 

The two armies now fairly on the way, the general and 
Count rode ahead (Augu.st 30), arriving at Philadelphia the 
next daj'. 

On the 31st the main colunui of the French encamped at 
Somerset, 17 miles; September i, Princeton, 13 miles; and on 
the 2d at Trenton, 12 miles. Finding the water low, the men 
forded the Delaware without difficulty. 



420 Newport Id Yorklira'ii, ijSi 

l^'l.lNTDN INl'OKMKI) 

It was not until the armies had crossed the Dclawart; that 
Clinton learned that the iMcncli arni>- liatl marched south 
with the American forces to engage Cornwallis. Sir Henry, 
having advised himself of the condition of the forts, forces, 
and materials of war in Rhode Island, formed a plan to seize 
the French stores at Providence and capture their fleet at 
Newport. Clinton proposed to undertake the former and Ad- 
miral C.ra\'es the latter, both having ox-crwhelniing superiorit\- 
in their favor. A delay in getting started, however, lapjx;d 
over the date of departure of l)e Barras to join De Gras.se in 
the Chesapeake. The game had flown and the attack was 
abandoned. He appea.sed his impotent exa.speration, however, 
by informing Cornwallis of what he might exjiect from the 
P'rench and Americans, hut nothing from him. He began 
depredations along the New Ivngland coast. For the ear of 
Washington he threatened an attack on the posts in the high- 
lands. General Heath was prepared for such a demonstration, 
having about 13 veteran regiments, Continental and militia, at 
his command, and full instructions, as we have .seen. These 
' menaces were without effect on Washington's actions. The 
atrocities of the traitor Arnold at New London, in the vicinity 
of his birthplace (Norwich) and among the companions of his 
childhood and youth, heartless as they were, pro\-ed not only a 
disgrace to British arms, but a .source of intense hate among the 
people. 

At Trenton the chief (luarlermaster was directed'to take up 
all .small craft on the Delaware River for the tran.sportation of 
troops from that point to Christiana Creek, where the overland 
portage of imi>edimenta would begin. 

Having traversed New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware 
into Pennsylvania, the French column moved down the river 
road, camping on the night of the 3d at Red Lion Tavern, 15 
miles, taking Bristol on the way, and on the evening of the 4th, 
after a march of 15 miles, rested for the night on the east 
border of Philadelphia. 





FRENCH UNIFORMS. 



N^r'a'por/ /(> Yorklo'a')!^ ijSi 421 

Oil SL-plLiiiher 2 truiu I'liiladelphia, wliik- awaitiiij; llic- com- 
ing up of the two armies, Washington encouraged Lafayette bj' 
ap]iroval of his tactical skill ;uk1 of his request for the sui)])ort 
of the local militia, and informed him the l-'rench troops under 
ROCHAMBEAIT and an American corjis under Major-General 
Lincoln were thus far en route, in .-idditiini to the laud force of 
the fleet. 

GRKETED AS IMCI.I VKKIvKS 

The next day was spent in cam]) Uuiiishini; arms and accou- 
terments for the parade through the city. 

The march of the French was invested with all the charac- 
teristics of a triumphal progress. Along the route, for miles on 
both sides, practically the whole people came down to give 
expression to their grateful feelings toward the regulars .sent 
over by the French King. The inhabitants not only gathered 
to do homage to Rochambeau and his men, but brouglit with 
them an abundance of provi.sious, conveyed in every sort of 
vehicle, from the chariot of the rich to the ox cart and sled 
of the ])oor. 

I'-KKXCII M1I.ITAK^• UNIl'-OK.MS 

The following is a description of the style of uniforms worn 
!)>• the French troops under RociiAMUKAf during their service 
in America, 1 780-1 783, as given in the " I'Ordonnancedu Roi." 

[The figiirt'S refer lu the ilhistratioiis.] 

/j. Iiifaiitrv. — Uniform wliite; facings, brea.st and collar, red; cpau- 
leltcs, red; peruke, white; cap, lielinel .shape, black puli.shed IcaUicr with 
black plu.sh comb; bandoliers, while; cartridge box and bayonet scabbard, 
poli.shed leather, black; mu.skel, flintlock. 

16. Infantry officers. — Coat green; facings white, collar with guinipe 
and cuffs red; vest with skirt, single-breasted, red; epaulettes, silver straps; 
baldric, red, trimmed in white; sword belt, red; breeches, tight, red; boots, 
over knee; chapeau, rim up front and back, edged with white and cockade; 
sword, straight with basket hilt. 

1^. Grenadier. — Coat green; facings white; collar, cuffs, and e])aulettes, 
red; vest with short .skirt, red, faced with white; breeches, lemon; leggings, 
white, to above knees, .single row of buttons up out.side; belts, shoulder 
and waist, white; bearskin, black; aiguillette, white; jionijion, white; 
nmskel, flintlock. 



422 Ncwpoii /(> Yorkto'-a'ii, i-Si 

///. l/iissar. Jacket, li.n'il lillin){, (lark-grccn Iriiiiiniiij;; brc-ast, gold; 
sleeves, tight; cuffs, faced to a point; sash and embroidered fobs, retl; 
breeches, scarlet, tight; boots with branded tops anil tassels; bandplier, 
red with yellow polka dots; dolman, lemon, braided in gold and bordered 
with fur; cnfTs, fur and faced on outside of sleeve to near elbow; peruke; 
busby black, bag red, tassel gold; pompon, white; scimiter. 

12. Dragoon. — Coat green, facings and linings red, lower edges of skirl 
turned back and fastened with lily in silver; vest white, single breasteil, 
w'ith short skirt; pockets, scalloped; epaulettes, silver, with fringe; ban- 
dolier, green; breeches, drab and tight; boots, high with orange tops one- 
third down; helmet, gold with black comb and white plume; cavalry 
sword. 

// . Arlillciy. — Coat red, facings green, buttonholes close worked, white; 
pockets faced with green; cuffs green, white ruffles; stock, <lark; ruffle 
shirt front; vest white, single breasted with skirt and buttonholes open- 
worked; epaulettes, silver with fringe; breeches, white, tight; leggings, 
white, carried 4 inches above knees, one row of buttons up outside; wig, 
white; chapeau, raised rim four points, faced top rim with narrow ruflle; 
small sword. 

KKVIKW nv CONGRESS 

111 this .style the soldiers of France filed ofT in the presence 
of Congress a.ssenibled to review them. The town people, too, 
were out in force to extend applause to the Frenchmen on their 
march through the streets of Philadelphia on that glorious 6th 
of September, 1781. 

The same night the regiments, after a march of 16 miles, went 
into camp .south of Chester. 

AN OCCASION FOK IIII..VKITV 

At Chester Washington was met by a letter froiTi General 
Gist announcing the arrival in the Chesapeake of De Grasse, 
with 28 ships of the line, which he forthwith (3 p. m. ) passed 
to the President of Congress. 

The incident is mentioned that so great was the emotion of 
the ustially impassioned commander in chief that, .standing on 
the river's brink, when he caught sight of RociiAMiiK.Vf 
and staff approaching by water he waved his hat most vig- 
orously. The eqtially impassive RocH.\:\iBEAt' was more 
moved by the novel demon.strations of Washington than by the 
expected glad tidings of De Grasse. 



Nczi'port to YorktoiL'u, ij8i 423 

DK GRASSE'S fleet 

The French fleet sent out from France under the command 
of Admiral Comte de Grasse, sailed from Brest, March 22, 1781, 
bound for the West Indies with a convoy of 150 ships, valued 
at 30,000,000 livres ($6,000,000). 

The event was the occasion of a great popular demonstration, 
the minister of marine from Versailles adding by his presence 
to the ceremony of the event. 

Before the end of April the fleet arrived at Martinique, break- 
ing the British blockade. 

On August 5 De Grasse, in compliance with his promises to 
Washington and Rochambeau, sailed from Santo Domingo, 
touching at Havaua to take on the coin promised for the York- 
town campaign. 

On August 26 he anchored in Chesapeake Bay, behind the 
Middle Ground Banks, having aboard his ships the land forces 
of Saint-Simon." The same evening the officer posted by 
Lafayette at Cape Henry went aboard and conveyed all de- 
•sired information of the Marquis' position, the "bottling up" 
of Cornwallis and the expected arrival of the allied armies. 

"Claude Anne. Marquis de Saint-Simon, born at Chateau le Kayc in 1743, came of a 
dvical family of that name famous in French wars and letters. He received his military 
education at the artillery school of Strassburg. In the campaign in Flanders he ser\'ed 
as lieutenant in the Regiment Auvergne. In 1775 he was raised to colonel of Regiment 
Tonraine. In 1779 he participated in the expedition against Martinique, West Indies, 

.\ vear after (March i) he was transferred to the service of Spaiti and was selected to 
command the land forces sent with De Grasse in the operations arranged between 
France and Spain, then allies, in cooperation with Washington and Roch.^mbeac in 
Chesapealie Bay. 

On the last day of the active hostilities of the siege, while commanding in the 
trenches, 'where he was constantly under fire, he was badly wounded. Comte de 
RocHAMBE.iU wrote of him officially to his Government as "one of the bravest men 
that lived." 

After the surrender he returned with his troops to the West Indies. At the conclu- 
sion of peace between the States and France and England he went to France, where 
he received high honors in decorations and entered into French politics as member 
of the States-c;eneral of 17S9, to which he was elected by the old nobility of Angou- 
raois. He sided with the republican movement, but not with the revolutionary acts of 
violence and license, which he strongly opposed. 

In consequence he withdrew to Spain and was captain-general of Old Castile. He 
died in Spain in 1S20. 



^7,4 .Vr7i'/)(f// to YorkliKi'tt, ijSr 

ST. SUION AM) HIS MICX 

The land continj^ent uiuIct Marquis tic Saint Simon, nutnher- 
inj^ 3,600 men, was conveyed up the James Kiver to Jamestown, 
less than 12 miles from Conuvallis's position, where it disem- 
barked and effected a junction with Creneral Lafayette. 

The next day the united forces entered Williamsburg- and 
made such dispositions as to prevent the escape of Cornwallis. 
A detachment of obser\ation was thrown out toward ("iloucester. 

The Admiral forthwith established a blockade (^i York River 
by dispatching four ships of the line and as many frigates to 
that point." 

11 I'*rain;<HS Joseph Taul. Comtc <lc Grasse. Marquis dc Cnissi'-Tilly, was born at 
VnU'ttt'. Pruvcncc, in 17-'.;; (lied at Paris, January 11, i7>vS. 

At thf lit:ginning: of the war of the American Revolntion he was in coninianil of a 7.1- 
gnn ship, tl»c Kobusfr, in which he took a prominent part in the action of Oncs.snnt in 
July, 1778. Rctnming to l''rance he was promoted to lieutenant-general or atlmiral in 
cimsideration of his services with D'Kstaing during his operations on the .\merican 
coast in tlie antuiun of 1779 and under I)e Onichen in 17S0 in his engagement with Rod- 
ney. He stieceeded 13e Onichen. who had succeeded D'Kslaing in command of the 
I'rench fleet in the West luilies, and was charged with the conduct of naval operations 
in North .\merican waters in e<injunction with Washington and Rocn.vMnKAr. When 
appointed to this important place t>f authorit\- in cotumand he was the junior of De 
Uarras, but by virtue of his advancement to the rank oi lieutenant-general in the naval 
armies of b'rance became his sitperior. His brilliant action with Craves off the capes 
of the Chesapeake in the early days of Septemlwr, 17S1. greatly restored the prestige of 
the navy of Vrance and rated He Crnsse as a na\'al commander of meritorious skill. 
Itpoti his return to the West Indies after Vorktown, in a sea fight of se\-en hours, during 
which he bravely sustained himself with 6 ships against a British fleet of 14.be was 
overwhelmed, losing all his vessels, including his flagship, the / 'i//r lU fitn's. famous at 
Vorktown, and himself becoming a prisoner, lie was held in iCngland until after the 
peace of 17SV Ihit added to his niisfortinies afloat he lost the favor of the King, and as 
a result lived in retirement until his death in Jannar>'. 17SS. Rocii.\M»KAf announced 
his ileath to Washington, who replied, " His name will be long deservedK dfar to this 
country for his valuable sen-ices in the series of warlike events which terminated 
in thecaptureof the British army at Vorktown, Vu." In particular his engagement 
with Craves before the arrival of Washington and Rociiamwk.w and their junction 
with I^fayette and Saint-Simon; but for his nautical skill and flghting qualities on 
that occasion Cornwallis and his entire force would have been iKirne away in triumph 
t<i New York and ni> force in sulTicieut lunnbers to force its abanilonment for fear of 
capture in the movements of embarkation. The life of this hero, so dear to Washing- 
ton and his countrymen, after returning to l-nmce was embittered by a second nuir- 
riage to a woman wholly unworthy of him. To these domestic infelicities was adde<l 
the harrowing thought of his King's displeasure. Ccneral Washington, in a still later 
letter tApril. i7SS) to RociiAMimAf, said. " His frailties should now be burieil in the 
grave with him, while his name will be long deservedly dear to this country on 
account of his successful cooiienition in the fanunis cami>aign of 17S1. The Cincinnati 
ill some of the States have gone into inourning for him." 



':/,):.■ II i-'.^l 



uss thtui 



iiiiule such dispositiui prevent the 



by > lie and as many frigates to 

tliat puiut." 

1, ,,,.,,,„ I....,,l, I', Ml . !n. ,,,.!» ,1,- l',ni!.<^rillv ■.. ., I~.lll .1 



COMTE D£ CRASSC 



Neti'port to Yorktoioi, ijSi 42=; 

ox CIIESAPIvARK WATICKS 

On the evenino- of Septt-mlK-r 8, tlie column reached Head 
of Elk, the beginning of navigation on the Chesapeake Bay. 

Before leaving Philadelphia the generals in chief learned of 
the arrival of Admiral Hood at New York, where uniting with 
Admiral Graves he had sailed without a moment's delay for the 
Chesapeake. 

The anxiety naturally aroused by intelligence of such an 
alarming character was .soon set at rest by the report of the 
arrival of De Grasse at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay with a 
force equal to anything which the Briti.sh could bring against it. 

On September 8, from Elk, \^'ashington, who had arrived in 
advance of the troops, conveyed to De Grasse his felicitations 
upon the arrival of .so formidable a fleet in the Chesapeake, and 
advi.sed him of the .situation, mentioning tlie van of the two 
armies, French and American, about j.noo in number, would 
embark in two days, drop down the Chesapeake, and form a junc- 
tion with the troops of vSaint-Simon and Marquis de Lafayette in 
blocking Cornwallis in Yorktown. 

This junction was to be effected in James River, unless the 
commander judged another point more favorable. The re- 
mainder of the troops were to be forwarded with all expedition. 

From Head of Elk, September;, Wa.shington sent an express 
to Lafayette, mentioning his .satisfaction over the arrival of De 
Grasse, and of his ideas on every occasion being so conform- 
able to his own, continuing, "by your military disposition 
and provident measures you have anticipated all my wishes." 
Again he writes from Baltimore, on September S, in the same 
vein. At this city Washington was received by a deputation of 
Congress with an address, to which he replied. 

ROCIIAMBEAr AT MOUNT VERXON 

From Elk ( Elkton ) Generals Washington, Roch.ambeau, 
and Chastellux, escorted by Washington's Life Guard, leaving 
the main column to come up as quickly as possible, pushed 
ahead by forced marches, reaching Baltimore September S and 



426 A^cii'por/ to Yorktoioi, ijSr 

Mount \'eriion on the lotli. This was his first visit in six years 
and five months, when he left to attend the asseniWin^ of the 
Continental Congress in May, 1775, and later the same year 
assumed connnand uf the army at Caml)ridij;e, outside of Boston. 
He now remained hut long enbugh for Count UK Rociiambkai", 
who had tarried at Baltimore, to conie up, that he might greet 
him under the shelter of his own roof and give a moment's hos- 
pitality to his companionable French comrade in chief command. 
From Mount Vernon, on September 10, the chief again ad- 
vises his brilliant young French general: 

We are thus far on our way to you, my dear marquis; Couiil Die Ko- 
cu.VMBiCAl' has just arrived; General ChasteUux will also be here. I pro- 
pose, after restinjj lo-inorniw, to be at Kreclericksburg on the iiij;ht of the 
12th. On the 13th I reach New Castle and the next day I shall have the 
pleasure of seeing you at 3-our encampment. 

Wn.I.IAMSmKl". 

On the evening of the 14th the general and his company 
reached Williamsburg, a distance of 1,^4 miles from Annajxjlis. 
Here they found Lafayette with his American light infantry 
division and Saint-Simon with his French grenadier and chas- 
seurs from the fleet of De C.rasse occujiying strong positions. 

The arri\al of this body of men infused a .splendid spirit of 
admiration antl (.'mulation among the troojis of Lafayette's 
corps, it.self the elite of the Continental anuy. An officer, 
in a letter, thus characterized the.se men: 

You have seen the troops of olher nations, but you have not- seen lriK')ps 
so well made, robust, or of such an appearance as those of General Saint- 
Simon just brought to our assistance. 

After congratulating the young French marquis and American 
major-general upon the ma.sterly strategy which drove the 
British army into its present predicament, Washington hastened 
the concentration of his strength and began the organization of 
his allied forces in order of march and battle, preparatory to the 
advance from Williamsburg to Yorktown. Cornwallis now saw 
the danger of his situation. Being without transports his only 
chance of escape was by a hurried and secret march into North 



A^rivport to Yorktoicii, f-Si 427 

Carolina. Lafayette, however, had anticipated such a movement, 
by drawing liis hnes tighter across tlie iK-ninsuki. 

With the added, support of the vSaint-Simon contingent he 
felt confident of his ability to hold the entrapped Hritisli until 
the arrival of Wasliington and RociiAJimcAr. 

Admiral Rodney, in conunand of the British na\al forces in 
the West Indies, learning of De Grasse's departure up the coast, 
at once detailed a squadron of 14 ships, under Sir Sanniel Wood, 
in ])ursuit. 

On August 28, Hood put into New York Ba)- for a conference 
with Graves, who had succeeded Arbuthnot. 

NA\-.\I. BATTLE OKI' THE CHESAPEAKK 

De Barras. not to be idle with so much going on elsewhere, 
luul sailed for the Chesapeake. Information being brought in 
that De Barras had left Newport, Graves and Rodney set forth 
after him with the entire fleet of 21 sail, carrying i ,694 guns, and 
made their appearance off Cape Charles as the troops of Saint- 
vSimon were disembarking from De Grasse's ships in James 
River. Fully i ,500 of his .sailors and 900 officers were assisting 
in getting the men ashore. Yet with .so much celerity were his 
orders obeyed, that the fleet was under sail in less than three 
quarters of an hour when the character of the approaching fleet 
became known. 

De Grasse, upon discovering the character of the approaching 
.sail, cut cables and with 24 of his be.st vessels, carrying 1,826 
guns, bore down on the enemy. The British, having the wind 
in their favor, headed for the French within the bay, prepared for 
attack. De Gra.s.se meanwhile, de.sirous of more room, put to 
sea, taking formation across the van of the approaching enemy. 
The Englishman at once headed for his adversary, but De Grasse 
maneuvering for the weather gauge, the two fleets by afternoon 
found them.selves clear of the capes and out upon the broad 
Atlantic. 

It was 4 p. m. before the van of the division of Bougainville 
went into action. The two fleets were engaged until sunset. 



428 Neii'porl lo Yorktoicii, ijSi 

ViV, (".KASSIC WINS 

The Britisli, badly worsted, took the wind, pursued by 
De Grasse. The night was passed by both fleets seeking advan- 
tage of po.sitions. Graves evidentl\' intended to renew the 
attack in the morning, desperate as his situation was, until 
Admiral Drake, in command of his van division, informed him 
of the necessity of repairs to some of his ships. 

The two fleets remained in sight of each other for five days 
without coming to blows, whereupon Dc Gra.sse sailed back to 
his anchorage in I.ynidiaven Hay. 

DK HAKK.V.S ON TIIK CKorXI) 

While De Grasse was outfighting and outmaneuvering the 
British under Graves, De Barras, with the Newport fleet, had 
arrived and was anchored in the bay, with the French troops and 
heavy artillery from Newport and Providence on board, having 
been I'ortunate enough to ]xiss Graves without being sighted. 

CORNW.VLI.IS .\H.\NnONKn TO IIIS I' ATK 

Finding De Gras.se strengthened by the arrival of De Barras, 
Graves turned away, heading for New York with all dispatch. 
One of his best ships, the Terrible, being so badly damaged 
after taking out her crew antl stores was sent to the bottom. 
This ended the Ivnglish attempt to rai.se the investment of 
Yorktown from the ocean, and settled the fate of Cornwallis. 

AI.l. KOADS l.K.VI) TO VOKK 

The troops ofjjoth armies hastened forward by forced marches. 
Upon arriving at Head of Mlk on September 8, as planned. 52 
miles from Philadelphia, covered in three days, an officer who 
had arrived there Init an hour before with dispatches from 
Lafayette confirmed the presence of De Grasse in the Chesa- 
peake. On his way up the coast De Grasse captured a British 
armed vessel, having on board I^ord Rawdon, bound from 
Charleston, to New York. This was the commander of the 
British troops in the Carolinas. 



Neivport tn Vofkioiun, ij8i 429 

INADEQUATE TKANSPOKTATION 

A difBculty of transportation now presented itself. The 
British in their expeditions Iiaving destro3-ed all boats, not more 
than sufficient to accommodate the two vanguards of about 
1,000 grenadiers and chasseurs and i ,000 Americans could be 
found. These were rushed down the bay as fast as the fickle 
wind would take them to unite with Lafaj-ette's forces. 

In this extremity the two Viomenils pushed ahead with their 
forces by land, taking the bay shore as far as Baltimore, 57 
miles, and Annapolis 42 miles farther on, making 99 miles in all. 

The rest of the troops on September 9 resumed the march, 
entering Maryland and camping at Su.squehanna Ferry, 16 
miles, the same night. Then making Burk's Tavern (loth), 
14 miles, marching east of Baltimore; nth, 15 miles; and on 
the 1 2th covering 12 miles, the main column going into camp 
north of Baltimore, where it remained until the i6th, when 
the march was resumed to vSpurieu's Tavern, 16 miles; lyth, 
Coathes, 18 miles; i8th, Aiuiapolis, S miles. 

The tran.sportation urged by Washington from the fleet was 
in time for prompt use. 

ox TKANSPOKTS FOR THE FRONT 

On the 2ist the entire army, French and Americans, were' 
taken aboard De Barras's 10 transports, the 2 captured frigates, 
and several captured vessels sent up h\ De Grasse for the pur- 
pose, and were safely debarked under orders at College Land- 
ing, James River, \'irginia, 17S miles, whence they effected a 
junction with the troops of Lafayette and Saint-Simon at 
Williamsburg, 6 miles, on Sei^tember 26. 

THE .MARCH OF HISTORV 

The entire distance marched from Pro\-idence to Yorktown 
by the army of Rochambeau was 536 miles, with water trans- 
portation, Newport to Providence, 30 miles, and Annapolis to 
Jamestown, 178 miles— 208 miles; and march, Williamsburg to 
Yorktown, 12 miles, or a total of 756 miles, Newport to York- 



430 A^r'i'f'or/ to VorktoicUy i~Si 

town. AfU-r IcaviiiK the army at Susquehanna I'erry, with 
Conite DK RocHAMBKAf, Marquis de Chastelhix, and Life 
Guard escort, Washinjjton took the Baltimore Ba>- road to'that 
city; thence to Annapohs; thence via Bladensburji; and George- 
town, Md., crossing the Potomac at the latter point, making 
their fourth camp out south of Alexandria, \'a. ( Mount \'er- 
non ) ; camp No. 8 at F'rederick.sburg, crossing the Rapidan and 
North and South Ainia, and thence moved down the we.st .side 
of Panuinkey and York rivers, ending their fourteenth day's 
march between Burd's Tavern and Williamsburg, \'a. 

A l).\V ON HOAKI) WITH Dl') CKA.SSK 

On Seplcnil)cr 17. Washington, accompanied by RoCHAM- 
liKAU, ChastcUux, Knox, and Duportail, embarking on the 
Oiiccn Charlotte, .set out for the La I'illc dc Paris, in Lynn- 
haven Bay, off Cape Henry. They did not arrive, however, 
until the next day, owing to contrary winds. Having settled 
all points of consultation, excepting the blockade of York River, 
the party set out on return, but owing to contrarv winds did 
not reach headquarters until the 22d. 

It should be .said that De Gra.sse, impatient of delay, in view 
of his engagements in the We.st Indies for the middle of 
October, was urgent to ha\e Lafayette unite in an attack 
on the British position willunii waiting for the arrival of the 
forces of Washington and Rocn.viiHEAf. The young French- 
man, unwilling to hazard such an attempt, opposed the wish of 
De Grassc with so much tact that he warded off action until 
the allied forces were so near that the luidertaking might be 
considered unwise in more senses than one. 

nniKin.vTK .\1)V.\nck tiN thk hkitisii wi>kks 

In their conference on the flagship it was understood that an 
attack would be made on Cornwallis as soon as the last of the 
American troops were on the ground. 

While awaiting the coming up of the rear of the marching 
cohmui, inforniation was receiveil of the arrival of Admiral 



N^ca'port lo Yorkto'ani^ /jSi 431 

Dighy at New York, with six ships of the hne, as an addition to 
the naval strength of Graves, making the'latter's force nearly 
equal to the French. 

A DANGKROl'S inVHR.SION 

As this might encourage a fresh attempt on the part of 
Graves to relieve Cornwallis of his desperate strait, De Grasse 
proposed to plit to sea in search of Graves should he make 
the attempt, leaving a few frigates in the bay to hold the 
York and James rivers. 

Washington, fearful of a superior force .slipping in and 
relieving Cornwallis while the French squadron was absent, 
used all his power of argument to persuade De Grasse to desist. 

On September 25 he dispatched, from Williamsburg, Marquis 
de Lafayette with a letter to Comte de Gras.se, in reply to his 
of the 23d from Cape Henry proposing this change of plan of 
operations as a result of the arrival of Admiral Digby. 

The British strength was now equal to his onn, therefore he 
did not wish to place himself in a position which would pre- 
vent him from attacking should an attempt be made to relieve 
Cornwallis. 

De Grasse, therefore, proposed placing two ves.sels off the 
mouth of York River and gathering around him the rest of his 
entire force, excepting the frigates Corviorant, Charlotte, Sand- 
7C'icli, and one other then blockading James River. With the 
re.st he proposed to keep the offing, in order to have fighting 
room should Digby appear. There was also a possibility of an 
action forcing him to the leeward and preventing his return. 
Yet in his present position he was at a disadvantage for attack 
and not secure in a gale. 

The anchorage at York had no advantages to prevent the 
enemy from entering the capes. 

WASHINGTON AND ROCHAlIBEAt' OPPOSED 

The Admiral agreed to wait for a reply from Washington and 
RoCHAMBEAU, wliom he addressed in conunon. With his troops 
and those of Saint-vSimon, and the two vessels and corvettes left 



432 Nnvpor/ lo Yorklowii, ijSi 

behiiul at James River he proposed to sail toward New York, 
hopiiii; to do more for the common cause than by remaininj; an 
idle spectator. 

He inferred that if the enemy did not come out they dared 
not. In the meantime he .sujijjested pushing; Cornwallis, and to 
act in concord, each on his own side. 

This proijrannne gave Washinj^ton jrreat anxiety and made 
it necessary to insist u])on the plan already agreed upon. He 
declared the enterprise against York under the protection of 
his ships as certain as any military operation can he rendered 
l)y a decisive superiority of .strength and means. He declared 
the fact reducihU- lo a ' calculation, and that the surrender of 
the British garrison must go a great wax toward terminating the 
war. 

The departure of the fleet from the Chesapeake would be 
availed of for relief and frustrate the brilliant prospects ahead, 
ending in disgrace after the fairest expectations of the allied 
armies, and ]iossibly the disbanding of the whule army for want 
of pro\-isions. 

Admitting a stationary position inijiracticable as an alterna- 
tive, however inferior, considered relatively to the support 
and facility of land o])erations, Washington proposed De Ciras,se 
to cruise within view of the Capies, .so as to render the entrance 
inaccessible to any of the enemy's vessels. 

DE GK.VSSIC \V(1X OVHK 

Added t'l these frank declarations, the persuasive logic of 
Lafaxette won I)e Grasse over to remainin.g within the cajjes 
and blockading the bay during the siege. 

Before doing so, however, he laid the questioti Ijefore a coun- 
cil of war, the decision of which, connnunicated to Washington 
and RoCH.VMBK.Vf, was in De Grasse's own words — 

that a large part of the fleet shall anchor in York River; thai four or live 
vessels shall he stationed so as lo pa-ss up anil down James River, and Ihal 
you shall aid us with the means to erect a battery on I'oinl Comfort, 
where we can place cannon and mortars. 



Ne-di!poi-t tr ]'orkio-a'ii^ ijSi 433 

The Admiral also agreed to proceed to the execution of the 
arrangement forthwith, of which he gave notice, "th.-it we niay 
act in concert for the advancement of om- operations." 

On the 27th, Washington, acknowledging his indebtedness 
for his determination, ])roniised every assistance of the allied 
armies relative to the hattery at Point Comfort. 

okdk;k of b.xttle 

The entire force being on the ground, \\'ashington issued 
his order of battle from headciuarters at Williamsburg, Va., 
tile parole being "Virginia," and the countersign "York and 
Gloucester." 

The rolls were required to be called with the greatest 
strictness at retreat beating and at tattoo, in the presence of 
the field officers, at which time no officer nor soldier in condi- 
tion to march was to be absent from his post in camp. 

The American troops compo.sing the right wing were to be 
formed in two lines, the Continental forces in the front line. 
The senior Continental officer was to command the right wing 
and his excellency, Comte de Rochambeau, the left wing, of 
which he was to make hi.s own dispo.sition. 

The whole army was ordered to march by the right in one 
cohnnn, at 5 a. m. sharp, September 28, a.s light and unen- 
cumisered as possible. 

GIVE THEM THE BAVOXET 

' ' If the enemy should be tempted to meet the army on its 
march," the general particularly enjoined, "the troops will 
place their principal reliance on the bayonet, that they may 
prove the vanity of the boasts which the British make of their 
particular success in deciding battles with that weapon. I trust 
that generous emulation will actuate the allied armies; that the 
French, whose national weapon is that of close fight, and the 
troops in general that have so often u.sed it with success, will 
distinguish them.selves on every occasion that offers. The jus- 
tice of the cause in which we are engaged and the honor of the 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 28 



434 Xc-a'pori to Vorktoicii, ij8i 

two nations nuisl inspire every breast with sentiments that are 
the presa};e of victory." 

The aihatice j;;iiarcl was formed of a hriijade of infantry, with 
its artillery, preceded by a corps of riflemen and li}.(ht draj^oons. 
The camp guards and rear jjuard were orderetl to form on the 
great road on the left, in the rear of the encampment, at 5 
o'clock. 

1()KM.\TI().\S 

The complete formation of the allied armies inider these 
orders was as follow>: 

(>R<;.\Ni/..\'noN OK Till-; .\i.i.ii:i> .Xrmv m-' Yorktown. \'.\. 

.\nv.\NCK KROM Ri;Ni)i':/.vors at wii.i.i.vMSitrRO, \\., to tmi-; sikgk ok 
voRKTowN, si:i"Tkmhi:r 27, 1781. 

(tt'iieral ('.KORC.i'; W.vsniNCTox, toniiHinuUr in chief. 

Right wiiig (first line): .\nierican forces; left wing (first line): I'rcnch 
;'.iixiliary forces. 

Right wing ( .\nicrican). 
Maj. Gen. Henjaniin Lincoln, V . S. .\rniy, of Massachusetts, commanding. 

I'irst or right division (right wing I. 
Maj. (."tcii. the Manjuis ile Lafayette* V . S. .Xrniy, coniniamling. 

.Vdvancc I'riiard. 

1. Peini.sylvania Volunteer Ha'.talion Rillinun. Maj. William I'arr, of 
I'enn.sylvauia, coniniamling. 

2. I'ourlh Regiment Continental Light Dragoons, Col. Stephen Moylan, 
of Peiin.sylvania, commanding. 

Second or left brigade (tirsl division). 
Col. Moses llazen, Canadian regiment. Continental Infantry, command- 
ing brigade. 

Regiment of light inlantry composed of the light infantry companies of 
the l-"irst anil Second New Hampshire Continental Infantry, of the Cana- 
dian regiment, and L'irst and Second New Jersey Continental Infantry, 
under Col. Alexander Scammell, Tirst New Hampshire Continental Infan- 
try, and Maj. Nathan Rice, aid-de-camp, of Mas.sachusetts. 

Second Rattalion of Light Infantry (4 companies) composed of the light 
companies l"irst and Second New York Continental Infantry. 



Ncivporl In Yorkloioi, ijSr 435 

First cir ri.i;lit britjndc (first division). 

lirig. Gen. John Peter C.abriel Mulilenljerjj, U. S. Army, of Pennsylvania, 

coniniaiuling brigade. 

Re.s^inu'nt of light infantry 18 companies) composed of the light infantry 
companies of the Kir.st, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and 
ICighth regiments Ma.s.sacluusetts Continental Infantry, under Col. Joseph 
Vose, First Massachusetts, and Major Galvan, unattached. 

Regiment of light infantry (8 companies) composed of the light infantry 
companies of the Ninth and Tenth Massachu.setts Continental Infantry, 
First, ,Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth regiments Connecticut Conti- 
nental Infantry, and Rhode Island Regiment Continental Infantry, under 
Lieut. Col. J. Gimat, aid-dc-camp, and Maj. Jolm Palsgrave Wyllis, Third 
Connecticut. 

Second or center division (right wing). 
Maj. Gen. Baroji de Steuben, inspector-general U. S. Army, commanding. 

Second or left brigade (second division). 
Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, U.- S. Army, of Pennsylvania, eonnnanding. 

First Regiment Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, comjiosed of F'irst 
and Second regiments consolidated. Col. Daniel Brodhead, conmianding. 

Second Regiment Penn.sylvania Continental Infantry, composed of Third 
and Fifth regiments consolidated. Col. Richard Butler, commanding. 

Third Regiment Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, composed of the 
Fourth and Sixth regiments consolidated, Lieut. Col. William Butler, 
commanding. 

First Virginia Continental Infantry, Lieut. Thomas Gaskins, Third Vir- 
ginia Continental Infantry, eonnnanding. 

First or right brigade (second division). 
Brig. Gen. Mordecai Gist, V . S. .\rmy, of Maryland, eonnnanding. 

Third Maryland Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col. I'eter .-\dams, com- 
manding. 

F'onrth Maryland Continental Infantry, Lieut. Col. Thomas Woolford, 
coitnnanding. 

I'ifth Maryland Continental Infantry, Maj. Alexander Roxburgh, com- 
manding. 

Baltimore Light Dragoons, Col. Nicholas Kuxton Moore, ccnnnandiug. 

Frederick Light Dragoons, . 

Third or left ilivision (right wing). 
Brig. Gen. James Clinton, I'. S. .\rmy, of New York, conmianding. 

Second or left brigade (third division). 
Col. Klias Dayton, Second New Jersey Continental Infantry, commanding. 



436 A7ti />''/■/ lo )'or/,itra'ii, ijS/ 

I'irsl Ui'j;iiiniil Xtw Ji-isL-y Coiiliiiciilnl Iiifmilrv, Cul. M:iUlii;i> ( ))^(U-n, 
I'liiiiiiiaiuliii^. 

Si'i'oinl Rtniiiiiul Ni'W Jiisov CuntiiuiU.il Inf.ir.tiv, I.iiiit. Cdl. I'raiicis 
llMilici, idiiiiimiKliiin. 

Rhoili' Isliind Ki'niiiiiiit (.'iiiilimiil:il liil'aiitry, l.ii'iit. Cul. Coiniiianilaiil 
JiTiMiiiali Oliii'V, I'oinmaiiiliiin. 

Itif.intiv, ami two iciinpaiiirs of Ni'W York li-virs, uikUt I.iinil. Ci>I.' 
.\lt\aiiili r I laiiiiltoii, of Ni\\ York, and JIaj, Nicholas I'isli, Seciiiiil New 
N'ork Coiitiiuiilal liilaiitrv 

Tliinl Canadian Continiiital Kininiint of Infantry, I.iint. Col. IMward 
\ntill, I'oinni.iniliii),^. 

Firsl or ri^lil lirigadi- (tliird divisi(ni). 
Col. Cioosi- \iiu Scliaii'k, I'irsl Kiyinunt New York ContinutU.d Infantry, 

I'oinniandinii. 

l''irst Rc),;iuiiiil Ni\v York Cmitimntal Infantry, I,ii\il. Col. Cornolins 
Van Dyck, ooinniandinn, 

Sivonil Rcj^iniiMit New N'ork Coiilinontal Infantry, Col. I'liili]) \"an 
Cortlandl, roniniamlinf;. 

l)R(;.\Ni/, \riuN AMI ()ui>i:u m- Il.WTi.i-; m' I'lii- 1'ki;ncii .Xixii.iarv 

.\kmv. 

.\1)V,\NCK I'KOM Wll.l.l \MSMI ur. To Till-: .SIICl.lC 1)1' YORK, .SKI'TICM- 

UKR 27, 17S1. 

I.cfl winK of tile alliod army, l.ii'iil. Cion. Conitf ili- Rik'1I\miii:.vi', ootn- 
niandinn His Most Clirisliaii Majesty's auxiliary fon-t-s. 

. I ii/s-</r-<tliii/>. — Virsi aiil, Cointe di' IVrsiii, .second licntcntanl; Che- 
valier tie l.iuneth (Charles), colonel; Coiiite de Dainas, colonel; Conile de 
Dmnas, colonel; Uaron de Closen, captain; M. de I.aulienliere, cajilain; 
Haron Croinot dn Uonrn, Chevalier de licvilK', captain. 

;\Iaj. I'len. Haron dc Xionicnil, second in connnand. 

Aids-ili'-iitinfi. — Chevalier d'lHonnc, scconil lienlenant; !\lar(|nis de 
Vaiduiii. 

(I'rne-nt/ .\7<i/^". — Aids U> niajor-),;eneral ; M. de Mononville, lieulenaiil- 
eolonel; M. <le Tarle, lieutenant-colonel; M. <le Houehet, captain. Aid 
major of infantry: M. l.yncli, captain. .\id major: M. ile Saint I'elix, ouii- 
tain. Aid nijijor of artillery : Chevalier de IMessis-Mauiluit, capilaiiie en 
second. (Juarterniaster-JL;enerars ai<ls, ;see (Jnarlermaster-tienernM. 
Topographical enj^ineers; .Mexauiler de Uerlhier, capilaine. Capitaiue of 
the >;iiides, M. Mullens, lieutenant. (Juartennasler-neneral, M.de Heville, 



..AV .HWOT^aOY 3H0^3a ITAT- 0'.". UA.1flI/ ', \;iai/10 



( >t!(len, 



IC'lward 



1 oiuiuniiilii 



.rk Coiilineiilal Iiitantr' 



GENERAL COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU AND STAFF BEFORE YORKTOWN, VA.. 

OCTOBER. 1781 



Muj. (Vlii. r. 

Cticvalifr dliloniu leuieiiaiit; Marquis 



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Nr-afort /<> Yorkloiv)!, ijSi 437 

Ijrigadier. Aids (_jrein.T;il stalTi: M. CoUol, M. de Bcville (fils), capitaiiie; 
ComtedeChabanne.capitaiiif; Chevalier deLameth (Alexandre), capitaine; 
commissary-general, N. Blanc-hard, brigadier. 

I'irst or right division. 
Maj.Y'.en. Chevalier de Chastellux; aid-de-camp, M, de Montesquieu. 

AVi^//«^«/.?.-^Bourt)onnais: Marquis de l;aval-Montmorencie, colonel ; 
Viconite de Rochanibeau, colonel en second; M. de Bressoles, lieutenant- 
colonel ; M. de Gambs, major. Roj'al Denx-Ponts : Mar(|uis Christian 
des IJeux-Ponts, Conite de Korbach, colonel; Comte ("Tuillaume desPeux- 
Ponts, colonel en .second; Conile de Fersen, niestre de camp. 

Second or center division. 
Maj. Gen. Chevalier de Viomenil, connuanding; aid-de-canip, M. de 

Jlonte.squieu. 

Rcgii)icnts. — .Soissonnais: Comte de Saint Maime, colonel; Vicomte de 
Noailles, colonel en second; M. de Anselme, lieutenant-colonel; M. Des- 
pej'ron, major. Saintonge: Conite de Custine, colonel; Comte de Charlus, 
colonel en second ; Chevalier de la Valette, lieutenant-colonel ; M. de 
Fleurv, major. Dillon: Comte Arthur de Dillon, colonel; Barthelemy 
Dillon, lieutenant-colonel; Jacques O'Moran, major. Detached com- 
mand: Brigadier M. de Cliois}% commanding. Lauzun's legion: Due de 
Lauzun, brigadier, commanding; M. Scheldon, mestre de camp of hussars. 

Third or left division. 
Lieut. Crcn. INIarquisde vSaint-Simon, West Indies Contingent, conmianding. 

Regiments. — Agenois; Comte d'Audichamp, colonel; Chevalier de 
Cadinau, lieutenant-colonel; M. de Beauregard, major. Touraine: Vicomte 
de Pondeux, colonel; M. de Montlezun, lieutenant-colonel; M. de M^non- 
ville, major; Comte de Flechin, Chevalier de Mirabeau, mestre de camp. 
Gateinois ( Royal Auvergne): Marquis de Rostaing, colonel; Vicomte de 
Bethi.sy, colonel en second; M. de I'Estrade, lieutenant-colonel; M. Cha- 
puy de Tourville, major. Royal Engineers: M. de Guerenet, colonel; 
M. Cantel Daneteville, major. Artillery (Regiment Auxonne): M. de 
Buzalet. 

Intermediate line. 

Left. — First Virginia vState Regiment of Infantry in Continental service, 
Col. George Gibson, connuanding. 

Center. — Brig. Gen. Chevalier le Begue Duportail, chief of engineers, 
U. S. Army, commanding; battalion of sappers and miners. 

Right. — Brig. Gen. Henry Knox, U. S. Army, of the artiller\-, com- 
manding park of artillerj", viz: Second Regiment Continental Corps of 
Artillery, Col. John Lamb, of New York, connuanding; Lieut. Col. Ebe- 
nezer Stevens, Maj. Sebastian Bauman; detachment of regiment of artil- 
lery, Lieut. Col. E<l\vard Carrington, of Virginia, commandin.g. 



I Ri-M-rvi' or scooml line. 

His excellency, Thomas Nelsuti, jjoveriior of Virginia (ranking as niajor- 
Kcneral, V. S. Army), comin;iinliiiK division Virj^inia militia. , 

/.f/l hrii^iidt'. — Rri^;. Gen, Ivhvanl .'^ti.-vens, \'irj;iiiia militia (formerly 
coloni'l 'I'liith Virginia Coiitiiirntiils I, i'omin:in(liiin t>rij.;a(le Virginia 
militia. 

A'iiilit hrigadf. — Brig. Gen. Robert Lawson, Virginia militia (formerly 
eoloiul l-'onrlh Virginia Continentals), connnamling brigade Virginia 
milili.i. 

Rear guard. 

Maj James R. Reid, Canadian Continental Regiment t>f Infantry, com- 
manding rear guard and eanij) guard. 

()N\V.\K1) To \i.n<K 

At daybreak on the inoniiiig of tlie 2Sth of September the 
armies broke caiiip at \\Mniaiii.'^l)iirgand bej^aii the advance tipoii 
York. The American L\>ntinentals and French troops formed 
a single cohmni on the left of the line, the Americans in advance. 

The militia, constitnting the right colnnni, took the liar- 
woods Mill road. At the "Half- Way House," the road divid- 
ing, the two armies .separated, the l''rench ]nirsuing the direct 
York road by the "Brick House," the Americans the road to 
the right to Mumford Bridge, where they found the militia. 

By noon the head of each column had reached its as.signed 
position. A detachment of h'lench troops, engaging the British 
pickets, sent them Hying back to their supports. The French 
corps followed by a recotnioissance of the British right. A body 
of British hor.se, appearing mi the allied right, were also crowded 
back to their main bod\ . 

The night of the jSth the American and French armies 
bivouacked in line of battle. 

On the 29th the American troops, obliquing farther to the 
right, took position on the east side of Beaver Dam Creek. 
The enem\'s position was careftilly reconnoitered. and tipon 
this information the order of approach and plan of attack were 
determined. 



















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Nezvporl to YorkUrani, ijSi 439 

■ INVESTMENT OF THK liKITI.SH WORKS 

The same night Rochambeau occupied the ground from 
tile upper part of the river down as far as the marshes near 
the residence of Colonel Nelson, .taking advantage of the woods 
as curtains, and the marsh)- creeks to confine the enemy within 
pistol shot of their outworks. The three French divisions took 
position close up to the enemy's works, but under cover, by the 
nature of the ground, Viomenil commanding the grenadiers and 
chasseurs of the vanguard. The French investment was accom- 
plished without the loss of a man, although met with a shpw 
of opposition. Comte de Rochambeau, on that part of the 
field, bringing up his field artillery, with a few shots dispensed 
the enemy. 

Washington in taking position with the American troops 
found himself obliged to double on the French rear and halt on 
the edge of the marshes. The bridges having been destroyed, 
the rest of the day and night were consumed in repairing them. 
In the meantime his sharpshooters had a lively fight with the 
German Jagers. • 

The next day the American army cro.ssed the marshes, rest- 
ing its left on their border and its right on York River. 

This completed the encircling of the enemy's works south 
and west of York River. Gloucester, on the opposite side of 
that stream, was held by a British detachment under Lieuten- 
ant-Colonels Dundas and Tarleton, strongly intrenched. 

lauzun's hussars at GLOI'CESTER 

The hussars of Due de L,auzun and the \'irginia militia 
under General Weedon were posted near the British defenses at 
Gloucester. The topography of the surroundingcountry afforded 
excellent facilities for the bringing up of reenforcements for the 
enemy and advantages for sorties. In order to strengthen the 
besieging lines, General Choisy, as bearer of a letter from Gen- 
eral Washington making a request of Comte de Grasse for 800 
marines, secured the reenforcenient, but with the information 
that no future requisitions of the kind could be complied with. 



440 



Xm^port to Yorktozoi, rjSi 



as he needed his entire force subject to iininediate service iu case 
of emergency, possible at any moment, now that the investment 
had commenced. 

During these offensive movements on land Comte de Grasse 
and Comte de Barras held complete control of the entrance aiid 
waters of Chesapeake liay with their combined fieets. 

OCKAN INVKSTMKNT 

West Indies fled of Fro ft ce, Comte tie Grasse, tieutenant-geueral ^ admiral 
eommaudiug entrance to the Chesapeake Ba\\ August 26 to November 



I officers 
' and men. 



Commander. 



Ville de Paris . 



Angnste — 
Langxiedoc, 

Sceptre 

Saint Esprit 

C^sar 

Deslin 

Victoire 

Nortliinnbeiiand 

]*nhiiier 

riiiton '.. 

Marsfillais 

Hourgo^ne 

Reflechi 

Diati<inie 

Caton 

Citoyen 

Sciplon 

Magnaniiii'- 
Hcrcule . . . 

ZC-16 

ncclor 

Souverain 

(ilorieiix 

Vaillant 

Solitaire 

Triton 

Experiment 

Total 



.165 



^k> 


S15 


So 


S37 


So 


710 


74 


536 


■4 


530 


74 


540 


74 


800 


74 


550 


74 


906 


74 


606 


74 


560 


74 


560 


74 


S99 


74 


592 


74 


• 570 


74 


WA 


"4 


57' 


-.1 


S70 


74 


507 


74 


643 


74 


600 


74 


610 


70 


5.W 


"4 


450 


64 


450 


50 


465 



De Grasse. lieutenant-general; De VangirauU, 

major dc TAnn^e. 
De Bongainvilkrs. chef d'cscadre; Castellan. 
De Monteil.chef d'escadre; DuplessisParscau. 
De Vamlrcuil. 
De Chabert. 
Coriolis d'Kspinonse. 
Dtiniait:! dc Ooinipy. 
D'.Mbert Saint-Iiyppolite. 
De Briqneville. 
D'Arros d'Arm:los. 
D'AllKTt dc kions. 
De Castellane dc Majastre. 
Dc Charriltc. 
Cillart df Siivillc. 
De Montcclcrc. 
Dc Framoiid. 
D'Ethv. 
De ClaveU 
I,e Bcgne. 

De Tiirpin de Breiiil. 
Dc Oras Pr£*\-ille. 
Rcnaud d'Aleins. 
Dc Olandcv^s. 
D'l'*scarrt. 

Bernard dt* Maripny 
Dc Cic^ CIianipioTi." - 

Bruil »1r Ilo.i.lr*; 



1.078 



Newport io Yorktoicu^ ijSi 



CRriSINH AXn TRANSPORTATION 



441 



FU'ct of the Inanco-Aincrirau alliautr, Couifc dc Barnu, lieutcnani- 
i^ownxl^ iommandiug 

[Blockade of mouth of York River] 



Due de Boufgogiie . 

Neptune 

Couqu^rant 

Provence 

Hveillfi 

Jason 

Ardent 

Bellone 

Roinulus 

•^nrveillaute 

Aniazone 

Herinione 

Sibvlle .'. 



CUTTERS. 



Ciu^pe 

Serpente . 



! Officers I 
' and men. 



S23 
602 
659 
403 
267 



Commander. 



325 
310 
321 
300 
300 



145 
M5 



Count de Barras. chef d'Escadre. 
Destouches. 

La (irandi^re. 

I^omljard. 

De Tilly. 

I,a Cloc'hetterie. 

Chevalier de Marigny. 

Diti not continue the voyage to America. 

Si Hart. 

Le P^rouse. 

De la Touclie. 



Chevalier de Maulevrier. 
Ame de la I.aniie. 



fig>S 



RKCAPITULATION 

Sea power of France in aid of the States at the invest )iie)it of ) 'orktoivn, I 'a. 



Vessels. Guns. 



' Officers 
andcrew. 



Fleetof De Grasse: 
Ships of the line . 
Irrigates 

Total 

Kleet of De Barras: 
Ship.sof the line . 

Frigates 

Cutlers 

Total .' 

Grand total 



2,0/8 : iS, 13S 



28 








I 

2 


69S 1 5.549 














42 


2.776 


23. 687 



YORK PEXIXSri.A 

The penin.siila, or "neck " as it wa.s localh- called, into which 
the Englisli army wa.s forced, i.s about 30 miles in length, with 
a mean width of 5 miles, having a northwesterl\- trend from the 
York River aud Chesapeake Bay on the northeast to the James 
River on the southwest. 



442 Neivpoil lo Yojktira'H, ij8i 

HKITISII nKI'RNSES 

The de lenses of Yorktown, as Washington and RochamihvAU 
found ihein when they undertook their reduclio)), consisted of 
7 redoubts and 6 batteries, connected by intrenchnients toward 
the kind. A Hne of water batteries alonj:; the bank of tlie York 
River, the main l)attery mountin>; 1 1 k""^. co\eriiij^ the stream 
between York and C.loucester and 3 hniettes overlookinj,^ the 
valley on the southwest of the town, i on the east of and bear- 
ing on Hampton Roads, the 2 on the extreme right controlling 
the river, and i on the left, also near the river, known as the 
fusiliers. Cornwallis occujiied the mansion of Mr. Nelson, war 
governor of Virginia. 

IUvI,K.\(;t"KK!:i> HKITISH 

The army of Cornwallis, within the defenses, was compo.sed 
as follows, in organization and numbers: 

ORG.\Niz.\Tn>N OK TH1-: British Army \t Yorktown, V.v., Septembkk 

28 TO OCTOBKR 19, I7S1 

[Return of troops, October i. 17S1] 

Lieiiteiiaiit-C.cncr.'il Karl Cornwallis in coiiimanil of His Majesty's forces 
in X'irffinia; Major-General O'llara second in coniniaiui. 

Rij^ht winj;, Liciitenanl-Colonel Dtindas comnianiiin};. 
Left wing, Lientcnanl-Coloiiel .\bercroinbie commanding. 

Organization and sircngth 

British: 

King's Guard 527 

Liglit infantry, l'"irst and Second battalions light companies. 

Seventh Regiment of the Line 671 

Brigade of guards (regiments:: • 

Seventeenth fool 245 

Twenty-third fool 233 

Thirty-third foot 260 

Forty-third foot 359 

Seventy-first foot. Second battalion _ 300 

Seventy-sixth foot 715 

Ivighlieth foot 689 

(Jueen's Rangers (Simcoe) 320 



Nezvpoii In Yorktoicii, ij8i 443 

Brigade of guards (regiments)— Continued. 

British Legion of Provincial Contingent (Tarleton) •, . . 241 

Royal Artillery Corps 2x\ 

Light dragoons, Seventeenth Regiment 

North Carolijia volunteers , p 

Pioneers and engineers 6q 

Light coin])anies, Twenty-third and Eighty-second regiments. 

StalT departments ,21 



Total British Iroc 



1'^ 5,425 



Germans (regiments): 

Anspachers, De Voits; Bayreuth Anspachers, l)e Sevbollien . . i, 017 

He.ssians, Prince H^r^ditaire 4^4 

He.s.sians, I)e Bose ( Brunswick ) 1 ,n 

.\rtillery detachment 

Jagers 



Total CTcnnan troops. 



British army 

German mercenaries . 



Total .strength of forces accounted for defetiding the forti- 
fications of Yorktown and Gloucester 

Unaccounted for 



Accounted and unaccounted for . . 
Sailors on British vessels in York River . 





74 


I, 


.924 


■ 5. 


.425 


I, 


,924 


7, 


349 




3S0 


/ ' 


729 


2, 


000 



Total British land and naval forces o^ -20 

Noncombatants : 

Negroes variously employed i^ 800 

To"'^^ ,. liaoo 



Total combatants and noncombatants within the defenses of 

Yorktown \i.o2<^ 

DEFENSE OF GLOUCESTER 

The defeiLses of Gloucester were occupied by a force under 
Dundas consi.sting of 800 men. To thi.s wa.s added the legion 
(provincial contingent) of Tarleton, which, after an infamou.s 
tour of marauding, having met defeat at the hand.s of Lauzun, 
had taken refuge there. 

The British earl commanding, feeling the weaknes.s of his 
extended line of defense and fearing surjirise, on the night of 



444 Nrxvfioii lo Yorkloic)i, ijSi 

llic jglli withdrew fmin the iiitreiiclii.'<l cam]) at Pigeon Hill. 
Ry this inovoiuciit the Hritish confiiiL'il theniselvL's eiiliixlN 
within tiK' limits of their proper fortifications. 

The allie.s took po.s.session of the ahauiloned works, as ihey 
.inswered well for covering the fatigue ])artie.s. 

.\M1:KK".\X .\.\I> IKKNCIl roslTIONS 

The wlioK- of .Sepleml)er ;,o was utilized in adajiting Pigeon 
1 1 ill lo the uses of the besiegers. Two inclosed works were al.so 
Constructed between the hill and Moores Mill. 

In general, at the opening of the siege the in\esting lines 
formed a seniicircU- about 2 miles from the Hritish works, the 
extremes resting on York Kiver. The Americans held the riyht. 
with the head(|uarters of (leneral Lincoln near W'ornieley.s 
Creek, the light infautrx of Lafayette and \'irginia militia 
under tiovernor Nelson extending westward north of the Ham])- 
ton road. The \'irginia, Maryland, and Pennsyl\-ania Conti- 
nental line uiuler Steuben, laving south of that road, advanced, 
with the New York, Rhode Island, and New Jersey line ami 
sappers and miners under Cicn. James Clinton in their rear. 
The AuKiican artillery was jiarked read\' for u.se in the rear 
of Steuben's left, with (ieneral Knox's headiiuarters, artificers' 
camp, and (piartermasters in its rear. 

Acro.ss a marsh and small stream to ihe west were the general 
headcpiarters and the entire I'-rench army. 

The head(|uarters of (xeneral Washington and camp of his 
Life Ciuards occupied the center. General RoCH.VMBKAr was 
located alH)Ut one-half mile northea.st, with the French artillery 
parked on his front, all covered by an arm of the small stream 
and marsh referred to. 

IK 1: NCI I I.INICS 

About tluie-fouiths of a mile nortliwest of the camp of the 
I'rench artillery lay Regiments Hourbonnais and Deux-Ponts, 
under Baron de \'iomenil: on their left Reijiments Sois.sonnais 
and Saintonge, under \'iconUe \'iomenil: at their left Saint- 
Simon with hisW'est Indies contingent — Agenois, Touraine, and 



Ncivporl lo Yorkton'ii^ ijSi 445 

Gatinois — their left rt'siinj;- on the river. A (lejtachinenl of 
Tonraiiiewas advanced toward tlie i'.ritisli left. A grand guard 
\va,s thrown out toward the Hriti.sh center. 

The Due de Lauzun with his legion, the land troop.sof De Bar- 
ra.s's squadron, and General Weedon with a brigade of Mrginia 
militia, under the general conunand of General de Clioisy, were 
detached to look after Glouce.ster. 

De Gras.se occupied Lynnhaven'lJay, whence he could control 
the entrance to the Chesapeake, .should Graves make another 
effort, and watch any attempts on the part of Cornwallis in that 
direction. 

The first days of October were passed in reconnoisances, test- 
ing the enemy's positions and strength, making fascines and 
gabions, and setting guns in position under fire of the hostile 
pickets. The killing of four men of the_ Pennsylvania line and 
the wounding of several Frenchmen, on October 3, gave evi- 
dence of British \igilance. 

DE CKAS.SK JSLOCKADHS 

The general in chief, to .strengthen his jiosilion, ])n)posed to 
De Gra.sse to station two or three ships above the Hritish po.sts 
on York River, .so as to clo.se the navigation of that stream to 
the enemy, also to pre\-ent their armed vessels, which had access 
for 25 miles above, from cutting off sujjplies to the allied camp 
and raiding parties from threatening William.sburg and the maga- 
zines in the rear, which recpiired 800 men, weakening to that 
extent operations in front. This part of the river being open, 
also interfered with concerted measures with Gloucester and 
compelled a circuit of 90 miles in order to coninuuiicate. 

An even more imjwrtant con.sideration was the outlet it gave 
Cornwallis for making a good retreat. By means of a favorable 
wind and tide, and by .stealing a march, he might proceed unmo- 
lested to West Point, where, debarking his troojjs, he would have 
the Pamunkey on one flank and the Mattajiony on the other, 
and, by nunnuing the greater part of his men, by forced marches 
would have such a start that he would be in favorable position 



4-1 6 Nca'porf to Yorktoi^'ii, ijSi 

to ])iish his way across the country and join tlie remaining 
Britisli forces iu New York. 

This was the only weakness in the heleagnering lines. , The 
tleet had made provisions against any enterprises of the enemy 
in the James River. 

It was Washington's proposition to detail the Experiment m\A. 
two frigates for the jiroposed patrol of York River above the 
enemy's works. 

KK.VKS l-IKK KAKTS 

De Grasse was entirely opposed to passing up the York River 
where, for immediate purposes, the way was open to the British 
to land above Queens Creek and by a short march commit 
great damage. The objection of De Grasse to a.scending the 
ri\'er was not the enemy's works at York and Gloucester, but 
the danger of accident to his large ves.sels in that position, and 
particularly from fire ships, the material for which the enemy 
had in abundance. In the whole fleet there was not a sufficient 
number of rowboats and light craft to grapple with such an 
emergency. 

Although the scheme was laid aside as inadvisable, it was 
revived for stronger reasons later. The channel was recon- 
noitered by a French officer, who reported to De Grasse. 
The admiral agreed to send up some ves.sels if Washington 
would furnish rowboats as a protection against fire ships. 

The movement was about to be executed, when the flag bring- 
ing propo.sals of surrender appeared on Washington's front. 

The besiegers were now making the best use of'their time 
and zeal in pushing forward offensive operations. On October 
I , the heavy artillery was brought over from Trebelli's Lauding 
on James River and put in position. 

The news of Greene's victory at Eutaw Springs on Septem- 
ber 8 having just been received was very cheering to the allied 
forces. 



Newport Jo Yorktoicii, ijSi ^/^y 

DISEASE THREATENS 

The climate was beginning to tell on the men of both armies. 
The poisonous miasma of the peninsula was deadly. The 
American regiments, poorly supplied with clothing and medical 
stores, were afflicted with fever and ague, few of the troops 
being exempt. The French, with their abundant supplies, 
were not free from the effects of heavy dews, chilly nights, and 
warm days. 

THE FIRST PAK.-VLLEL 

On the 6th a detail of 3,000 men under General Lincoln with 
shovels and gabions, under cover of darkness, liroke ground for 
the first parallel within 600 yards of Cornwallis's works. By 
daylight (October 7) it was sufficiently progressed from York 
River to Pigeon Hill to .ser\-e as a defense against the enemy's 
fire. On the sameda)-, with drums beating and colors flying, 
under field orders for the conduct of the siege, the parallel was 
occupied, the .standards planted and the operations formally 
begun. 

During the 7th and 8th the finst parallel was completed and 
guns put in position. This construction extended from the 
York River to the south and west. At its end was an American 
bomb battery and on its extreme left a French battery of heavy 
guns. 

At 5 o'clock on the afternoon of the 9th, with 18 and 24 
.pounders, 2 mortars, and 2 howitzers, the Americans opened a 
general bombardment on the right, Washington applying the 
match to the first gun. 

ROCHAMBEAU OPENS 

The French, however, were the first to open fire, having 
begun their display of gunnery at 3 p. m. with 4 and 12 pounders 
and 6 mortars and howitzers from their battery on the extreme 
left. RocHAMBEAU opened the battle, which was continued at 
a lively pace by Saint-Simon, Chastellux, and the Viomenils, 
who were in command in the trenches. It is recorded that the 



448 NriL'fyorl to ^'mk/o-a'ii, ijSi 

first shot of the Freiioh kilkd ConiwalHs's coiiiinissary-general, 
and wounded the ([uartcrniastcr :uid adjutant of the vSeventy- 
sixth Foot Guard. 

This bomhardnient, which histed eight hours, was so furious 
that the British were unable to reply, being obliged to with- 
draw their guns from tlie embrasures. 

"WAK IS 111:1.1." 

During the night the French hurled red-hot shot at the 
British frigate Giiada/oitpc, comiTelling her to seek safety 
higher up the river. 

On the loth two French batteries of 10 and 18 pounders 
renewed the bombardment, the Americans cooperating. The 
firing was done with sitcli precision and eiTect that the besieged 
were again compelled to withdraw their guns from the embras- 
ures and place them behind the merlons, hardly firing a shot. 

During the night the British frigate Charon, 44 guns, was set 
on fire by the French battery on the left and consumed, but 
her giuis and stores were saved. Two transports were .set on 
fire by hot shot and burned to the water's edge. The position 
of the rest of the ships being no longer tenable, the vessels were 
warped to the Gloucester shore. 

This action on the part of the French brought the fate of 
the Briti.sh army within the defenses of Yorktown a long 
step nearer. 

We have the following testimony of an eye witness of this 
ancient realization of Sherman's modern epigram. Doctor 
Thatcher in his journal tells us: 

l'"roni the bank of the river I had a fine view of this .splendid conflaj^ra- 
tion. The ships were enwrapped in a torrent of fire, which, .spreading with 
vivid briglitnesi among the combustible rigging, ran with amazing 
rapidity to the tops of the several masts, while all around was thunder 
and lightning from our numerous cannon and mortars, in the darkness 
of night presenting one of the most sublime and magnificent spectacles 
which can be imagined. Some of our shells overreaching the town were 
seen to fall in the river and, bursting, throw up columns of water like 
the spouting of the monsters of the deep. 



Newport to Yorktown, lySi 449 

ATTEMPT TO TI'KN DR CHOISY 

On the same night a considerable British force embarked on 
flatboats for an attempt to turn the position held by General de 
Choisj' with a body of French hussars and marines and \"irginia 
militia in front of Gloucester. De Choisy received the party 
with such a demonstration of shell and artillery that they were 
glad to get back to York without being killed or captured. 

The Due de Lauzun a few days before with his French hu.s- 
.sars had badly broken u}) the notorious Tarleton with his Brit- 
i.sh dragoons and sent him limping behind the breastworks of 
Gloucester. 

SECOND PARALLEL 

On the night of the nth the lines of the .second parallel 
were commenced within less than 300 yards of the right of the 
British works, and were occupied within three days, under an 
incessant fire. This, however, did not complete the investment, 
owing to new emplacements arranged for the enemy's artillery, 
requiring an extension of the parallel on the right to the 
river tjank, which was held by two outer works. 

The.se two redcfubts, about 300 yards in front of the British 
left, enabled them to maintain an hara,ssing fire upon the men 
in the parallels. Washington propo.sed to abate the annoyance 
by their capture. The one on the right, on the river's brink, 
was set apart for the American light infantry, under Lafayette, 
and that on the left for the French grenadiers and chasseurs, 
under Baron de Viomenil. 

The explosion of six coiLsecutive bombs, fired from the 
French batteries, was the signal for the rush. "Washington and 
RocHAMBEAU took position in the trenches to witness the move- 
ment, the chief approving the dispositions as each detachment 
moved off. 

STORMINC; THE REDOUBT.S 

In the American light infantry, under Lafayette, storming 
the right redoubt, the van was led by Gimat, Lafavette's 
former French aid, followed by the commands of Lieulenant- 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 29 



450 Newport to Vo?'k/ozuti, ijSr 

Colonel Ilaiiiilton, Washington's former aid, and Maj. Xicholas 
Fish. Colonel Arniand, Marquis de la Rouerie, the famous 
French cavalr>' officer, was present as a volunteer. 

Lieutenant-Colonel Laurens, with a force of 80 light troops, 
turned the redoubt. The men went over the abattis with so 
nuich spirit that the garrison had barely time for a show of 
resistance. Captain Olney of the Rhode Island regiment, was 
the first to mount the parapet, but a moment after fell, danger- 
ously wounded. The work was carried by bayonet, without the 
firing of a musket. One sergeant and S privates were killed, 
and 7 officers and 25 rank and fde wounded. 

Among the officers wounded were Major Gimat, Major Gibbs, 
commanding Washington's bodyguard, and Ca])tain Olney, of 
the Rhode Island regiment. The enem\- lost the commanding 
officer, a subaltern, and 17 pri\-ates captured and S killed. 

The redoubt to the left, a stronger work and more heavily 
armed, a.ssigned to the French, was occupied by Hessians com- 
manded by a lieutenant-colonel and defended by 120 men. 

The grenadiers advanced with ba\onets fixed, led by Baron de 
Viomenil, Marquis de Rcstaing, and Comte de Deux-Ponts, 
sword in hand. The storming party was recei\'ed with a heavy 
fire, under which they stood for about ten minutes during the 
cutting away of the abattis, when the men charged valiantly over 
the works. The a.s.sault was most determined, consuming about 
half an hour. The garrison lost 18 killed and 42 pri.soners, the 
re.st escaping. The French loss was 6 officers wounded and 100 
rank and file killed and wounded. Count Mathieu Dumas, aid 
to RocH.\MiiEAt', was one of the first to enter the redotibt. 
Comte de Deux-Ponts, who led the grenadiers, was womided. 
Count Charles de Lameth, adjutant-general, was shot through 
both knees. 

HONOKS FOR C.XTINOIS 

The grenadiers of the Regiment Ciatinois, which had been 
formed out of that of ^-^nvcrgne, were to be led to the attack. 
When informed, they declared their willingness "to be killed 
even to the last man," if their original name, which they so 



Neivport to Yorktoivn, rj8i 451 

much revered, would be restored to them. Rochajibeai' prom- 
ised it should be done. They fought with desperation, one- 
third of their number being placed hors de combat. Rocham- 
BEAU reported their brave conduct to the King, who signed 
the order restoring to the regiment the earlier name ' ' Royal 
Auvergne. ' ' 

Washington the next day, in general orders, congratulated 
the armies on the result. 

The captured redoubts, during the night of the 14th, were 
included in the second parallel, and howitzers mounted. By 5 
o'clock the next day, from the new positions, the howitzers 
were delivering a hot fire on the British. Their fascines, guns, 
and carriages were a broken mass, and the town was enfiladed. 

A SORTIE 

In his desperation Cornwallis on the I5tli made a sortie about 

4 o'clock in the morning against the right battery of the French, 
with such terrific onslaught as to carrj- it, spike 4 guns, wound 

5 officers, and carry off M. de Persignar, the commander. The 
guards from the trenches, under General Chastellux, hurrying 
to the support, the enemy was driven within his own works. 
In a few hours the guns were again in service. 

A DESPERATE CHANCE; 

Nothing was now left for Cornwallis but the desperate alter- 
native of cutting through the beleaguering lines and by forced 
marches reaching a place of safety. On the night of the i6th 
he took the chance. The earl's project was to abandon his 
sick and baggage, and with his effectives cross the York River, 
cut up Choisy, Weedon, and Lauzun, mount his men on horses 
taken from Lauzun' s Legion and animals .seized in the country, 
and so make a dash for the other side of the Rappahannock and 
Potomac, thence marching through Maryland, Penns\lvania, 
and New York, and forming a junction with Clinton. This was 
precisely the la.st resort Washington desired to provide against 
when he a.sked De Grasse to station vessels in the upper York. 



452 Ncivport to Yorktoivn, i~8i 

111 the hcgiiining it had suiiic tncoiiragviuciit of success, and 
might have changed the siege of Yorktowii into a race for the 
Hudson, hut for a violent storm. This inopportune visitation 
pre\L-nling the rest of the garrison from getting across York 
River, compelled the first division, which had already landed 
at Gloucester Point, to return. With this retrograde the last 
hope lied, and new batteries constantly o])ciiiiig their deadly fire 
soon made Uie British defeii-ses of York uiilcnahle. 

CorXTKV.MEN CUKIOUS 

A singular phase of the siege was the gathering of the inhab- 
itants from far and near to witness the clo.se of the drama, 
which was now inevitable. The more curious even crowded 
into the trenches, under fire, materially interfering with their 
secure defense. In general orders all persons and even officers 
except on duty were prohibited going into the trenches, imless 
they presented a pass signed by the major-general commanding. 

.SOUNDS A i'.\Kij-:v 

As the sun was rising out of the waters of the Chesapeake 
on the morning of the ijtli of October, the twelve 24 and iS- 
pounders, four mortars, and two howitzers of the American 
grand battery opened fire. The rapidity and efTect was .such 
that soon a trumpeter .sounded a parley from the parapet of the 
British works opposite, the battery having ceased firing. 

DK GK.'V.SSK INVITKl) I.N .\T THIC DK.VTII 

Iiiuncdiatel\- upon developing the purport of the flag Wash- 
ington transmitted to De Gra.s,se a copy of "a letter just 
recei\ed from Lord Cornwallis," making request for twenty- 
four hours' suspension. He also expressed his desire to have 
his excellency participate in the "treaty" now probable. He 
mentioned the happiness it would give him to welcome his 
excellency "in the name of America on this shore and embrace 
you upon an occasion .so advantageous to the interests of the 
ciiinmon cau.se, which is so much indebted to you." The chief 



Neu'poi t lo Yorktoioii^ ij8i 453 

intimated that if naval reasons interfered to designate an ofificer 
, to represent him. De Grasse responded by sending De Barras, 
who was at all times loyal. 

CAPITrL.VTIONS SIGNED 

Earl Cornwallis a.sked a cessation of ho,stilities for twenty- 
four hours, and that two officers might be appointed on each 
side "to .settle terms for the surrender of the posts of York 
and Glouce.ster. " 

By the .same flag, returning. General Washington, from camp 
before York, desired Cornwallis to send his proposals to the 
American lines in writing, and granted a suspension of hostili- 
ties during two hours from the delivery of his letter. 

To this Cornwallis responded at half-past 4 o'clock p. m. , 
same day, submitting his proposals, which were disapproved by 
General Washington, who the next day declared "the general 
basis upon which a definitive treaty and capitulation must take 
place." 

To this Earl Cornwallis re.sponded in submi-ssion, asking that 
a .sloop of war might Jae left at his disposal "from the hour 
the capitulation is signed," to receive an aid-de-camp to carry 
dispatches to vSir Henry CHnton. 

The commissioners on each side were named, met, and 
arranged the articles of capitulation, the Vi.scount de Xoailles 
representing General Washington on the part of the French 
allies. The i8th was pa.s.sed in negotiations, which Washington 
clo.sed by having the .stipulations copied and sent in to be 
signed by 11 a. m. on the igth, the surrender to take place at 
2 p. m. the same day. 

■ARTICLES 

As -set forth in the introduction, the articles of capitulation 
were — 

Settled between His Excellency General Washington, commander in 
chief of the combined forces of America and France, his excellency the 
Count DE ROCHAMBE.A.U, lieutenant-general of the armies of the King of 
France, Great Cross of the Royal and military Order of St. Louis, com- 
manding the auxiliary troops of His Most Cliristian Majesty in America, 



4c;4 Ncivpoit to Yorkiowit, ijSi 

and liis excellency thi; Count de Grasse, lieuleiianl-neiieral of the naval 
armies of His Most Christian Majesty, commander of the Order of St. 
Louis, commander in chief of the naval army of France in the Chesa]>eake. 
on the one part; the other part heiiiK the chiefs of the surrendering land 
ami r.aval forces of His Britannic Majesty. 

The articles of caintulatioii, October 19, 1781, on the Ameri- 
can .side, " done in the trenches before Yorktown, in \'irginja," 
were .signed by George Wa.shington, Le Comte de Rocham- 
BKAU, Le Conite de Barras. " in my name and that of Cointe de 
Grasse;" and on the Briti.sh side at "Yorktown" in \'irginia. 
by CornwaUis and Thomas Symonds (for the British naval 
forces on York River ) . 

SCENES OF SURRENDER 

The field of surrender lay three-fourths of a mile south of 
Yorktown, west of the Hampton road. Along the route of 
march from the late British works the American army was 
drawn up on the right of the road. The French line paralleled 
it, each facing inward. Tlie French troops, in their uniforms of 
white, with their while damask standards powdered with rich 
embroideries of the golden fieur-de-lis of the house of Bourbon, 
and officers gayly attired, wearing glittering orders and decora- 
tions of precious metals and gems, formed a .striking contrast 
to the war-worn, wasted, and multi-fashioned uniforms of the 
Americans. Yet the Stars and vStripes, young in action, resplen- 
dent in meaning and design, waved gloriously for the les-son 
of the day and interjiretation of the future. 

At the head of the American line was Wa.shington, mounted 
on a splendid white war charger, surrounded by his general 
officers, Lafayette, Lincoln, Steuben, Knox. Duportail, and 
Nelson. RocH-MIRKAI", mounted on a magnificent bay, had 
position at the head of his valorous Frenchmen, with Chastel- 
lux and Baron and Comte de Momenil grouped near by. A 
.sciiKulron of De Lauznn's French hussars was drawn up in a 
circle in the opeu field. 



^, 



Nezvporl t(> Yorklo'a'ii^ ijSi 455 

GROUND ARMS 

The conquered Britons and Hessians, evacuating their works, 
inarched along the road, colors cased, drums beating, in the 
new uniforms which they had donned that morning under 
Cornwallis's orders, to prevent them falling into the hands 
of the conquerors. Upon reaching the field the men of each 
regiment passed within the cordon of hussars, laid down their 
muskets, and returned to their lines to await the surreuder of 
their colors. 

Washington and Rochambeau moved to the front. 

SURRENDERING THE ST.VND.VRDS 

The officer of the day, in charge of the ceremony, took posi- 
tion in front. Facing him were the British captains, each bear- 
ing the flag of his regiment. The same number of American 
sergeants were drawn up to receive them. The officer of the 
day gave orders to the captains to advance two paces and deliver 
colors, the sergeants to advance two paces to receive them. The , 
British, hesitating, explained it as being in their opinion a 
needless humiliation to surrender the flags to nonconunissioned 
officers. Colonel Hamilton, in charge, directed the officer of 
the day to recei\-e the colors and pass them to the sergeants. 

SURRENDER OF THE SWORD 

The closing scene of capitulation, the surrender of the sword, 
fell upon General O'Hara, representing Earl Cornwallis, who 
was reported ill. Stepping forward, the Briton offered the 
weapon to Rochambeau, as less humiliating than surrendering 
it to a rebel. The Count waved him to General Washington, 
who in turn handed him over to General Lincoln, designated 
to receive it, as a retaliation of the indignities placed upon him 
at the surrender of Charleston. The entire British army then 
went into canip, surrounded bj- a guard of American and French 
troops. 



456 Neivport to Yorkloivu, ij8i 

kki'i:ati':i) at c;loi'chstkr 

A similar cerenion\- at the same time, by order of the com- 
mander ill chief, took place at Gloucester, on the opposite side 
of the river, General de Choisy, of the I'rfncli army, receiving 
the surrender of that post. 

The surrender of the garrison of Gloucester was conducted 
under the following autograph instructions from Washington 
to Brigadier-General de Choisy, of the French army, dated at 
headquarters October 19, 17S1 : 

I liavc thf honor, with many congratulations, to inform you that I 
o'clock this afternoon is appointed for the delivery of two of the enemy's 
redoubts on the Gloucester side; one to a detachment of French, the 
other to a detachment of American troops. The garrison is to march out 
at 3 o'clock (with shouldered arms, drums bcatinj; a Briti.sh or German 
march, the cavalry with their swords drawn, and the colors ca.sed ) , to a 
place which you will be .so good as to appoint in front of the posts, where 
they will ground their arms, and afterwards return to their encampment. 
You will be so good as to communicate this to General Weedon and to 
make the necessary arrangements, and I will have him to take every pre- 
caution to prevent the lo.ss or embezzlement of the arms. 

ORGANIZATIONS AND NONCOMB.VTANTS SIRKKNDKKKll 

The following organizations of the Britisli army and navj", 
German mercenaries, and noucombatants we're accounted for 
after the surrender at Yorktown, Va., October 19, 187 1: 

Troops: 

Surrendered, effectives and noneffectives 7, 247 

Killed -:. .. 156 

Wounded 326 



Total 7. 729 

Sailors 2, 000 

Negroes i, 800 

Tories 1,500 

Grand total 13, 029 



Nexcpoii to Vork/ozun, ijSi 457 

TKOPHIES OF THE WAR 

The trophies of the victory in material of war were: 
75 brass cannon. 
160 iron cannon. 
7,794 muskets, 

28 regimental standards ( lo English and i8 German). 
Large quantity of cannon and mu.sket balls, bombs, carriages, etc. 
The military chest, containing j(i i,cxx> in specie. 

It may be added the United States is one of but tliree coun- 
tries of the world— the other two being France, our ally, and 
Argentina— which can di.splay Briti.sh flags as tropliies of War. 

The whole number known to have been captured by the 
"American rebels " from the Briti.sh during the war for inde- 
pendence was 50. A goodly share are yet preserved as relics. 

CO.MTE DE ROCHAMBEAU'S ACCOUNT 

The .story of the French troops in this glorious achievement 
is thus given by Comte DE Rochambeau under his own hand: 

The trenches were opened by two attacks above and below the York 
River during the night of the 6th and 7th of October. That on the right 
had 600 toises (3,600 feet) of development. It was flanked by four 
redoubts. The feat was accomplished without loss, for the reason we 
commenced the work by an attack on the left, which, although false, 
attracted all the attention of the enemy. The strength of the hostile 
army which was invested and. the character of him who connnanded it 
compelled the conduct of the attacks with much care and precaution. It 
is here proper to speak in praise of M. Duportail and W. de Guerret, 
who conducted the siege at the head of the engineers, and of M. de Abo- 
viUe and of General Knox, commandants of artillery of the two nations. 
The American army occupied the right of the trenches and the French 
the center and left. We must render to the Americans the justice to say 
that they comported themselves w^ith a zeal, a courage, and an emulation 
which never left them behind in any duty with which they were charged, 
although they were strangers to the operations of a siege. 

\\'e set on fire with our batteries a vessel of war of the enemy and three 
transports which were anchored in the river, in order to prevent attack. 

On the night of the I4tli and 15th, the trenches having been relieved by 
the Regiments Gatinais and Deux-Ponts, under the orders of Baron de 
Viomenil, we resolved to make an attack on the two redoubts of the enemy. 
General Washington charged Lafayette with that on the right and I charged 



45^^ yrzi'port /<> Yoiklozijii, ijSi 

M. (le Yioineuil with llial on the left, with the 401 French jjrcnadiers 
(lelxjuched at the head of this attack under the orders of JI. Guillaunie 
des Deux-Ponts and of M. de L'Estradc, lieutenant-colonel of Oaiinais. 
M. de Vionienil and Lafayette conducted the attack so vifjorously that 
the redoubts were carried, sword in han<l, at the same moment. Thev 
killed, wounded, or captured the larger part of those who clefeniled them. 

The lod>;ment was effected hy joiniuj; the.se redoul)ts hy means of 
communication on the right of our second i)arallel. Their emplacements 
furnished the means of establishing new batteries, which succeeded in 
surrounding the army of Cornwallis and in raking by ricochet the entire 
interior of the place, which made the position imtenable. The Conite 
Ouillaunie des Deux-Ponts was wounded, as were al.so Charles de Ivamelh, 
adjutant-general, and M. de Ginial, aid-de-canip of Lafayette. 

We must make mention here of a trait which characterized the French 
grenadiers. The regiment of grenadiers of Gatinais, which had been 
separated from that of d'.Vuvergne, was to lead the attack. When it was 
decided, I said to them, ' ' ily children, I have need of you to-night. I hope 
you have not forgotten that we have served together in the brave regiment 
'd'.Vuvergne sans tache' (Auvergne without reproach), an honorable 
name which it has merited since its organization." They replied that if 
I permitted them to win back their name they would go to death to the 
la,st man. They kept their word, charged like lions, and lost one-third of 
their men. M. de Sireuil, captain of chasseurs, was wounded and died 
universally regretted. The King on receiving my account of their brav- 
ery signed the ordonnairc which restored to the regiment the name Royal 
Auvergne. , 

The night of the 15th and 16th the enemy made a sortie with 600 picked 
men. They sounded the resistance of all our batteries and threw them- 
selves against a work on the second parallel, in which they spiked four 
guns. Chevalier Cha.stellux marched promptly against the enemy with 
his reserve and repul.sed the .sortie. The four pieces spiked were in action 
again six hours later, through the efforts of Gen. J. .\boville, conunandant 
of our artillery. !\Iari|uis Saint-Simon was wounded in the trenches 
the ne.xt dav, but finished his twenty-four hours without asking to be 
relieved. 

.\t length, on the 1 7th, enemy commenced a parley, and the capitulation 
was signed on the 19111 of October, under which Cornwallis and his corps 
d'arm^e were prisoners of war. 

The Americans and the French took po.ssession of the two bastions at 
noon. The garrison defiled at 2 o'clock V)ctvveen the two armies, drums 
beating, carrying arms, and followed by a score of flags c;ised. Lord 
Cornwallis being sick. General O'Hara defiled at the head of the garri- 
son. In coining up he presented to me his sword. I pointed him to Gen- 
eral Washington, opjX)site, at the head of the American anny, saying to 



Neivporl to Vork/on'i/, tjSi 41^9 

liiiii, the French army bein^ auxiliary on this continciil, it was for the 
American general to give him his orders. / 

Colonel Laurens, Vicomtede Noaillcs, and W. de Granchain were named 
by their respective generals to draw up the articles of capitulation con- 
jointly with the superior ofiScers of the army of Cornwall is. 

The Count also j^ives jiarticulars respecting the signing of 
the capitulations, the capture of prisoners and material of war. 

A.S A FKAT Ol- AKJI.S. 

This 'feat of arms, the capture of the arm\- of the English 
King on the shore of Chesapeake Bay in the atittnnn of i7<8i, 
will always hold a place among the decisive events of history. 
It paralyzed the energies of the fir.st of military and naval 
powers and made assured the contention of the States in rebel- 
lion. 

The trau.sfer of the French army from Newport to the Hud- 
son, part of its way within striking di.stance by the enemy, was 
in itself an achievement in the applied tactics of strategy. 
The reconnoissances on the front of the powerfully intrenched 
enemy on New York Island were ma.sterful in every .sense The 
feints on the opposite banks of the Hudson, in view of Clinton 
and his batteries and ships, were well conceived and effectively 
executed. The transfer of 7,000 men from the east bank of the 
Hudson to the James, cro.ssing three of the largest rivers of the 
continent and innumerable smaller ones, ranked among the great 
marches of armies. The investment of the eneni>- was of the 
highest order of engineering skill; the conduct of the siege was 
a masterpiece of celerity and action, the surrender a climax 
entitled to comparison with events of a similar character in the 
chronicles of belligerent operation.s. 

The career of Earl Coniwallis in the Seven Years' War in 
Europe and eight years' war in America had been generalh- 
successful. His troops were veterans skilled in arms. On 
Long Island, in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and the 
Carolinas he had generally won. Gates, the English-American, 
had been defeated at Camden, as had been our own gallant 
Greene at Guilford Court- House. Through dexterit\- of maneu- 



460 Newport to }'ork/oiL'H, ij8i 

ver on the part of Greene, Cornwallis, liaving been separated 
from his base at Savainiah, Charleston, or W'ihninj^ton, met his 
master in the young Frenchman, Lafayette, in Virginia. "Then 
events followed like a whirlwind. Cornwallis marching up 
from the south with 8,000 Englishmen and Germans, Wash- 
ington and RocHAMBEAU marching down from the north with 
7,000 Frenchmen and Americans, met just half-way between 
the extremes of departure, on ground of the enemy's own 
selecting. 

Without RoCH.VMDKAU and his Frenchmen on land' and De 
Grasse and his Frenchmen on sea the glorious consummation 
would have been beyond the resources at command. With the 
aid of the French the drama of the American Revolution became 
a triumph. 

On August 19 the French auxiliar3' army under Rocham- 
BEAU broke camp on the Hud.son and, accompanied bj-,the 
American detacluneut, began its march. Having traversed 
nearly 8co miles, it united with the French forces under Saint- 
Simon and the American under Lafayette on the James. Hav- 
ing built two parallels against works of the best engineering 
skill, after bombardment and assault, the vanquished, without 
terms other than conceded by the victors, laid down their arms 
and gave up their colors in preci.sely two months to the day. 
In the meantime De Grasse swept the sea. War never pre- 
sented sixty days of more pregnant events. 

CONC.KATIL.VTIONS 

In his congratulations to the army ' ' upon the glorious events 
of yesterday ' ' the general in ciiief mentioned — 

"The generous proofs which His Most Christian Majesty has given of his 
attachment to the cause of .\nierica must force conviction on the minds of 
the most <lcceived among the enemy relative to the good consequences 
of the alliance, and inspire every citizen of these States with sentiments of 
the most unalterable gratitude. His fleet, the most numerous and power- 
ful that ever appeared in these seas, coumianded by an admiral whose 
fortune and talents insure great events, and an army of the most admirable 
composition, both in officers and men, are the pledges of his friendship to 
the t'nited States, and their cooperation has secured us the present signal 



Newport to Yoi'ktown, lySi 461 

success. The general on this occasion conveys his most grateful acknowl- 
edgments for his counsel at all times. He presents his warmest thanks to 
the generals, Baron de Viomenil, Chevalier Chastellux, Marquis de Saint- 
Simon, and Count de Viomenil, and to Brigadier-General de Choisy, who 
had a separate command, for the illustrious manner in which they have 
advanced the interests of the common cause. He requests that Count de 
R0CH.\MBE.\u will be pleased to communicate to the army under his 
immediate command the high sense he entertains of the distinguished 
merits of the officers and soldiers of every corps, and that he will present 
in his name to the regiments of Agenois and Deux-Ponts the two pieces 
of brass ordnance captured by them (as a testimony of their gallantry) in 
storming the enemy's redoubt on the night of the 14th instant, when 
officers and men so universally vied with each other in the exercise of 
every soldierly virtue. 

At the request of Washington, on the 20th, General Knox, 
in the name of the commander in chief, thanked the officers of 
the corps of artillery, oKserving among other agreeable utter- 
ances: 

The attention to the public interests in all ranks of officers in bring- 
ing forward with uncommon labor to this point the cannon and stores, 
have, in conjunction with those of our good friends, the French, in a capi- 
tal degree, effected the joyful event of the 19th, which merits the warmest 
effusion of gratitude. 

INCIDENTS 

Among the many incidents of the surrender, these may be 
recalled: 

The appearance of the flag, asking a parley, brought up the 
memory of the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga on the same 
day four years before. That event was made the basis of the 
cabal against Washington in the effort to place Gates at the 
head of the army. Gates, after a disastrous experience in 
the .south, having been .superseded by Greene, who redeemed 
the prestige of American arms, and all others engaged in the 
cabal having sunk into oblivion, Washington, in his masterful 
direction of the delicate .situations growing out of the alliance, 
the handling of the French army and navy, and the difficult 
transfer of the .seat of operations from the Hudson to the York, 
a di.stance of over 700 miles, now stood triumphant before his 
countrj'men and the world. 



462 Nezi'f>(>ii Id Yorktoiou^ ijSi 

Coniwallis, pleading illness lo hide chagrin, having sent 
O'Hara out at the head oi the garrison, the gallant Irishman, 
taking it as a great hnniiliation having to surrender ,to an 
American rebel, tendered his sword rather to Rochamhhau, a 
I'rcnchnian. The gallant leader of the allies refused, motion- 
ing to his American chief, remarking, "You receive your orders 
from General Washington." the latter in turn saying, "You 
surrender >our sword to General Lincoln." This was in retali- 
ation for the humiliating terms put upon that officer by Coni- 
wallis when in high feather at the capture of Charleston the 
\-ear before. 

The Hessians of Cornwallis's :irni>- and the chasseurs of Lau- 
zun's legion embraced in the name of the Fatherland — one sold 
into service against, and the other freelj" .serving for, liberty. 

The day after the surrender RoCHAMBKAr dined General 
O'Hara and a small party of other British officers. The French 
were struck with the gaj'ety exhibited by the English and Hes- 
sians, in \'iew of their defeat. At the close of the entertainment 
the French of^'icers called upon Ivarl Cornwallis, who received 
them cordially. The British and Hes.sian officers compliment- 
ing the I'rench upon their artillery practice, the French urged 
equal prai.se of the American fire as no le.ss efficient. They 
hold the same degree of proficiency among the armies of the 
world of to-day. 

In communicating officiall\' to the President of Congress 
" the reduction of the British army under the connnand of Lord 
Cornwallis," the commander in chief said this of his French 
companions: 

1 .should be licemcd wanlinj; in feelings of gratitude- did I not nu-ntion on 
this occa.sion with the wannest sense of acknowledgment the very cheer- 
ful and able assistance which I have received in the courseof our operations 
from his excellency the Count Die Roch.vmhkac Nothing could equal 
this zeal of our allies but the emulating spirit of the .Vmerican officers, 
whose ardor would not suffer their exertions to be exceeded. 

The very uncommon degree of duty and fatigue which the nature of 
the service required from the officers of engineers and artillery of botli 
armies obliges me particularly to mention the obligations I am under to 
the connnanding and other officers of those corps. 



Newpiir/ to YorkUncu, ij8i 463 

I wish it were in my power to express to Congress }iow much I feel 
myself indebted to Count de C.rasse and the olificers of the fleet under his 
command, for the distinguished aid and support which have been afforded 
by them, between whom and the arm}' the n)ost happy concurrence of 
sentiments and views has subsisted, and from whom every possible coop- 
eration has been experienced which the most harmonious intercourse could 
afford. 

THANKS OF CONGRESS 

In every meastire of recognition of the Yorktown victors- 
Congress combined France with the United States. In return- 
ing official thanks "to Almighty God," it was iox "crowning 
the allied armies of the United States and France with suc- 
cess." In instructing their committee, it was as to " the most 
popular mode of communicating the thanks of the United States 
in Congress assembled to General Washington, Count de 
ROCHAMBEAU, and Count de Gra.sse. ' ' They ' ' ordered that 
the secretary of foreign affairs communicate this intelligence 
to the honorable the minister plenipotentiary of France." 

On October 26 a proclamation was adopted and promulgated 
acknowledging "the influence of Divine Providence in raising 
up for us a powerful ally in one of the first of the European 
powers, ' ' and praying to God ' ' to protect and prosper our 
illustrious ally. " 

On the 29th the connnittee having in charge the letters of 
General Wa.shington reported resolutions, unanimously adopted, 
after thanking the commander in chief, declaring that the 
thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be pre- 
sented to his excellency Count de Rochambeau for the cor- 
diality, zeal, judgment, and fortitude with which he seconded 
and advanced the progress of the allied arm)' against the British 
garrison in York. 

That the thanks of the United States in Congress assembled be presented 
to his excellency Count de Grasse for his skill and bravery in attacking 
and defeating the British off the Bay of Chesapeake, and for his zeal and 
alacrity in rendering with the fleet under his command the most efi^ectual 
and distinguished aid and support in the operations of the allied army in 
Virginia. 



464 Nrivport to Vorktown, ij8i 

That the thanks of the I'nited States in Congress assembled be pre- 
sented to the commanding and other officers of the Corps of ArtillerA- and 
Engineers of the allied amiv, who sustained extraordinary fatigue and 
danger in their animated and gallant approaches to the lines of the e'nemy. 

General Washington was further directed to communicate to 
the other officers and soldiers under his command the thanks of 
the United States for their conduct and valor on this occasion. 

A MOXt-lIEXTAL TRIBUTE 

Also, by the same resolutions. Congress was to cause to be 
erected at York, Va., a marble column adorned with emblems 
of the alliance between the I'nited States and His Most Chris- 
tian Majesty, and inscribed with a succinct narrative of the 
surrender of Earl Comwallis to His Excellency General Wash- 
ington, commander in chief of the combined forces of America 
and France, to his excellency the Count de Roch.vmbeac, 
commanding the auxiliar\- troops of His Most Christian Majesty 
in America, and his excellency the Count de Grasse. com- 
mander in chief of the naval array of France in the Chesap)eake. 

CAXXOX FOR ROCHAMBEAU AN'D DE GRASSE 

Two pieces of field ordnance taken from the British army 
were authorized to — 

be presented by the commander in chief of the American Army to Count 
DE RocHAMBEAC to be engraved thereon a short memorandum that Con- 
gress were induced to present them from considerations of the illustrious 
part which he bore in effectuating the surrender. 

The .secretary- of foreign affairs was directed to ' 'request the 
minister plenipotentian,- of His Most Christian Majesty to 
inform His Majesty that it is the wish of Congress that Count de 
Grasse may be permitted to accept a testimonial of their approba- 
tion similar to that to be presented to Count DE Rochambeau. " 

DE LA LUZERNE PLE.\SED FOR THE KIXG 

On November 2, 1781. Robert R. Livingston, secretary for 
foreign affairs, inclosed a copy of the resolutions of the 29th 
ultimo to Chevalier de la Luzen.e, the French mini.-iter to the 



Newport to Yorktozvn, ij8i 465 

United States. Luzerue replied two days later he had no doubt 
His Majesty — 

will learn with pleasure that the remembrance of the success obtained by 
the allied armies is to be preseri-ed by a column, on which a relation of 
this event will be inscribed and mention made of the alliance. * * * 
It is so honorable to the two nations to perpetuate this remembrance of 
their union that we ought to be mutually desirous of giving it all the solid- 
ity and durability of which the works of man are susceptible. 

Two days later Livingstou gave an appreciative repl\-, ad\-ising 
the French minister of his readiness ' ' to receive with pleasure 
any communications he will do me the honor to make on the 
subject." 

On November 7, on motion of Mr. Randolph, the .secretary of 
foreign affairs was — 

directed' to prepare a sketch of emblems of the alliance * * * to be 
inscribed on the proposed marble column, under the resolution of 
October 29. 

On December 16, under this resolution, the secretary of foreign 
affairs addressed Benjamin Franklin, minister at the Court of 
. Versailles, requesting him to procure a suitable design. 

The American minister of foreign affairs, in his correspond- 
ence with De la Luzerne, having dropped a hint of the unsatis- 
factory state of the public finances, and Franklin, doubtless from 
the same cause, not having sent any design, the matter was 
passed over. 

IN FRANCE 

In order to facilitate the transmission of official information 
concerning the glorious military transactions just closed, instead 
of using the ordinary channel of the department of foreign 
affairs, a French frigate, dispatched by Comte de Grasse to 
France, conveyed Due de Lauzun as bearer direct of a letter 
to Benjamin Franklin from Washington, dated "Headquarters 
near York, October22," transmitting the capitulation and return 
of prisoners, cannon, and war material taken at both places. 
As the success was important to American interests in Europe, 
a copy was sent to the capitals where the States had repre- 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 — -30 



466 Nnvpoii /<> Yorkto'a'ii^ ijSr 

st'iitatives. Rociiamiikai" at the same lime transmitted his 
own official story of the consummated undertakins^. 

When the tidings reached Paris the city was instantly aljlaze. 
The King ordered a triumphal Te Deum by the choir of the 
Metropolitan, to which the court, the nobility, and all Paris, so 
far as could be accommodated within or without, repaired to 
celebrate "the great victory by laud and sea over the English 
by the armies of His Most Christian Majesty with those of 
General Washington." 

" SDCCIAL" To THK MICKCfKV 

The Mercury of France made the following report of the 
arrival at Versailles of the official account of the siege and 
^capitulation of Yorktown: 

The Duke de I,auzuii arrived on the frigate La Sufvcillante, coiiiniaiuled 
by M. de Cillart. W. Duplessis I'ascaut, captain of the vessel V Intrcpiede, 
which was burned in the roadstead of the cape, was on the same frigate 
and brought the dispatches of Count de Grasse. /.fl Survcillante also 
brought Lord Rawdon (the brother of Lord Cornwallis, and major-general 
of the English army, and his wife). The two last were not delayed at 
Brest. They were allowed to <lepart at once for England. 

M. de Lauzun left Che.sapeake Bay on the 24th of October, and was 
but twenty-four daj's on the voyage to Brest, where the vessel dropped 
anchor on the evening of 15th of November. The frigate V Ainazone, 
which bore JL de Charlus, son of the minister of marine; >L de Dcux- 
Ponts, colonel of the regiment Royal Deux-Ponts, made the voyage in 
about the same time. M. Ic Due de Lauzun was graciously received by 
His Majesty. The letter of M. le Comte Roch.\mbeau to the King, con- 
veved the following information. 

"The Count DK RoCHAMBKAV decided to attack the redimbt in order 
to promptly terminate the siege, which should not be prolonged into the 
winter. JI. le de Baron de Viomenil distinguished himself on this occa- 
sion. Also M. de Deux-Ponts, colonel en second of the Regiment Royal 
Deux-PonLs, who having mounted iirst on the intrenchments, extended his 
hand to a grenadier in order to assist him to follow. Having' seen the 
grenadier fall dead, withdrew his hand and presented it with great cool- 
ness to a second. The Americans were animated in their attack by the 
success of the French, which the\' .saw by some signal upon which they 
had agreed. The grenadiers De Gatinais and tho.se of Royal Deux-Ponts 
were the first to enter the redoubt. They were much astonished to find 
there ^L de \'icomte de Damas, who had alreadv entered. He maile this 



Neivporl to Vork/occii, rjSi 467 

attack, uiikiuiwn to tlio gfiioral, to wlioili ho was aid-de-caiiip. It was 
the artillery and the bonil).s which reduced Cornwallis, and all were so dis- 
posed by an officer of engineers that he might have demanded a capitula- 
tion on the 17th, because the day after they would be able to make the 
assault. They claim, however, that Cornwallis did not surrender because 
he was defeated, but on account of lack of munitions of war, having neither 
shot nor powder. lie had at first asked a suspension of hostilities for 
twenty-four hours, which was refused. He held on. Then followed a 
cannonade from So guns, la.sting tlie entire day of the 16II1. At length he 
was forced to ask for an armi.stice the next day. 

The talents and personal qualities of this general have obtained for him 
a capitulation sufficiently honorable. It would have been more so if (Gen- 
eral Wa,shington and Marquis de Ivafayette had not been influenced bv the 
rigor put upon the capitulation of Charleston. 

It is reported that the allied arinies lost about 500 men <lnring the siege. 
The loss is small considering the many benefits of the result. The only 
officer of artillery killed was M. de' la Loges; the other superior officers 
known to have been wounded slightly are M. le Comte de Deux-Ponts and 
MM. de Dillon. The Chevalier de Latneth, nephew of M. le marechal 
de Broglie, aide niar(5chal-general des logis is the most seriously wounded, 
he having the knee pan and one of his thighs fractured. They hope to be 
able to save him. 

That which contributed most to the success of this grand enterprise 
without contradiction was the goldierly ability of the Marquis de Lafay- 
ette. It was he who followed Cornwallis step by step, who harrassed him 
without cessation, who shut him up in York, and prepared his downfall. 
The Americans as well as the French, and even the enemy, are loud in 
eulogy of this general, who is yet very young. .Ml his movements have 
.shown the genius of a warrior. He is also admired for the gentleness 
and simplicity of his manners, his calmness united with judgment. 

Lord Cornwallis, .satisfied with the great qualities of his enemy, asked 
at different times to treat with him and he would surrender his army to 
him alone. The modest soldier always refiised, and referred him to Wash- 
ington, his general. 

The condition of the garrison of York at the time of the capitulation 
was: Two colonels, S lieutenant-colonels, 11 majors, 25 captains, 89 lieuten- 
ants, 36 ensigns, 12 adjutants, 2u quartermasters, 10 surgeon.s, 22 aids, 2 
chaplains, 295 sergeants, 121 drunmiers, 3,295 soldiers. Sick: Ninety 
.sergeants, 44 drummers, 1,741 soldiers— in all 5,823, not including the 
garrison of Gloucester, forming with the garrison of York and the 
sailors about 7,500 men. 

There were 22 flags, 170 cannon of all calibers, of which 75 were bronze, 
8 mortars, and 45 vessels captured; the Charon, of 50 guns, burned; the 
Guadeloupe, of 24, sunk, and the Iris and Richinont, both of 32 guns, 
captured. 



468 Newpori to Yoiktoa'it, ijSi 

IN* HNTtLAND 

The onishiiig intelligence was not long in reaching Windsor. 
The winds of the West were as impatient of distance' as the 
tidings they bore. The King was thrown into a delirium of 
dismay and Parliament into convulsions of crimination and 
recrimination. Such acerbity of .speech under the rules of 
order and the amenities of debate was never known even on 
the worst occa.sions of di.sa.ster on land or sea in the old con- 
tinent. It had a deeper significance than victory for the 
Americans; there was retribution in it. It was the vStates 
triumjihant. France avenged. 



AFTER YORKTOWN 

WILLIAMSBURG, BOSTON, ANNAPOLIS. WILMINGTON, 
1781-1783 



CLOSING SCENES AND PAKTINC, WORDS 

True to the vigorous instincts of military genius, Washing- 
ton .saw his opportunity and propo.sed to let no means pass to 
put an end to British occupation in any part of the .south. 

Accordingly he turned his attention to Wiliningtcm and 
Charleston, the two chief seaports of the Carolinas, still in 
possession of the enemy, the interior having been wrested from 
the invader by the skillful tactical maneuvers and blows of 
Greene. 

Without wa.stiug a moment in glorification, the general in 
chief addressed Comte de Grasse a communication ( dated Oc- 
tober 20), conveying his own ideas as to future military move- 
ments, expressing his wish to know his plans with regard to 
the naval forces of France under his command, and asking 
cooperation in certain military operations calculated to bring 
the war to an immediate close. 

DE GRASSE URGED TO PARTICIPATE 

"The surrender of York," he writes, "from which ,so great 
glory and advantage are derived to the allies, and the honor of 
which belongs to your excellency, has greatly anticipated our 
most .sanguine expectations. Certain of this event under your 
auspices, though unable to determine the time, I solicited your 
attention, in the first conference with which you honored me, 
to ulterior objects of deci.sive importance to the connnon cause. 

469 



4 JO After Yorkto'a'ti 

AUhou,i;li your answer on that occasion was unfavorable to my 
wishes, the unexi">ected promptness with which our operations 
here have been conducted to their final success having g'ained 
us time, the defect of which was one of your principal objec- 
tions, the conviction of the most extensive and happy conse- 
quences engages me to renew my representation. 

"Charleston, the principal maritime jxjrt of the British in the 
southern part of the continent, '■'• ■■■ * is open to a com- 
bined attack and might be carried with as much certainty as 
the place which has just surrendered. This capture would 
destroy the last hope which induces the enemy to continue the 
war; for, having experienced the impracticability of recovering 
the populous northern States, they have determined to comfine 
themselves to the defensive in that quarter and present a most 
vigorous offensive at the .southward. * -^ * Their general 
naval superiority previous to j-our arrival gave them decisive 
advantages. ' ' 

SUCCESS DEPENDENT UPON FRENCH COOPERATION 

" :!; :i; * Jt will depend Upon your excellency, therefore, to 
terminate the war and enable the allies to dictate the laze in the 
treaty. A campaign so glorious and .so fertile in consequences 
could be reserved only for the Count de Grasse. It rarelj' 
happens that such a combination of means as are in our hands 
at present can be .seasonablj- obtained by the most strenuous 
human exertions — a decisively superior fleet, the fortune and 
talents of whose commander overawe all the naval" force that 
the.most strenuous efforts of the enemy have been able to collect, 
an army flushed with .success, demanding onh- to be conducted 
to new attacks. *^ * -■■ ' ' 

REDUCTION OF WILMINGTON PROPOSED 

" If u]ion entering into the detail of this expedition your ex- 
cellency .should determine it impracticable, there is an object 
which, though subordinate to that above mentioned, is of capital 
importance to our southern ojierations and may be effected at 



After Yorktozvti 471 

infinitely less expense — I mean the enemy's post at Wilmington, 
in North Carolina. Circumstances require that I should at this 
period reenforce the southern army under General Greene. 
This reenforcement transported by sea under your convoy 
would enable us to carrj' the post in question with very little 
difficulty and would wrest from the British a point of support 
in North Carolina which is attended with the most dangerous 
consequences to us and would liberate another State. This 
object would require nothing more than the convo>- of your fleet 
to the point of operation and the protection of the debarkation. 
"I entreat your excellency's attention to the points which I 
have the honor of la3-ing before you, and that you will be pleased 
at the same time to inform me what are your dispositions for a 
maritime force to be left on the American station." 

OiN- THE "VILLE DE PARIS" 

The next day the general in chief took occasion to go in 
person on board the \ 'ilk dc Paris to extend the compliments of 
the occasion, to personally express his thanks for the services 
of the fleet in the events recently closed, and to impress upon 
De Grasse the importance of the propositions he had submitted 
in writing. 

The same evening General Washington returned ashore 
without having accomplished his purpose. 

ORDERS IN CONFLICT 

The French admiral declined, as his orders and obligations in 
the Antilles rendered it impossible to remain on the coast dur- 
ing the time required for the operation. De la Luzerne, the 
French minister at Philadelphia, was favorably inclined and tried 
his persuasive powers, but De Grasse was fearful of unexpected 
and unavoidable detentions. For the same reason he was obliged 
to refrain from transporting troops to the assistance of Greene in 
the Carolinas, but did consent, notwith.standing he had pre- 
viouslx- gi\-en notice he could not safely delaj- after November 
I , to remain a few days over that time in order to cover the trans- 
portation of the eastern troops and ordnance to the Head of Elk. 



472 After York town 

However, not eiitireh- without hope of success, Lafayette, to 
whom was ]ii Miniscd couiiiiand of the expedition if I)e Grasse's 
cooperation to convoy were secured, remained aboard the' flag- 
ship for the continued exercise of his ow!i efforts. 

The Marquis occupied two days in these supplementary 
arguments, at the expiration of which time he returned ashore. 

DK c;r.\ssr'.s position expi,.\inhd 

The logic of the situation is better put f"-'.!! in the Marquis's 
own report to Washington, as it gives the phases of phrasing 
and .shades of interpretation due to De Orasse in view of the 
complications of the moment and his contiiuied devotion and 
proposed .prospective services to the warlike interests of the 
States. In his report Lafayette saj's: 

The Cointe Jc Grasse would be happy to be able to make the expedition 
to Charleston, all the advantages of which he feels; but the orders of his 
court, ulterior projects, anil his engagements with the Spaniards, render it 
impossible to remain here the necessary time for this operation. His wish 
to serve the I'nited States is such that he desires to enter into engagements 
for cooperation during the next campaign, as far as the plans of the court 
will permit. The expedition to Wilmington reijuiring less time, theConite 
de (Tfasse would undertake to conduct to that place a det.ichment of 2,cxx) 
Americans. "•' * " It will be nece.s.sary inunediately to have pilots, per- 
sons well acquainted with the country, with whom the Comte de C.rasse 
would desire to converse as soon as [lossible in order to give his answer 
definitely. * * * The Comte de Gra.s,se gives us leave to make use of 
the vessels in York River. * * * If after having seen the persons ac- 
quainted with the coast, the Comte de Orasse thinks he shall be able to 
take the troojjs on board his line of battle ships and debark ttiem without 
danger then it will be useless to take the transports. If frigates can run 
into a convenient place, then the troops will be embarked on boaril frigates. 
The day of departure is to be the 1st of November or. if j)ossible, sooner. 

DISPOSITION OK THK PRISONERS 

Two days after the surremlcr, the British prisoners under 
escort of Virginia militia, were marched via William.sburg, Fred- 
ericksburg, AshbysOap, and vShenandoah \'aney to. Winchester, 
Va., Fort Frederick, and Fredericktown, Md., where they were 

kept for a tiuK in a prison camp. Owing to con.stant i|uarrels 



Aflcr Yorkttnvn 47^ 

with their militia keepers the prisoners were soon conducted to 
Lancaster, Pa. , and put in prison quarters under a Continental 
.ajuard. 

CARRY THE NEWS TO CLINTON 

The sloop of war Bonctia under the capitulations was assigned 
to carrj' an aide with disjjatches from Earl Cornwallis to Sir 
Henry Clinton, officially advising him of the loss of his army, 
after which the vessel was to be turned over to Comte de 
Grasse. Cornwallis was placed under parole and departed for 
New York. 

DISPOSITION OF THE AMERICAN FORCES 

By October 26 Washington, considering the operations against 
the enemy in \'irgiuia concluded, determined upon the future 
disposition of the allied arriiy of Yorktown. The Penn.sylvania, 
Maryland, and \'irginia Continental troops were to be sent as a 
reenforcement to General Greene in the Carolinas. With the 
troops of the States to the northward of Penn.sylvania, he 
proposed to return to his former position on North River. 

The troops for the north under General Lincoln were put on 
board November 2 and conveyed by water to the Head of Elk, 
whence they moved overland by easy .stages and were distributed 
in Pennsylvania (Lancaster), New Jersey (MorrLstown), and 
New York ( Nortii River) and Pompton. 

The retained division, consisting of the Wayne (Pennsylvania) 
and Gi.st ( ^Laryland) brigades, 2,000 men under Marquis de 
Lafayette, with orders for South Carolina, to take Wilmington, 
N. C, on the way, were to be conveyed by Comte de Grasse and 
-supported long enough to accomplish the carrying of Wilmington 
by a " coup de main, ' ' thence the troops to join General Greene. 
Preparations were at once begun for embarkation. 

AS ESCORT ONLY 

On the very day Washington was inditing his letter to the 
President of Congress covering what has been said, De Grasse 
was engaged in a similar conveyance of conclusions to Lafay- 
ette, giving his rea,sons for a finality as to "the impossibility of 



474 ^^y '"'■'' York town 

uiulertaking' to transport troops, baggage, artillery, and ammu- 
nition." There was fixity in his obligations as to place, date, 
and destination. The passage to Cape Fear might take two and 
it might take more than fifteen days, the winds deciding in both 
cases. There might be other delays exposing him to censure. 
An obstinate succession of soutlierly winds might oblige him 
to repair to his rendezvous, carrying with him the troops on 
board, which would be more useful on the Continent than to the 
islands. Therefore, all he was safe in promising was, to escort 
as well as he could the ve.s,sels having the troops on board. 
But in every event it would be impossible to remain on the 
coast beyond the Sth of November, which delay would have to 
be repaired by the greatest activity on his part. 

TKOUBLE FROM ANOTHJCK Qr.VRTER 

These preliminaries to a renewal of offensive war were of a 
sudden completely U])set by news from another quarter. The 
vigilant Fornian. who from the New Jersey highlands kept an 
ej'e on the movements of the British ships in New York Harbor, 
on a bright morning late in October was astounded to see 90 
sail, 26 of them ships of the line putting to sea and pointing 
.southward, presmnably bound for the Chesapeake. lie lost no 
time in dispatching an express to apprise Washington of the 
alarming movement. 

It was October 24, five days after the surrender, when the 
express arrived. The general in chief hastily dispatched a 
cutter to De Grasse, notifying him of what was in- the wind. 
Arrangements were made to withdraw the transports from the 
mouth of the James and .send them to the Head of Elk, out of 
reach. 

In view of the threatening complications De Gra.sse further 
modified his offer respecting transportation of Lafayette and his 
expeditionary corps for Wilmington, and again insi.sted he 
could not under any circumstances delay after November 8. 
This determination was promptly comnuuiicated to Lafa)-ette, 
who had his force ready for immediate embarkation. The dis- 
appointing iuformation was forwarded to Washington. 



After YorkUnuii 475 

NARROW ESCAPE 

The Aiidromagiic, frigate, sailed ' the same clay (26th), 
with Count William de Deux-Poiitson board as special envoy to 
secure further support from France, in order to drive home the 
advantage already gained. Hardly had she left her anchorage 
at the Middle Ground Banks when signals from the Hcrmion 
and Concorde, cruising off Cape Heury, gave the alarm. The 
Aiidromaque also had a .sight in time to put back to the mouth 
of the James. 

On the 27th De Gras.se informed Washington of the presence 
of the Briti-sh fleet of 36 vessels, 25 of the line, in the offing. 
The admiral promptly signaled his entire force aboard for 
action, but delay in the execution of his orders made it impos- 
sible to move out promptly to meet the eneni}-. 

BRITISH FLKKT OFF THF; CAPES 

The next day the entire ho.stile fleet appeared off the capes, 
but the wind being unfavorable De Grasse was unable to leave 
his anchorage. The same e\-ening the enemy's ships disap- 
peared. It was supposed the coast was again clear. Accord- 
ingly, on the I.St day of November, the Androviaqite, with 
Comte William aboard, tried it again, with express order from 
De Grasse to decline a combat. The records of the voyage 
show on November 2 the frigate was vigorously chased, but, 
due to excellent handhng and fine sailing power and under 
cover of the night, the Frenchmen eluded the enemy, and 
reached France in safety on the 20th, or nineteenth day out — 
a quicker voyage than made by La SuKvcillantc. 

On the evening of the day of the departure of the Andro- 
maque the Engli.sh were again in sight, but the movement, it 
\\-as now supposed meant reinforcement of Charleston and no 
attack on De Grasse. 



4/6 Aflrr ]'()rk/(7iun 

KKKNl'OKCKMKNTS I'OK (IKKKNK 

On the same day the brigades of Wayne and Gist, under 
command of General St. Clair, started on their march by land 
to reenforce General Greene. General Lafayette's command 
of the expedition, as we have seen, was contingent upon the 
troops going b>' water convoyed by the French fleet. 

A Sl'KIXG CAMPAICN SUGGESTED 

Before the departure of the French admiral, General Washing- 
ton, in a letter (October 28), made suggestions as to the spring 
campaign, wishing his return in May with a superior force, and 
fixing the rendezvous on the Chesapeake, as from there the 
combined fleet and armies could move either against Charleston 
or New York. 

In this communication the general presented the subject in 
its strongest light, recognizing the necessity of the cooperation 
of the fleet and at the same time appealed to the pride of its 
admiral as having the deciding voice: 

You will have observed that whatever efforts are made bj- the land 
armies the navy must have the castinj; vote in the present contest. The 
Court of France are convinced of it, and have declared their resolve to 
give this indispensable succor. The triumphant manner in which your 
excellency has maintained the mastery of the American seas and the glory 
of the French flag leave both nations to look upon you as the arbiter of 
the war. 

DE GKASSE OFE FOR THE ANTILLES 

The count, in reply, assured Washington of his purpo.se to 
conununicate his propositions to the French Court, feeling con- 
fident that everything would be done to promote his views and 
establish American liberty. 

FAREWELL DE GRASSE. 

With this valedictory Saint-Simon embarked his gallant men 
of Agenois, Gatinais, and Touraine on the fir.st days of Novem- 
ber. On the 4th De Gra.sse with his entire fleet, land force, and 
equijMnent .sailed out of the Chesapeake headed for the West 



After Yorktoivn 477 

Indies'. He carried with hini as reminders of his American 
campaign two fine specimens of Virginia thoroughbreds, pre- 
sented to him h\ Washington from his Mount Vernon stud. 

The captured British frigate Rowulus and three others were 
left to protect the stores on the York and James rivers and to 
cover their transportation to the Head of Elk. 

WASHINGTON RETURNS NORTH 

It was not until the day after (November 5) the sailing of De 
Grasse and three days after the shipment of his northern 
troops to Head of Elk, having started the detachment .south- 
ward, that Washington left the scene of the climax to his 
military career. Bidding farewell for a time to his French 
companion in arms he proceeded with his "Life Guard," 
Lafayette, Duportail, and a small party by way of Mount 
Vernon (15th), Alexandria (20th), Annapolis (22dj, and Phila- 
delphia (27tb), where he passed the winter, arriving at his 
camp at Morristown toward the last days of March, 1782. 

ROCHAMBEAU REMAINS IN VIRGINIA 

RocHAMBEAU remained in charge of York peninsula. His 
first duty was the destruction of the defenses of the traitor 
Arnold at Portsmouth. The next the demolition of the out- 
lying redoubts and parallels of York and repair of the defenses 
of the town. Those of Gloucester were leveled to the ground. 
This was accompli.shed between the 15th and iSth of November. 

The French corps a few days later moved to Williamsburg, 
"\'a., where the army went into winter quarters. Rochambeau 
established his headquarters at Newport, Va., ready to renew 
active operations in the south if needed. The loss of the army 
of Cornwallis, however, was regarded on both continents as 
sealing the fate of the Briti.sh dominion in the former colonies 
of North America. 

• The winter was unusually cold for this latitude, officers in 
their journals recording that ink and wine, two indispen.sable 
essentials to winter quarters, froze in their rooms. 



478 After York/own 

NEWS AND CASH l-k(.).M l-KANCE 

On the 2<\ of January, 17S2, the frigate La Sibvllc arrived 
from France with dispatches and 2,000,000 livres in specie. 
The latter was a boon, not so much to the Trench army as to 
the people to whom gold coin had long been a stranger. The 
Sibylle al.so brought the first news of the safe arrival of the 
Sunrilhiutf with Lau/.un and the glad tidings of victory, and 
the dispatches to the King, and also the arri\al of the Aiidro- 
maque. It also bore a special letter from the King to 
RocH.\MHK.\r to order a Te Deum sung in the regfiments, 
whether in town or camp. 

ROCHAMHEAU CONSTANTLY IN TOUCH 

From his camp at Williamsburg Comte de Roch.vmbe.vu 
maintained frequent correspondence, by express, with Washing- 
ton at Philadelphia. In February, he aiuioiniced, in response to 
a request from General Greene, before Charleston, the advance, 
as far as the Roanoke, on the frontiers of Carolina. 

.V FRENCH ADV.VNCE 

A detachment of the French army under General de Choisy, 
including Lauzun's legion, the duke himself, however, having 
returned to Europe, was .sent w'ith the intention of reenforcing 
General Greene. The movement was stopped at Charlotte 
Court-House, about 80 miles southwest of Richmond, at Wash- 
ington's suggestion, as news brought to him indicated an early 
evacuation of South Carolina and Georgia by the British. 

He counseled the move as timely, as it might perplex the 
enemy with the inference that it was the advance of a move- 
ment of the entire French army as soon as the weather 
would admit. The chief, however, was not apprehensive of 
operations of the enemy very far away from the coast toward 
the interior after the many severe blows he had received of late. 

About the same time information was received that the British 
ministry had determined upon New York as the oulj' post which 
would be retained. 



After York town 479 

Washington conveyed, from an address lately received from 
the Senate of Virginia, their desire tliat he slionld make their 
most gratefnl acknowledsnient to His Excellencv and to the 
officers and men under his connnand for their eminent .services. 
They al.so wished him to bring to liis notice the pleasure it gave 
them ' ' to obser\-e the harmony which subsists between the in- 
habitants of the vState and their generous allies." 

The chief mentioned the pleasure it would gi\e him to have 
the Count come to Philadelphia any time it became nece.ssary. 
He would prefer to have him come to Mount \'ernon, which 
would give him the additional pleasure of entertaining him at 
his own house, but for the inadvi.sability of going so far from 
the army at the opening of the campaign. 

DE I..-V LUZERNE GUE.ST AT HEADQUARTERS 

On the 25th of the .same month Chevejier de la Luzerne vis- 
ited Count DE ROCHAMBEAU at his headquarters. His pres- 
ence among his countrymen was the occasion of much camp 
hospitality and .social enjoyment among the distinguished fami- 
lies of the old Mrginia capital. 

In giving an account of the journey from Philadelphia to 
William.sburg, De Fersen speaks of it as charming, referring 
particularly to the canteens the Minister de la Luzerne had 
brought with him, which were well supplied with pates, hams, 
wine, and bread. The country, he mentions, only afforded salt 
food, bread, and cakes of Indian corn slightly roasted before a 
fire. The native drink, ' ' thum, ' ' consisted of .sugar and brandy 
mixed with water, and was called "grog." 

On March 27 the Chevelier, Rochambeau, and Fersen made 
a trip to the camp at Portsmouth. 

ax eve on new vokk 

After returning to his camp on the Hudson in March, Wash- 
ington renewed his vigilant observation of conditions in New 
York. In event of further assistance coming from France, 
especially in the form of .superiority on the water, it was his 
purpose to make the attempt in conjunction with Rochambeau. 



4So After Yorklozvti 

IMPRESSIONS AT VKKSAII.I.KS 

There l>eiiig no cvidciU j)ros}njcls of furlliL-r agjjressive luove- 
iiiciUs on the part of the British, the French officers continued 
to avail themselves of the lull for a visit to France. These 
gentlemen were profuse in their admiration of W'asliington in 
their intercourse with the Court of \'ersailles and among the 
French people. 

FRENCH TESTIMONIALS OF ADMIRATION 

In a letter from De la Luzerne to Wa.shington. April i.s, the 
minister obser\x'(l : 

Their testimony can adil nothing to the universal opinion respecting 
the great services which you have rendered to your country; Ijut to the 
esteem and admiration of the French will henceforth be added a .senti- 
ment of affection and attachment, which is a just return for the attentions 
our officers have received from you and for the progress they have made 
in their profession liy .serving under your orders. 

W.VSHINC.TON .M'PKECI.VTHS 

To this \\'asliiiij;ton replied from lii.s headcjuarters at New- 
burgh, April 28, in a letter on ilie military situation generally, 
which he closed by thanking the chevalier for his connnunica- 
tion concerning the opinion entertained of his conduct by the 
court and nation of France, and to acknowledge his "obliga- 
tions to those officers who have inspired these sentiments." 

To stand well in the eyes of a nation wliich I view as one of the first in 
the world and in the opinion of a monarch whom I consider as the sup- 
porter of the rights of humanity, and to whom I am personally indebted 
for the command ho has been pleased to honor me with, is highly flatter- 
ing to my vanity; at the s;une lime it has a first place to all my gratitude. 

WH.\T I'K.VNKI.IN LEARNED 

Doctor F'ranklin to Mr. Livingston, secretary of foreign 
affairs, contributed .similar views of the rettirning officers, of 
whom he wrote — 

* • * who have returned to France this winter, speak of our people 
ill the handsomest and kindest manner, and there is a strong desire in 



After York /own 481 

many of the young nobltniaii to go over to figlit for us. There is no re- 
straining sonic of them, anil several changes in the officers of their army 
have taken place in conseqnence. 

CONTlxXKNTAI. IION'OKS TO A KCJVAI. IXFANT 

At this point an interesting episode in tli.e routine of camp 
transpired in honor of tlie French allies. On May 2cS the com- 
mander in chief, in general orders, was "happy in the opporti:- 
nity of announcing to the army the birth of a Dauphin of 
France, and desirous of giving a general occasion for testifying 
the satisfaction which he is convinced will pervade the breast 
of every American officer and soldier in the communication of 
an event so highly interesting to a monarch and nation who 
have given such distinguished proofs of their attachment, is 
pleased to order the feu de joie on Thursday next." 

LONG I.IVE THE DAUPHIN 

On May 31, 1782, the proposed grand fete was given at West 
Point in honor of the birth of the dauphin of France, first son 
of Louis XVI, the champion of independence, and his Queen, 
Marie Antoinette. The aiTair took place under an arbor about 
220 feet in length and 80 feet in width, .supported by 1 18 pillars 
constructed for the occasion of materials afforded b>- the for- 
ests in the vicinity. The sides and covering were of curiously 
interwoven evergreens, the ends being open. Each pillar was 
encircled at the foot by muskets with fixed bayonets, held in 
place by wreaths of evergreens and flowers. 

The interior was festooned and further adorned with garlands 
of laurel, spruce, and arbor vitis. There were also a number of 
devices emblematical of the alliance, mottoes and other decora- 
tions suggestive of the ties between the States and France. 

To add to the eclat of the display the entire army on both 
sides of the river at West Point was paraded. At a precon- 
certed signal of three cannon shots, muskets were stacked, while 
the officers, under general orders of May 29, 1782, repaired to 
West Point to dine with the general. 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 31 



482 After Yorktinun 

In a meinoraudum appended to these orders the commander 
in chief extended, "with liis compliments," to the "officers' 
ladies with or in the neighborhood of the army," his request to 
"favor him with their company at dinner." The invitation 
was extended ' ' to any other ladies of his own or his friends' 
acquaintance, without the formality of a particular invitation." 

On the date named General and Mrs. Washington and their 
friends, which included civic officers of the State and their 
ladies, assembled at headquarters, and having embarked on 
barges gaily decorated, rowed down the Hudson, arriving at 
West Point early in the afternoon. Other distinguished guests 
reached there about the same time. The entire company, led 
by General and Mrs. Washington, at a signal of three caiuion dis- 
charges, repaired to the grand arbor, passing through a Hue of 
artillery drawn up in honor of the event. It is recorded over 
500 guests were present. After the cloth was removed 1 3 appro- 
priate toa.sts were drunk .simultaneously with each 13 guns, 
drum rulfles being given in .salute. 

In the evening the arbor, brilliantly illuminated, was the scene 
of a grand ball, opened by General Washington and Mrs. Knox 
in a minuet. 

A feu de joi of cannon and nui.sketry from the wliole army 
resounded in the darkne.ss from the surrounding hills. The 
troops thrice shouted "Long live the dauphin," a display of 
fireworks ending the celebration. 

KOY.M, IIONOKS KOK IKENCHMEN SERVING IX AMERIC.\ 

The Count having informed Washington of the pensions, cross 
of the order of St. Louis, and promotions bestowed upon his 
meritorious officers .serving in America, drew in reply an assur- 
ance of a feeling of — 

most lively interest and pleasure in every event which bestows honor or 
enioUnncnt on such de.serving characters. The favorable mention which 
the King is plea.sed to make of me demands my warmest and most particu- 
lar acknowledgment. This honor done nie will form an additional tie to 
the gratitude which already binds me to the jjerson and interests of His 
Majesty. 



Aftvr Yo)ktoiu)i 483 

C'AJII'AIGX CONSIDKKATIONS KMl'LOYMENT 

The emploj-ment of the French army after joining Washing- 
ton's forces on the Hudson was now under consideration b}' 
correspondence between the two generals. Rochambeau pro- 
posed some strategic maneuvering before starting on his march. 
Washington, however, did not take favorablj- to the project, as— 

it would be performed in so sliort a .space a.s to gi\e no time for its opera- 
tion before the deception proposed would be disclosed 

The correspondence of Washington with the Count, so far as 
the sahitatory went, began to take on a more familiar tone. 
Hitherto it was "Sir" down to May 5, 1782, now it is "My 
Dear Count," June 24, 1782. In this communication the chief 
expressed himself more and more embarrassed in determining 
measures, on account of no receipt of advices as to the inten- 
tions of the Court of France. If naval aid was to be sent suffi- 
ciently powerful and in time, the enterpri.se against New York 
would be undertaken. In that case the march of the French 
troops to the. Hudson .should be immediate. If not, Charleston 
was considered next in importance, in which event every step 
northward would be lo.st, and render the P'rench troops unfit to 
march to South Carolina. 

STATES LOYAL TO FRANCE 

By this time Clinton had been relieved at New York and 
Carleton substituted. That general, taking it into his head 
that it was the opportune time to close up the American busi- 
ness and go at France single handed, proposed to Congress to 
recognize the independence of the United States in consider 
ation of the renunciation of the alliance with France. 

As this was in direct violation of the specific terms of that 
convention and a repudiation of the very essence of gratitude. 
Congress spurned the suggestion and peremptorily refu.sed to 
receive the persons charged with the negotiations. 



484 



After Vorktoivn 



KOCH.VMUKAr ON TIIH MARCH NORTHWARD 

In view of the situation in the Antilles as to France' and 
the conditions in the States as to England there was no logical 
inference of much in the waj- of initiative by either of those pow- 
ers. The climate so far south was also telling on the French 
troops, accordingly Rochambeai' determined to move north- 
ward. He intimated his intention to General Washington and 
requested an interview at Philadelphia. 

On June 23 the first division of the French army under De 
Chastellux broke camp at Williamsburg. The march, owing to 
the intense heat, was jjerformed by easy stages at night, the 
day being devoted to rest. 

The remaining divisions followed at short inten-als. The 
fourth, consisting of the regiment Saintonge and a detachment 
of artillery under Comte de Cu.stine, bringing up the rear on 
July 4. 

MRS. WASHINGTON ENTERTAINS THE FRENCH OKEICERS 

On July 19, this division having made a halt at Colchester, 
\'a., not far from Mount Vernon, Mrs. Washington extended 
invitations to Comte de Custine and nine officers of his com- 
mand to dine. In the morning the gallant count surprised the 
good lady by sending to her a complete set of china, the manu- 
facture of his own factory at Pfalzburg, Lorraine, F'rance. Each 
piece was ornamented with the monogram and arms of her 
husband. 

The following represents the camps of the French army 
luider RocH.VMBE.Vf in their return march north from Williams- 
burg to Baltimore: 

VIRGINI.\ 



June 23, 1782, Williamsburg. 
June 24, 17S2, Drinking Spring. 
Julys, 1782, Birds Tavern. 
July 6, 1782, Ravelaf House. 



July 7, 1782, New Kent. 

July S, 17S2, New Castle Sojourn. 

July 9, 1782, Hanover Town. 

July II, 17S2, Hanover Court-House 



.Iflcr Yorkiowii 485 

July 12, 17S2, liniiiks nriilge. July i6, 1782, Sojourn. 

July 13, 1782, Bullrn Creen (Bowl- July 17, 1782, Pey tons Town. 

ing Green). j July 18, ]7S2, Dumfrie.s. 

July 14, 1782, 12 miles south of | July 19, 1782, Colchester. 

Fredericksburg. July 20, 17S2, Alexandria. 

July 15, 17S2, Krcderioksl)ur>; and 

l''alinouth, j 

MARVL.\NI) 

July 21, 1782, Georgetown. July 26, 1782, Spurier's Tavern. 

July 22, 17S2, Hladcnsburg. , July 27, 17S2, Baltimore. 

July 25, 1782, Rose Tavern. I 

K()CII.\JIIiKAt' CONl'KK.S 

Tlic Comlo Die RoCH.VJiHKAU having; reached Baltimore with 
the advance of his army, leaving Major-Geueral Chevalier de 
Clia.stellux in connnand, departed for Philadel])liia, where he 
\va.s joined by General \\'ashington from hi.s headquarter.s at 
Newburgh on the Hudson, on July 15. 

After a deliberation of several days, interspersed with many 
courte.sie.s — ceremonial, informal, and individual on the part of 
Congress, the Pennsyh-ania officials, and distinguished indi- 
viduals — it was determined to concentrate the two armies on the 
Hudson. 

THK TWO AK:MIK.S To CONCENTRATE 

As a preliminary movement Comte de Fer.sen was dispatched 
on a secret mi.ssion to embark stores left at York and the artil- 
lery left at West Point, 8 leagues above, and ship them to 
Baltimore. As .soon as he had everything moving he reported 
to Rochambeau, who with his arni>' was then at that city. 

SIGNS OF GREAT BRITAIN YIELDING 

The resolutions of the British House of Commons having con- 
fined their arni>- in America to a defensive war only, and other 
indications pointing to a pacification, led Comte DE Rocham- 
beau to suggest that his army remain at Baltimore, that he dis- 
miss his wagon train, and await developments. 



486 After YorkUnvii 

TIIK CIIIKK SlSlMCIorS 

Washinelon (August i6), however, did not take the same 
optimistic view of the situation, regarding the alleged negotia- 
tions as a possible scheme to gain time, especial!)- as there had 
as yet been no offers on the part of the enemy for a general 
cessation of hostilities. 

The correctness of this position was sustained by a letter of 
De la Lu/erne to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in which the sug- 
gestion vas made that England would spare nothing to make 
a peace with the United States and then turn all her efforts 
against France. The minister added that to his certain knowl- 
edge the States would never agree to a separate peace, but only 
in concert with France. 

BRITISH CONCENTRATING .\T NKW YORK 

It was known at Washington's headquarters at Newburgh, and ^ 
so reported to Roch.\mhic.\u, that the British garrison at Savan- 
nah had Ijeen witlulrawn to Now York, and there were grounds 
for belief that thai of Charleston would be in the near future, 
in which event a considerable force might be detached to the 
West Indies for operations again.st France in that direction, 
unless the French army should at once join the Americans on 
the Hudson River as a menace to New York. 

LOOKING OUT FOR CONTIXGKNCIKS 

It was Washington's decided opinion should an "accommo- 
dation" be reached and the orders of the French court call the 
auxiliary army from the American continent, the embarkation 
could as easily be maile upon the Delaware or Hudson as upon 
the Chesapeake. 

For these reasons the chief could .see no good consequences 
resulting from the French remaining at Baltimore, but many 
advantages attending their marching forward and " forming a 
junction with this army." 



After Yorktoivn 487 

FRENCH ARMY ACIAIN IN IMOTION 

It was planned by Rochambeau to leave Baltimore August 
15, marching to the Hudson by way of Philadelphia. It was 
August 20, however, before the French column was in motion. 
The defeat of De Grasse disarranged all other plans on the part 
of France. The arrival of British reenforcements at New York 
and the intention to evacuate Charleston made an increase of 
the American strength imperative. A concentration of the 
two armies was therefore necessitated as a measure of precau- 
tion. In the event of peace, the commander in chief was more 
strongh' favorable to the embarkation of the French army 
at some northern port. 

Early in August Brigadier-General Choisy, in anticipation of 
the arrival of the French fleet, proceeded to Bo.ston to notii)' 
Governor Hancock of its coming and to make arrangements for 
supplies. 

FRENCH FLEET .\T BOSTON 

This fleet, commanded by Marquis de Vaudreuil, anchored in 
Nantasket Roads August 11. It consisted of 13 ships of the 
line, of which 4 mounted 80 and the rest 74 guns; 3 frigates, 
and a cutter. On the passage up from the West Indies the 
fleet captured six English transports bound for Jamaica. 

AGGRESSIVE MOVE PROPOSED 

The Marquis in a letter to Comte de Rochambeau revived 
the idea of De.stouches of a "coup de main" upon the British 
post at Penob.scot, and asked his opinion and advice on the 
subject. 

The Count very plainly disapproved of the project, and refer- 
ring the subject to Washington, it received the same treatment, 
only in more positive form. The latter also notified Governor 
Hancock, of Massachusetts, to the same effect; but should 
' ' more favorable circumstances turn up to make the attack 
appear practicable to the French admiral. General Choi.sy, and 
Governor Hancock, the State of Massachusetts would be obliged 



.(SS After Yorktoivn 

to alTord the means to carry the operation into effect, as it 
would be innx)ssible at this distance to afford timely aid." 

After this corres]xindi.nce the scheme was abandoned, Hot- 
withstandint; efforts on the part of the goveruor of Mas.saclni- 
setts to put it into execution. 

BRITISH SITIATION 

The evacuation of Charleston would leave no force of the 
enemy at the south. The remaining foothold in the former 
colonies would then be confined to Long, Staten, and New York 
islands. About 2,000 British troops had been shipped to the 
.\iuilks. The remaining British and Germans, constituting 
the i;arnson of New York, aggregated 10,000 men of all arms. 

GETTING THE .VLUKH .VK.MUCS IN TOrCIl WITH ICNHMV 

On Augii.st 31 Washington transferred his troops from New- 
burgh to \'erplancks Point, in accordance with an arrangement 
with Comte de Roch.\mbe.\u to form a junction of the two 
armies in that locality in order to be nearer the enemy iu event 
of an attack from New' York. 

.VKKIVAL OK KOCII.VMKK.Vr WITH HIS TROOPS 

The advance division of the French army under Comte i)i< 
RoCH.\.MHE.vi" in person reached Kings Ferry from the south 
September 15. The second division came up immediatel}' after. 
The whole F'rench army cros-sed the Hudson and encam{->ed on 
the left of the Americans near Crompond, about 10 miles from 
\'erplanks Point and 24 miles from the enemy's advanced 
position on New York Island. 

HONORS TO OIK .\LLIES 

The junction of the two annies was attended with great cere- 
mony, insomuch that the Comte recalled the honor in his 
memoirs in the words: 

General Washington, wishing to testify liis respect for I'rance and liis 
recognition of the benefits she had rendered. caiise<l us to pass Ijetwcen 



After YorktoivH 



489 



two lines of troops clad, equipped, and armed with clolliing and arms 
from I'rance and from the Knglish magazines taken at Yorktown, which 
the French army had relinquished to the Americans. He ordered the 
drums to beat a French march during the whole review, and the two armies 
rejoint'd with the most livily lU^monslrations of reciprocal satisfaction. 

.SPLENDID CONDUCT Ol' rKKNClI TK(X)PS 

The di.scipliiie displayed by the French troo])s while in the 
States, and especially in their marches through the country, and 
particularly their respect for property, was so great, not even 
taking fruit without ])ennission, that Rociiamurau and his 
officers were literally overwhelmed with atldresses of congrat- 
ulations and mingled expressions of admiration and gratitude. 

QUAKER TESTIMONY 

In passing through Philadelphia a deputation of Quakers 
addressing him said: 

General, it is not on accoiuit of thy military (jualities tliat we make tlvee 
this visit; those we hold in little esteem, but thee art the friend of man- 
kind and thy army conducts itself with the utmost order and di.scipline. 
It is this which induces us to render thee our respects. 

FRENCH .STRENCTII 

The following return shows the active strength and absentees 
of the French army at this time: 

General situation of the aiiiiy nndci- the orders of M . le Count de Ro- 
elianiheau for the period September /p, /yS>. 





Composition of the regiments 
to Sept. 19. 1782. 


RKC.IMKNTS. 


Present offi- 
cers and 
nieti of all 

arms. 


Absentees. 


Total. 




312 


195 
172 

190 

23 

8 
80 


996 
994 
970 

502 








Auxonnc: 






27 
476 


35 
556 








3.938 


I, loS 


5.047 



490 .Ifln- Yorktoii'u 

vShowiiig the hiKli state of tliscipliue luaiutained, it should be 
atkled that aside from the 24 deaths there were but 28 deser- 
tions during the previous period. The entire company of 
mineurs was detached to Feltz Point. Among the absentees. 
477 were on special dutj- at various places, and 631 in hospital. 

A KKTK DAV IX C.VMP 

On September 21, at \'erplanks Point, the officers of the 
American army celebrated the second anniversary of the first 
meeting of Washington and Rochambe.vu by a reception and 
feast to their French allies. The two generals honored the 
event 1)\' their presence. ■ 

BRITISH DESIGNS 

The fleet of M. de Vaudreuil at the end of September was 
anchored in two detachments, one at Boston the other at Ports- 
mouth, X. H. 

The British, notwithstanding Franklin's epigram "they are 
unable to carry on the war and too proud to make peace," were 
seriously contemplating an attack on these divided forces. 
Washington with his usual alacrity not only informed ^'au- 
dreuil what was in the wind, but prompted the governors of 
Ma.ssachusetts and New Hampshire to get their militia in shape 
for the emergency should it arise. 

Comte de Segur, son of Marquis de Segur, mini.ster of war, 
and Prince de Broglie. of one of the noted niilitarv families of 
France, with strong letters of introduction from Franklin, were 
the latest acquisitions to the French army, although the likeli- 
hood of further active service against the British was growing 
more arid more remote. 

ORDERS TO MARCH TO BOSTON 

The French conmiander, having received orders to march to 
Boston for embarkation for the West Indies, broke camp near 
Verplanks Point October 22, marching by way of Hartford 
and Providence. The American arm\- at the same time moved 
up, crossing the Hudson at West Point. 



After Yorklotvti 491 

On the last day but two of November the Americans went 
into winter cantonment at New Windsor, Wasliington again 
establishing his headquarters at Newburgh. 

I'AKTING HONORS 

The l)reaking of camp and marching of Rochambeau and 
his troops out of the allied lines after the brilliant services 
together against the last British force in the field was a source 
of deep emotion among the officers of both armies. The feeling 
extended even to the soldiers, among whom passed many scenes 
of affection. 

On account of militar>- considerations no formal demonstra- 
tions were had, but the sentiments of regret were none the less 
strong. 

EN KOUTE — .\T HARTFOKD 

The French moved by easy marches. Arriving at Hartford, 
Rochambeau halted his men for about eight days, awaiting 
the readiness of the fleet to take the troops aboard. On Novem- 
ber 4, breaking camp, he again advanced eastward. 

AT PROVIDENCE 

As the French corps approached Providence, October 28, 
1782, Rochambeau applied to the governor for quarters for his 
officers in that cit>-. The matter having been turned over to 
the town council, the reque.st was promptly complied with. On 
November 8 Rochambeau and staff reached the city. The 
troops followed two days later, at first going into camp on 
the east side of Pawtucket turnpike, north of the city line, but 
a few days later were comfortably quartered in barracks pre- 
pared for them. The officers were distributed through the 
town as guests of distinguished citizens— RochambE.-VU with 
the governor. 

Owing to the continued sjtate of war on the part of England 
with France, neither country under the alliance being permitted 
to make peace with that power except it included the other, the 



492 After YorktoivH 

West Indies was the scene of considerable naval activit\'. 
Therefore, the departure of the French fleet and army was kept 
secret. It was generally given out the corps had niarchctl to 
the eastward to go into winter quarters. To give the ruse that 
appearance they began the erection of cantonments about i y'l 
miles northea.st of the Market vSquare of Providence on the 
western .slope of the northern end of Prospect Hill, which was 
well sheltered and in every way suitable for the purpose. 

COURTKSIES To K0CH.V:MHK.\U 

The general assembly of Rhode Ishuul jointly jiresented the 
Count with an address expressive of their .seii.se of admiration 
and appreciation, as follows: 

The CoMTK Die RoCH.\MHi;.\u: 

The governor, council and representatives of the State of Rhode Island 
and Providence Plantations in general assembly convened, lieing incited 
by "the sinceresl attachment and respect, present their most affectionate 
and cordial acknowledgments to your excellency and the officers and 
troops composing the army under your command for the great and eminent 
services rendered since your first arrival in this State. Nothing can eijual 
our admiration at the manner in which you have participated with the 
Arm)' of the United States in the fatigues, the toils, and the glory that 
have attended the allied armies, but the magnanimity of the father of his 
people and protector of the rights of mankind. 

Our inquietude at the prospect of your removal would be irrepressible 
but from the fullest conviction of the w'isdom that directs the councils of 
His Most Christian JIajcsty. Hay Heaven reward your exertions in the 
cause of humanity and the particular regard you have paid to the rights 
of the citizens, and may your laurels be crowned by the smiles of the Iwst 
of kings and the grateful feelings of the most generous of people. 

Done in general a.s.sembly at East Greenwich this 27th day of November, 
A. D. 17S2, and in the seventh year of independence. 

I have the honor to be, in behalf of the council and representatives, witli 
great esteem and respect. 

Your excellency's most obedjent and very humble servant, 

Wii.i.i.vM C.RKENK, Governor. 

I!y onler: 

Samii;i. W'aki), Secretary. 

To which the Count replied: 

GENTI.EMKN: It IS with inexpressible pleasure that I and the trixips 
mider my connnand have receiveil tlie marks of esteem and of acknowledg- 



After Yorklimni 4^3 

iiieiit which you are so good as to give to the services which we have 
been happy enough to render to the United .States jointly with the 
American Army under the orders of General Washington. This State is 
the first we have been acquainted with. The friendly behavior of its 
inhabitants now and at our arrival here will give them always a right. to 
our gratitude. 

The confidence you have in the wi.sdom of the views of our Sovereign a.s 
to the di.spo.sition and march of his troops iiuust likewise assure you that 
on no occasion whatever will he sej^arate his interests from tho.se of his 
faithful allies. 

Le Comte de RoCH.\MBE.-\.l'. 

The organization and personnel of the general .staff, field, line, 
and rank and file of the French army when it marched back to 
Rhode Island on November, 1782, were practically the same as 
when it marched away in June, 1781. \'icomte de Rocham- 
beau was absent. Corny, commissary of war, had returned to 
France. Marquis de \'atil)anii had been added as second aid 
to RoCHAJiBKAi'; DeLange and Desoteaux were added and De 
Sange had disappeared from the staff of Baron de \'iomenil; 
De Tressan was in the place of Saiunaun as aid to De Choisy; 
Romanz had become first aid to the colonel commandant of 
artiller}-. 

During the halt at Providence the higher officers .seized the 
opportunity to make visits to old friends at Newport in order to 
enjoy a few fleeting moments of hos])itality and farewell. 

KOCHAMBEAU TAKES LEAVE OF HI.S VAMANT FRENCHMEN. 

On November 29 Comte de Rochambeau took leave of his 
troops, placing Baron de \'iomeiiil, next in rank, in command, 
and returned to headquarters at Newburgh. 

GENERAL and MRS. WASHINGTON EXTEND HOSPITAI.ITV 

General and Mrs. Washington gave to the great soldier of 
France and suite a mo.st cordial entertainment of welcome and 
departure on their way from Rhode Island to Philadelphia and 
Annapolis to embark for F'rance. 

The Marquis de Chastellux in his memoirs of travels, in con- 
nection with this last meeting of General Washington and 



494 After Yorktoiun 

Count DK RociiAMBKAU, gives an interesting account of the 
unostentatious surroundings of the commander in chief. It 
was Decern Ix-r 5, 17S2: 

We passed the North ( Ihulson ) River as night came on ami arrived at 
6 o'clock at Xcwburfjh. where I found Mr, and Mrs. Washington, Colonels 
Humphreys and Tilghniaii and also Major Walker. 

A PEN PICTfRE 

The marquis vividly describes the hou.se .so famihar to everj' 
one actjuainted with the closing military .scenes of the war for 
independence, and continuing — 

I found the company assembled in a small room which served as a par- 
lour. At 9 o'clock supper was .served. When the hour of bedtime came 
I found that the chamber to which the General conducted me was the very 
parlour I sjieak of, wherein he had had them place a bed. 

We assembled at breakfast the next morning at 10, during which in- 
terval my bed was folded up and my chamber became my sitting room for 
the whole afternoon, for Anierican manners do not admit of a bed in the 
room in which company is received, especially when there are women 
present. 

The smallne.ss of the house and the difficulty to which I ssiw Mr. and 
Mrs. Wa.shington had put themselves to receive me, made me apprehensive 
lest M. RoCH.VMBK.M', who was to set out the day after me, might arrive 
on the da\' I remained at head(juarters, .so I therefore sent to Fishkill to 
meet him with a request to .staj- there that night. 

My express found him already at the landing, where he slept, and did 
not join us till the next morning as I was setting out. 

AKKIVAI, .\T BOSTON 

After a halt of two weeks the French army resumed its march 
and entered Boston during the first week of December, having 
made the distance from Providence in two days. 

Very shortly after going into camp the governor, John Han- 
cock, and council tendered to the commanding general, Count 
Viomenil, and Vaudreuil, admiral commanding the fleet, and 
their officers, a public dinner at which stiitable addresses were 
made voicing opinion, official and public, in Mas.sachusetts and 
throughout the States upon the .sen-ices of the French troops 
and ships in bringing the war to a triumphant success. 



Aflrr Yorktown 495 

Among the parting amenities Congress, on September 3, by 
resolution in testitnou}' of their sense of appreciation of the gen- 
erosit}' of the French King presented to the French minister, 
ChevaHer de la L,uzerne, the America, a 74-gun ship of the line 
but recentlj' built for the American nav\-, for the service of his 
King, the I\Iag)iifiquc, a 74-gun ship of the French fleet having 
been lost in the harbor by accident in the late summer. 

WASHINGTON BIDS FAREWELL 

Washington in a letter of December 12 to Baron de Viomenil 
bids farewell to that officer and his army. After repeating the 
reason for not taking public leave, his destination then being a 
secret, and adverting to the reluctance with which he parted 
with the French armj- and the grateful sense of the verj' essen- 
tial .services the}- had rendered to America, he continued "per- 
mit me to request the favor of your excellency to make the 
necessary apologies for me; to express to both officers and men 
how warmly I feel myself interested in whatever conceriis their 
honor and glorj- and to assure them it is ni)^ ardent wish that 
victory may attend them where\'er the orders of their sovereign 
may direct their arms." 

viomenil' S TOUCHING REPLY 

On December 18 the baron sent the following replj-: 

The veneration with which this army wa.s penetrated, from the first \ 
moment they had the honor of being presented to your excellency by 
Comte DE RoCH.\MBE.4.u, their confidence in your talents and the wisdom 
of your orders, the remembrance of \-our kindness and attention and the 
esJample you set them in every critical circum.stance, the approbation, 
regret, and wishes you have honored them with at their departure; these 
are considerations by which you may be assured there is not an individual 
officer in this army who is not sensibly touched, as he is flattered by your 
approbation; or who does not exceedingly regret that the secret of our 
destination deprived them of the pleasure of being again presented by 
Comte DE RoCHAMBEAU to pay their respects to your excellency, and to 
express their feelings on the occasion. Having thus interpreted their 
feelings to your excellency, allow me, sir, to embrace this opportunity to 
assure you that the sentiments you have already permitted me to express 
to you, \sW\ be as durable as the profound respect with which I have the 
honor to be, etc. 



496 After Yorhhra'ti 

Allhoup;li it was proposed to cinljaik and sail at once, eight- 
een days elapsed before the fleet passed out of Boston Harbor. 

This delay was largely due to the absence of authentic fnfor- 
niation of the evacuation of Charleston by the British, which 
took place December 14. 

The British, however, were evidently not counting on any 
more aggressive operations, as their fleet of 23 vessels sailed to 
the southward from New York two months before (October 23) 
in two divisions, the first consisting of 12 ships under Admiral 
Pigot, and the second, 1 1 vessels, soon after. 

The French army began embarkation on De Vaudreuil's ships, 
which numbered 13, on December 21, and all was ready to 
weigh anchor three days later. 

I'AKEWlvLI., GOOD FRIEND.S 

The entire force of the grand auxiliary army of RocHAJi- 
liK.vt', now under command of Baron De Vioraeuil, save Lau- 
zan's legion and a detachment left to guard the heavy artillery 
of the French army, sailed for Santo Domingo, then a French 
colony, having served two years and a half in America under the 
supreme command of Gen. George Washington, of Virginia, 
commander in chief of the armies of the American States, lieu- 
tenant-general in the armies of France, and commander in chief 
of the allied armies of the United States of America and France 
,in North America. 

Dtic de Lauzun with his legion remained in the States to 
await developments. The siege artillery of the I'rench army, 
left at Yorktown for the same rea.son, had been transported to 
Baltimore with a guard of 400 men detailed from the different 
regiments for that purpose. There were 400 sick, unable to be 
moved, which made 1,400 Frenchmen in all left behind, the en- 
tire force being under Due de Lauzun. The duke and his 
legion were quartered at Wilmington, Del., about 29 miles 
south of Philadelphia. 

Count de Fer.sen, first aid to Rochambeau, sailed with the 
fleet on board Lc Brave, a 74-gun ship. Chevalier d'Aniblimont 
conniianding. Comte de Deux- Fonts and three of his companies 
were on board the same vessel. 



After York town 497 

THE KING APPROVES 

During the presence of Count de. Rociiambeau in Philadel- 
phia en route, the Dana-e frigate, M. de Capellis, commanding, 
arrived with dispatches from the ministry and a personal mes- 
sage from the King, giving his entire approval of Count de 
RoCHAMBEAu's coiuluct in command of the royal auxiliary 
forces in America. 

CONllKESS — THANKS AND FAKEWELI, 

The President of Congress on a report of tlie .Secretary for 
foreign affairs, also presented to the Count the following formal 
expression of the high esteem in which he was held by the 
States in their united character upon his returning to France: 

By THE United States in Congress Assembled, January i, 1783: 

Tlie minister plenipotentiary of His Most Christian Majesty, having 
conuniinicaterl to Congress through the secretary for foreign alTairs on the 
7th of December last the resolution taken to embark the army under the 
command of Count de Rochambeai', and on the 29th (24) their having 
actually embarked and sailed, together with His Majesty's intention to 
direct them to return whenever an object should offer in which they might 
effectually cooperate with the troops of the United States; 

Resolved, That the secretary of foreign affairs inform the minister of 
Ki-ance, that though Congress can not see without regret the departure of 
any army to whose bravery and good conduct they are so greatly indebted 
for the reduction of the enemy's force in this country, yet that they have 
too much confidence in the intention of His Majesty to the interests of the 
alliance not to be persuaded that the order for the departure was dictated 
by a conviction that they could elsewhere be more usefully employed 
against the coininon enemy. 

That they wish him to make known to His Majesty the grateful sense 
they entertained of his attention to their immediate interests manifested 
in the important aid thus long afforded them and in his generous deter- 
mination to direct his troops to return to this country whenever circum- 
stances will admit of an advantageous cooperation with the arms of the 
United States; that they desire, through him, to recommend in a particu- 
lar manner Count de Roch.ambeau and the anny under his conmiand to 
the favor of His Majesty, having the highest reason to be satisfied with 
their braver}- and good conduct and with that strict discipline to which 
they are indebted for the perfect harmon}- which has so happily subsisted 
between them and the .soldiers and citizens of the United States. 

Resolved, That the President make the acknowledgments of Congress in 
a particular manner to his excellency the Count de Rochambe.^U, and 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 52 



498 After Yorkiown 

signify to him llie- hijili sense Urv ciiltrlain of the distinguished talents 
displayed bv liim to so iiiiuli adyantajje to these States in the most impor- 
tant conjunctions, as well as of the strict and exemplary disci])liiie which 
has been unifonr.ally conspicuous anionj; the troops under his connnand, 
and which have deservedly acquired the admiration and esteem of the 
citizens of these States, by whom his signal services and the delicate atten- 
tion at all times paid to their private rights will ever be held in affection- 
ate remembrance. 

HOMKWAKI) liorXD 

Comte DE RoCHAiiHKAU :vt first expected to embark on the 
frigate La (jloiir, at Philadelphia, but after a brief sojourn at 
that city in the first days of 1783 continued his journey to 
Annapolis, where the Eincraudc, another French frigate, was at 
anchor awaiting him. He was accompanied by Chevalier de 
Chastellux, M. de B^ville, General Choisy, and the entire staff 
and aides excepting Comte de Fersen, who had sailed from 
Boston with the French troops. 

The party went aboard expecting to get underway January 8, 
but it was not until three days later that the vessel sailed. 

L.'VST FAREWELL 

General Washington, with his usual thoughtful consideration 
of the proprieties of occasion as well as the promptings of obli- 
gation and affection, sent to the Count de Rochambeau and 
Marquis de Chastellux letters of farewell, which reached those 
gentlemen before the day of sailing. 

TOUCHIXG TRIBUTES 

Under date of December 14, 1782, headquarters, at Newburgh, 
he writes to De Chastellux under the endearing tealutatory: 

My Dear Chevalier: I felt too much to express anything the day I 
parted from you. A sense of your public services to this country, and 
gratitude for your private friendship, quite overcame me at the moment of 
our separation. But I should do violence to my feelings and inclination 
were I to suffer you to leave the country without the warmest assurances 
of an affectionate regard for your person and character. 

After referring to " our good friend, the Marquis de Lafay- 
ette " as having prepared him long before meeting " for those 



After Yoi'ktoivti 499 

impressions of esteem which opportunities and your own benev- 
olent mind have since led into a deep and lasting friendship, 
which neither time nor distance can eradicate," the great 
Washington continues — 

I can truly say, that never in my life have I parted with a man to whom 
my soul clave more sincerelj- than it did to you. * * * and be assured 
that it will be one of ray highest gratifications to keep up a regular inter- 
course with you b}' letter, 

The general in chief further expressed his regret that circum- 
stances should withdraw him — 

from this country before the final accomplishment of that independence 
and peace which the arms of our good ally have assisted iti placing before 
us in so agreeable a point of view. 

Continuing — 

Nothing would give me more pleasure than to accompanj' you in a tour 
through the continent of North America at the close of the war, in search 
of the natural curiosities with wliich it abounds and to vieiv the founda- 
tion of the rising empire." 

On the same day of his affectionate and prophetic letter to 
Chevalier de Chastellux, Washington sent by express this 
equally totiching valedictory to Comte de Rochambeau, not 
being willing to have him depart from the countrj- without 

" De Chastellux (Francis John) Marquis de, was one of the most distinguished of the 
able superior officers of the French army in America. During his ser\'ice in connec- 
tion with his military- duties, when not in active campaign, he gave most of his time to 
traveling about the country and making notes of what he saw. 

.\n edition of 24 copies of his travels was printed on board one of the ships of the 
French squadron while in American waters. The complete story translated was 
printed in I^ondon in 17S7. After returning to France he was made field marshal by 
the King and member of the French .-Vcademy. .-^bout five years later he married a 
lady of unusual gifts, a relative of the Duke of Orleans. 

This event in his life he communicated (April, 1788) in a letter to Washington, who, 
in a vein of e.^cellent humor, promptly replied: 

"I saw by the eulogium you often made on the happiness of domestic life that you 
had swallowed the bait and that you would as surely be taken one day or another as 
that you were a philosopher and a soldier. So your day has at length come. I arti 
glad of it with all ni^- heart and soul. It is quite good enough for you. Now, you are 
well served for coming to fight in favor of the American rebels all the way across the 
Atlantic Ocean by catching that terrible contagion, domestic felicity, which like the 
smallpox or plague a man can have only once in his life." 

The count died in 1793. His fortune was swept away in the upheaval of the French 
revolution. In 1795 his widow made a distressing appeal to Washington for a pension 
for herself and infant son on account of her husband's ser\'ices in .America. Pained 
as he was, no action could be taken. 



500 After Vorkloioii 

vepealing llic high sense he entertained of the sen-ices he had 
rendered to America. 

To this testimony of his ])ul)hc character lie wrote he sHonld 
he wanting to the feehngs of his heart were he not to add 
expressions of the happiness he had enjoyed in his i)rivate 
friendship, the remembrance of which would he one of the most 
])leasant circumstances of his life. 

TKorilllCS oi- VoKKTdWN 

About a fortnight later, after the Count had left camp on the 
Hudson for Philadelphia, Wa.shington followed him with 
another letter, informing him of his "infinite sati.sfaction " in 
being able to send to Philadelphia the cannon — 

which Congress were pleased to present to your excellency in lestiniony 
of their sense of llie illustrious part you bore in the capture of the Hritish 
army under I.ord Cornwallis at York in Virginia. 

The carriages were to follow by another conveyance, not 
being (juile reach', but he — 

could not resist the pleasure on that account of forwanling these pieces 
previous to your departure in hopes the inscriptions and devices as well 
as the execution may he agreeable to your wishes. 

.V I.A.ST LINK 

On January- i i, 17.S3, as the limcmiidc was about to sail, the 
Count re]ilied; 

Though 1 was gone from rhiladelphia before the cannon arrived there, 
give me leave to observe that your usual attention and jjolitene.ss have 
l)een shown to the last inouient, of which this is a fresh proof. I write to 
the Chevalier de la Luzerne to keep them till peace, when Ihey may be 
carried over without danger of being taken. We are just gelling under 
sail. In this moment I renew to your excellency my sincere acknowledg- 
ments iox your frienilshi]) ami am, with the most inviolable attachment 
and respect, your most obedient servant, etc. " 

l'.\KT.\XT I'Ol'R I,.\ 1K.\N-CF; 

With these parting words the F.wciaudr spread her .sails for 
h'rance. 

"Tile cannon were sent to RoCH.\MltKAC after pe.ice li.nd been declare*!, am) were 
mounted on his estate. 



After Yorktoivn 501 

ON THK WATCH l^'OK KOCIIAMBEAU 

The English at New York, advised of the pui'pose of 
RocHAMBEAU to Sail on the Emcrmtdc from the Chesapeake, 
sent a ship of the line and two frigates to cruise off the Capes 
in hope of effecting his capture. 

The l-imcraudc cleared the Capes January 14, 1783, in a 
fresh northwest breeze. Scarcely had the land vanished below 
the horizon than a frigate of the enemj^ hove in .sight from the 
.south. The Enwraude quickly changing her conr.se, and night 
approaching, pointed to the north. The wind about the same 
time shifted to the northeast. The enemy taking advantage of 
this fa\-orable situation advanced by the larboard quarter in an 
effort to catch the Frenchman between himself and the coast, 
at the same time putting about gave the Emcraudc a broadside. 

The French commander di.scovering his antagonist to be a 
ship of the line at once realized the better part of valor was to 
escape, if possible. Therefore, crowding on all .sail he pointed 
for the open sea. 

AN EXCITING CHASE 

A clever test of the sailing qualities of the two .ships and sea- 
manship on the part of their commanders followed. During 
the entire night in the bright light of the moon and all the 
next day and into the next night there was an exciting race, 
the Englishman keeping it up for thirty hours. Twice the 
vessels were within cannon shot and exchanged broadsides. 

The most embarrassing part of the race was a sudden abate- 
ment of the wind. Finding the Englishmen gaining, all spare 
ma.sts, yards, and a few carronades were thrown overboard. 
Thus lightened, the Emcraudc began to put distance between 
herself and the pursuing craft and finall\- left her out of sight, 
havin.g sailed about So leagues ( 250 miles 1 south of her course. 

On January 16 the ship encountered hurricane weather which 
followed her to Cape Finisterre, but at last entered the river 
Nantes in .safety in the fir.st month of spring, having expe- 
rienced a harrow escape from capture by the English .squadron 
in wait for him off the French coast. 



502 After Y()rkt(ra<ii 

The first news to greet the Count was the conchisioii of peace 
between the States and Great Britain and also Ijetween France 
aud her ancient eneni\-. 

A CII.VKACTKK SKKTCH 

The characterof RoCHAMBEAuhad many phases of the world's 
estimate of greatness. In some respects he ' possessed strong 
points of resemblance to Washington. Their habits of thought, 
exploitation of methods, initiative and application were strik- 
ingly similar, which fact, as much as any other consideration, 
led to that remarkable reciprocation of respect and action which 
culminated' in brilliant success. 

RoCHAMBEAU WES a man oi perfect equipoise. Had he not 
been, the trials, jierplexities, and annoyances of his position 
and surroundings would ha\e led to di.sa.ster. 

He shared with Washington a just apprehension of the feasi- 
bility of bringing together on a common line of military duty 
officers and men who hitherto had been on opposite sides in 
politics and on the battle line of antagonizing forces, of which 
the American colonies were a prominent factor. 

The reconciliation of the issues of the past was one of the 
greatest triumphs of Rochambe.\U in America. The very first 
act of his advent upon the scene after landing his men on the 
continent, where for more than a century their predecessors had 
served in the character of enemies, was to place himself and his 
-armj', without mental reser\-ation or suljjunctives, under the 
orders of his American chief, whom he had never .seen, and of 
whose characteristics he knew nothing. In their intercourse, 
after he complied with every request and coincided in every 
command, even if not precisely in line with his own judgment, 
a feeling of irritation if not discouragement would have been 
natural under the inces.sant pricking and insimiation of Briti.sh 
and Tory influences, especialh' in that Washington studiously 
delayed a conference, did not desire to meet him, and did only 
after months of studied delay, when the desperate extremity of 
the American situation demanded outside aid or submission. 

Left for nearly a year without a word from his Govenmient 
or the fulfillment of the promises to him of the full detail of his 



After York town 503 

army, subjected to iiiiportuuities which did not concern him 
nor the destiny of his doing, the conduct of some of his own 
officers in outspoken comment upon the neglect of his Govern- 
ment, and apparent indifference of the American, which more 
or less affected the force of his authority, were sufficient to dis- 
turb and test the nobility of character and equanimity of the 
most calm of men. But not so Rochambeau. He went for- 
ward in the path, of duty undisturbed by petty cavilings and 
criticism, without apology or explanation, even to those nearest 
to him in rank and in the closer ties of friendship. The 
qualities which in Washington were the moral law of life 
were in Rochambeau a religion. The more trying the situa- 
tion the more resolute his three strong points — fortitude, 
endurance, and equanimity. Like Washington again, he was 
a man of concentration and reserve. He had the full conviction 
of duty and unbounded self-control. He was wise in resolve, 
sagacious in counsel, prompt in preparation, and exact in 
execution. 

In deportment he was alwa}-s easy and courteous. His 
deference toward his American chief was at all times an example 
to his army, from the second in connnand to the man behind 
the bayonet. 

It was the moral exaltation of Rochambeau which brought 
victory to the allied standards as much as the gallantry of the 
brave Frenchmen subject to his command. 

peace 

The packet Washington, Captain Barney, which sailed from 
rOrient January 17, 1783, reached Philadelphia, March 12, 
with news of the signing of the preliminary articles of peace 
between Great Britain and the United States at Paris on 
November 30, 1782. 

The definitive treaty of peace which acknowledged the inde- 
pendence of the United States of America was not concluded 
and signed (also at Paris) until September 3, 1783. This pact 
under the stipulations of the alliance was accompanied by a 
similar instrument between France and England. 



504 After Yoiktoivn 

Uix)ii receiving the cheering achieves of a general peace, 
Washington wrote a letter of intense gratification to Chevalier 
de la lyU/erne the French ininistcr at Philadelphia, in the cowrse 
of which he said: 

Till- part your l-xi-c1U-iu v lias actiil in llu- cause of America, ami the 
jjreat and benevolent share you have taken in the estahlisnnient of her 
independence, are deeply inii>ressed on my mind an<l will not be efTaced 
from my renKnibr.inee or that of the citizens of America. 

Tin-: I. AST I'KKNCII TROOPS DEPART 

As soon as the terms of a general peace w^ere practicallj' 
agreed njion between the three powers, the troops of De Lauztni 
at Wilmington, Del., and the detachment at Baltimore tuider 
General Lavalette, in charge of the French artillery and stores 
and the French sick, moved to a point of rendezvous on the 
Delaware River, where they embarked and .sailed from the 
capes on Maj' 12. 

From headtjiiarters, two days before the transports left the 
Delaware, Washington look occasion to write to General Lan- 
/iin" "That viewing the peace .so near a final conclusion " he 
conld not hold himself "justified in a desire to detain the 
troops tnider yotir command from the expectations of their 
sovereign or to prevent their own wishes of a return to their 
native country and friends." 

'I Due ck* l.aii/iin, who cuiuinaiuk-d in .\inerica a k-gioii of lancers and hus.snrs 
known t>y his name in tlic .army of Kociiambeau, hod gift^ of mind and body, nmch 
wealth, and valor. In .\mcrica he was one of the most popular of the liiglily 
esteemed officers of the I'reneh army. 

His military services always meriled commcuilation. -M Lebanon. Coiin.. when in 
winter tpiarters with his legion, he was well thought of by Covernor Trumbull and the 
distinguished men who gathered there as well as by the entire ]»opnlati<m of the town. 

His set vices at Yorktown were of inestimable value in defeating Tarletou. the relent- 
less legionary phnulerer of \'irginia. 

When the auxiliary army sailed for the We.st Indies in December. 1782. he was left 
for a longer period in command in America. 

.\tter returning to France he accompanied the famous Talleyrand on a mission to 
l\ugland. While there he became one y>{ the intimates of the Prince of Wales, after- 
wards Oeorge IV. 

lie succeeded to the ducal title by right upon the death of his uncle Duke de Biron. 

During the storms of the Kreiich Kevolulion, having been discovered secretly favor- 
ing the Vendeaus, he was gnilh>tiiied December 31. 1793. 

His career had all the elements of romance in real life. Two officers of his regiment, 
the brothers Dillon, who commanded the regiment of that name under D'Kstaing at 
Savannah, also suffered death by the guillotine. 



After Yorktozini 505 

Nor could he omit to express to the duke himself — 

and to all the brave officers and soldiers of your corps the high esteem 
I have for them and the regard I shall ever entertain for their services in 
the cause of the T'nited States, to whose independence and establishment 
as a nation thev have contributed a noble share. 

EAKI.V IJOUHTS SIIATTKK]-:D )!V EXPERIENCE 

The early apprehensions of Congress, of Washington and of 
the people at large, as to the wisdom of permitting a foreign army 
to land upon American soil, even in the interests of the struggle 
against a hostile sovereignty and in support of independence 
were at no time justified by the slightest incident of an unfavor- 
able nature. And above all, nor did France ever as a conces- 
.sion in return, a.sk an .inch of American territory for any pur- 
pose, nor a phrase of capitulatory understanding beyond the 
u.sual subjects of convention between States. 

KKKXCH IMPRESS 

The presence of the French officers and soldiers exerted an 
influence beyond the politics of physical force and numbers, in 
overturning British rule in the States. During their eleven 
months in quarters at Newport and camp at Providence, R. I., 
and eight months at Williamsburg, Va., not speaking of their 
camps in the Highlands of the Hudson, at Annapolis, and Bal- 
timore, and marches going and coming aggregating more than 
1,500 miles by land and water, and intercourse with the officers 
of the American army, they undoubtedly made a pronounced 
impression upon polite life in general and gave a French trend 
to the tran.sition from Colonial to National, State, and munici- 
pal social institutions. The staff, field, and line, in many cases 
represented the very best nobility of blood and individual cul- 
ture of a country famed for etiquette, good breeding, affability, 
and address. This was especially so with respect to Rocham- 
BEAU, De Noailles, De Deux-Ponts, De Lauzun, and others, 
representing the court life of the ancient monarchy. It is one 
of the highest merits in their behalf to note how affably they 



5o6 



After ] 'orkloiuii 



adapted themselves to their surrouiuHiiss and mingled with the 
people. The correspondeiioe of \\'ashin^:;loii alone is snfiieient 
testimonial in support of the asseveration. In many of our own 
families, h\- tradition, oorrespondenee, and heirlooms we have 
unmistakahle leslimon\- of the fact. 



FKICNCII "AI.I.IANCK" IX MATKKIAI. Or WAR 

The followins; reci^pitnlation of ships, guns, seamen, regi- 
ments, men, and muskets will afford at a glance a statistical 
view of the substantial aid rendered by the King of France in 
carrying to success the war for American independence: 

J\iiii/>iliiliiiii»i " 

SUA I'OWliR 





Vessels. 


Guns. 


Officers. 


Volun- 
teers. 


Crew. 


Total. 




36 

7 


■ ,»3i 
494 


478 
181 


33 
>7 
>5' 

ie 


11,040 
3.939 
"1.477 

4.433 


X.551 
4,216 
». »3 

4.639 






Uc Guicheii's contingent with 






Total 


63 


3.668 


1.494 


ai6, 


30,889 


33,609 





nThc basis of tnbulntioii. excepting the number of guns, is tnken from "l«es Com- 
bnttnnls I'ranyais dc la (iiierrv Aniericainc, 177S-17S3," n work conipilctl by a coutniis- 
sion npiKjinlvd by General Porter, president of the "'.SYviWi' /'« I'muce 0/ Sons of the 
A Mt'iuatt A't'vo/uttoN," fnim the nnpublished records of the French fleets and armies 
in America, in the archives of Paris. 

I.es Conikittaiits l'ran<;ais was first published in French by the niinistr>" of foreign 
afTaiis, but being without iuilex, the voliinie was almost useless for reference. To 
supply this gap Colonel Chuille-l.ong, registrar, Sons of the American Jicvolntion in 
l-'rance, undertook the fatiguing task of translation and indexing (without connwnsa- 
tion). The resurrection from oblivion of the .ih.<.>oo names of the l-'rench sailors and 
soldiers who fought for American independence cxmstitntes a work of iniportatice for 
the historians of both I-rance and America. The translator and editor was nbly 
seconded by C.en. Thomas Vincent, V. S. Army. Major beach and Captain Rhodes, of 
the General Staff of the Army, and particularly by Mr, \V. B, Turner, printing clerk of 
the Senate, who prepared the French und Uuglish texts for publication as Senate Doc- 
ument No. 77. 



After Yoiktozvii 

I\Ccal>iluhilioii — Continued. 

I.AND I-OKCKS 



507 





Officers. 


Men. 


Total. 


D' Esiaing {1778-79) . 
KcRimcnts: 

IlainauH 


14 
II 
64 
32 


497 

346 

1,100 

500 


511 

357 

1, 164 

532 


De Foix 


De Dillon 


De Wnlsli 




Total laii.l army 


121 


2.443 


2,564 




Koihumhcau {1780-1783) 
Regiments; 

IJoiirbomiais 

Soissomiais \\\ 


69 

63 

53 
49 
5 
10 
10 


■ , 151 

1,185 

1,257 

1, 100 

548 

302 

60 

300 

300 


1,220 
1.250 
1,322 
1. 163 
601 

% 
310 
310 


Royal Ucux-Poiits 




Mctz, 6 companies 




I,ejfion of I^anzan lancers, 2 companies 

Hussars, 2 companies 




Total • 


389 


6,203 


6,592 




Df Grasse{i78t) 
Regiments; 

Ag^nois 


66 

58 
63 


1,100 
I, 239 


1,166 
1.297 
1,061 


Tonraine 


Gatinais (Royal Auvergne) 




Total 


187 


3.337 


3.524 





Entire strength of land forces sent by the King of France to render aid to 
the United States in their struggle for indfptiidfiia\ '//S-zySj 





Officers. 


Men. 


Total. 




i2r 

389 
187 


2.443 
6,203 
3.337 


2.564 
6,592 


Rochambeau 


De Grasse 






Grand total 


697 


n.983 


12,680 





Thi.s i.s excliLsive of the "garri.sons" of infantry on the ves- 
.sels of the fleet, taking the place of marines of the present day, 
there being from loo to 150 men on each of the larger vessels, 
nor does it take into account drafts sent to repair casualties. 



5oS -'ijli'i' Vorkloion 

GRAND TOTAL 

The entire strength of the land and naval armies sent- by 
France lo the assistance of the American States, 1 778-1 783: 
Thirty-five battahons of grenadiers and infantry, 7 companies 
of artillery, 2 companies of lancers, 2 companies of hussars — 
total, 12,680 officers and men; 63 ships of the line, frigates, 
and smaller vessels of war, exclusi\'e of transports, carrj'ing 
3,668 guns and 32,609 officers and men. 

Total of land and sea forces of France, cooperating with or 
auxiliary to w-ar-like operations in the States, 45,289 officers 
and men. 

Thirty-six transports conveying the auxiliary arm^- of Count 
DE ROCHAMBEAU, manned approximately by 2,700 navigating 
and petty officers and crew. 

Total militarj', naval and transport .service of France in the 
States: Men, 47,989; vessels of war and transports, 99. 

RATING OK SHIPS 

In the cla.ssification of vessels of war, in the fleets of D'Es- 
taing, De Ternay, and De Grasse, the ship of the line corre- 
sponded to the modern battle shiji, having large propelling power 
and powerful Ijatteries in innnhcr of guns. calil)er and range, 
velocity, and weight of metal. 

A ship of the line of the LWnnibal \ 1 laiinibai) class with a 
complete quota of officers and full comjilement of seamen of all 
classes and equipment of guns, was one of the most formidable 
fighting craft of the day afloat. 

In the hVench fleets .sent to assist the States in their first 
struggle with England were ships of the line of the highest 
class, with crews of 500 to i.ioo, and 60 to 100 guns. 

The frigates of these fleets, like all vessels of that rate in the 
latter part of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth 
centuries, were the coordinate of the cruiser of the clo.se of the 
nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, being rapid 
sailers. They were usually manned by from 250 to 400 officers 
and seamen and mounted from 30 to 60 guns of all calibers on 



After Yoyktoxvn 509 

an upper and lower deck or on the main deck, and raised quar- 
ter and forecastle decks. 

The smaller vessels of the sloop or frigate rate, corvettes, 
cutters, and tenders, were few in number and held but an un- 
important place in these fleets owing to limited sail area and 
inability to operate efficiently with the larger craft, which were 
of the ver}' best design, construction, equipment, and command, 
and wherever engaged in not too great disparity were more than 
a match for the enemy. 

FRENCH "alliance" IN COIN 

The financing of the American revolution by France is the 
most remarkal)le instance of its kind in the history of nations. 
When the cash was advanced and the costly fleets and armies 
were .sent to America at the .sole expense of the French King, 
no encouraging indications were in .sight that he would ever 
receive a cent in return. The trend of events at the time were 
decidedly in the opposite direction. In addition, the failure 
of the States was likel)- to bear heavily upon the fortunes of 
France. 

The last British army in the field having surrendered, it was 
not until the conclusion of the preliminary treaty of peace 
(November 30, 1782) was in sight that a convention was 
arranged (July 16, 1782) " for making a particular statement 
of the amount of pecuniary supplies furnished by France to 
the United States advanced under the title of a loan 1778, 1779, 
17S0, 1781, 1782," amounting to the sum of -18,000,000 livres 
in the money of France, approximately $3,600,000 in the money 
of the United States. 

Again in need of funds to go into business as an independent 
State, before the conclu.sion of the definitive treaty of peace 
(September 3, 1783), another convention (February 25, 1783) 
was arranged between France and the United States ' ' for a new 
advance of six niilliou of livres tournois " as a loan, on the 
guarantee of the whole thirteen United States, which the Con- 
gress ' ' declared acceptance of with the livelie.st acknowledg- 
ment in the name of the said States. ' ' 



5IO After York town 

The cash output of France, therefore, iu behalf of American 
independence, aggregated a sum far greater than the States 
possessed in coin of their own of any kind during the entire 
contest, ahnost every dollar of it spent within their borders. 

The livre, "money of France" (i8J^ sousj, 18,000,000 was 
equivalent to $3-333.333 coin. 

The livre tournois (20 sous), 6,000,000 to about $1,200,000 
coin. 

In the "paper" of the United States, emitted by Congress iu 
bills of credit for the defense of America known as "Conti- 
nental money," the value of these French loans w'as beyond 
computation. In F^ebruary, 1778, the month of the treaty of 
"alliance," $ioo in specie was rated at $350 in Contiuental 
paper. In the year of Rochambeau's arrival specie had gone 
up $100 coin to $7,400 paper. In the month of Yorktown 
Continental paper was without even promissory value. 

To these advances must be added the minimum daily cost of 
the maintenance of the force of .ships, men, and material, approxi- 
mately, while iu American waters, as follows: 

D'Estaing, Newport, R. I., and Boston, Mass., ^30,000 per day 

July 8 to November 4, 177S, 119 days I3, 570, 000 

D'Estaing, Savannah, Ga., expedition, September 3 to Octo- 
ber 10, 1779, 27 days. (This does not include voyage from 
the West Indies and return ) 810, ooo 

Ternay (navy) and Roch.\mbk.\i (anny), Brest, France, to 
Newport, R. I.; Highlands of the Hudson, N. Y.; Yorktown 
and Williamsburg, Va.; Boston, Mass., April 13, 17S0, De- 
cember 24, 1782, 9S5 days 29, 550, oco 

Total, fleets and armies 33, 930, loo 

Advances in cash 4, 533, 333 

Total war outlay and advances in cash by France 38, 463, 333 

The loans having been refunded, would still leave an outlay 
of $33,930,000, for which the French King received no substan- 
tial return whatever. 

The figures as a whole are an underestimate, con.sidering the 
purchasing power of money then and now. The equivalent 
would not fall short of $50,000,000 current value as the invest- 
ment of France in support of the States. 



UNITED STATES FRANCE 

1 783 : WASHINGTON : 1 799 •f* 1 783 : ROCHAMBEAU : 1807 
MOUNT VERNON VENDOME 

512 



ROCHAMBEAU AT COURT 

Immediatelj- upon landing Count de Rochambeau attended 
by his military entourage proceeded to \'ersailles to officially 
announce his return and make report of the closing events of 
his services in the States. The King received the \-eteran with 
distinguished consideration, and expressed in terms in the 
course of the audience that it was to his exertions and the cap- 
ture of Cornvvallis's army he owed peace with England. The 
Count begged of the King to divide his eulogium with the man 
now in misfortune through the chances of war, assuring him 
De Grasse had come to his aid upon a simple request, and with- 
out his cooperation he could not have accomplished the achieve- 
ment which merited the royal approval. 

The King replied he would never forget the services ren- 
dered by De Grasse in concert with the operations at Yorktown. 
What had happened since remained >-et to be judged. 

ROYAL FAVOR 

The next day the King sent for Rochabibeau, receiving 
him in his bedchamber, where he personally invested him with 
the blue (coidon bleu, or knighthood in the order of Saint 
Esprit, the most coveted of all ) instead of the red ribbon. He 
also designated him governor of Picardy. 

PROMOTIONS FOR SERVICE IX AMERICA 

As an additional evidence of approbation the King granted 
every request the Count solicited for the general and line offi- 
cers, subalterns, and soldiers who had served under him. Baron 
\'ionienil was promoted to lieutenant-general; Lafayette (iu the 
American army), Choisy, Seville, Cu.stine, Lauzuii, Rostaing, 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 33 ^,, 



514 Rocliambcan at Court 

and Autichamps to major-generals; d'Abboville, Desandrouin, 
Lavallette, L'Estrade, Duportail (in the American army), and 
Marquis de Deux-l^onts to brigadier; and all lieutenant-colonels 
to full colonelcies. \'icomte de Rocliambeau was made Crie\-- 
alier de St. Louis and niestre de camp, and assigned to the com- 
mand of Regiment Saintonge and subsequently of Regiment 
koyal Auvergne. 

SOLniERS REMEMBERED 

All the soldiers of tin.- auxiliar\- arni\- were granted a donative 
of three months' pay. 

KOCHAMBEAIT OX WASHINGTON. 

In his memoirs Rociiambeau comments eloquently upon 
the closing scenes of his experiences, and pays a high tribute 
to his American commauder in chief of the allied armies, 
General Washington. 

After the departure of the French army from American soil, 
Washington lived sixteen and Rochambeau twenty- four years. 
The former became President of the States he had with the 
assistance of his companion in arms brought into existence 
as a sovereign power; the latter, governor of a province and 
marshal of France. 

KETURX Ol- THE -VRMV 

Upon the return of the auxiliaries to France the superior 
officers received assignments in recognition of their ser\-ices 
in the States, the same as if performed in the line of duty in 
France. 

pleasant MEMORIES 

The feeling of admiration which had grown up among the 
officers and men for their American chief was reflected mainly 
in the correspondence between Roch.^misk.m- and Washington. 
While their letters were not frequent, judged from present-day 
methods, they were sufficiently .so for the conveniences of the 



Rochanibran at Court 515 

times. The most important subject of correspondence, and one 
calculated to keep alive the memory of the deeds of the brave 
men of Bourbonnais, Soissonnais, Agenois, and the other regi- 
ments of RocHAMBEAu and of Saint-Simon, was the military- 
order of the Cincinnati which the American officers had very 
much at heart, and into which the French officers, by permission 
of their King, entered with so much zest. 

THE CINCINX.\TI IN FRANCp: 

In 17S3 RocH.\MBE.vi' instituted the French 1)ranch cf the 
order, and with the approval of the King nominated its mem- 
bers. The story of this part of his u.seful life is replete with 
interest, exemplifying a phase of the friendship of the King 
for America and its institutions which is not publicl\- shown in 
his acts of military and na\-al cooperation. 

As this order became a liond of mutual devotion among the 
officers, .so it liecame the reminiscent tie which held in connnon 
remembrance the heroic days of the alliance. 

The influence and importance of this feature in the affairs of 
France and the States at the time is shown in a more extended 
treatment in-the chapter on the Order of the Cincinnati. 

ROCH.\.MBEAU IN ENGL.A.ND 

After the conclu.sion of peace the Government and people of 
England .signally honored Rochambe.\u during a vi.sit. The 
Count, referring to the occasion, .says: 

I took advantage during an instant of calm for a visit of twelve days 
in England. A leave so short only permitted me to see London and its 
surroundings and Port.smouth. I was received at the latter port by 
Admiral Hood, against whom I had made war. He treated nie with great 
distinction, all militpry honors, and .salutes from all the vessels. He 
allowed me to see all the fortifications of Portsmouth with the same facility 
as if I were reviewing those of Calais. I followed with curiosity the road 
which I was to take at the head of the grenadiers of the French aruij- in 
the descent we were to make upon England in 1779. I recognized the 
accuracy of the reconnoissaiice which was njade at the time b}- JI. M. de 
Paradis and Bertois, lieutenant-colonels of engineers. 



5i6 Rochatnbeau at Court 

DISTIXC.riSHKI) CO.V.SIDKKATION liV I'OST 

111 a k-U(.i<)f iJLCciiibcr, 1783. D'lvstainjj; favored Washington 
with n reiiiiiuk-r of his a(hiiiratioii of his ])ersoii and character, 
to which the General rephed in reciprocation, referring to the 
Connt as a gentleman and a soldier for whose attention to the 
American interests and cause he was impressed with the highest 
veneration. 

A correspondence of more than perfunctory interest was 
maintained 1)\- Rt)Cii.\MHKAi' and D'lvstaing on the subject 
of the "Cincinnati" in France, which explains itself in that 
connection. l)e Chastelhix sent a .short letter by L'I'!nfaiit, 
which came to hand at Mount \'crnoii; answered in June, 17.S4. 

In August ensuing Lafa\ette, who had returned to the .States 
and reached Mount \'ernon on the 17th, brought a letter from 
RoCHAMBEAi' dated June 16, one of May 4 having been received 
about the same time. 

In the first of the.se the Count apjirised his former American 
chief t)f his ai)pointment as governor of Picardy. He omitted 
to mention two jiaintings i)resented to him representing the 
capture of Yorktowii, and the English army defiling before 
the victorious troops — the Americans under Washington and 
the French under RoCiiaiibkau. 

In expressing his congratulations, Washington regarded the 
promotion a.s — 

an honorable testimony of the approt)alion of yonr prince and a just 
reward of 3'our services and merit. Should fortune ever put it in my 
power to come to France, your lieing at Calais would be an iiresistible 
inducement for me to make it a visit. 

FRANKLIN BRINGS A LKTTKK 

At the monieiit of taking leave of Doctor Franklin in June, 
1785, RoCH.vjiBE.^U took opportunity for another "renewal 
of friend.ship," to wdiich Washington replied December i, 
ob.serving — 

short oi nothint; but the satisfaction I should feel at seeing j-ou, and the 
recoUeclion of the hours in which toiling together we formed our friend- 
shi]), a friendship which I hope will continue as long as we .shall be actors 
on the present theater. 




COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU, 
Marshal of France. 



Th 



COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU 

Ma rsha! of Ft a nee 





COMTE DE ROCHAM 
Mars' 



Rochamhcait at Court 517 

EUROPEAN POIJTICS 

In January and March of 1786, Rochambeau wrote Wash- 
ington of European politics and conditions in France, of which 
the General observed: 

I need scarcely tell you that your communications ever aiTonl me the 
sincerest gratification, because they are always replete with tlie most 
friendl}- sentiments; because they insensibly bring to remembrance some 
circmnstances of that pleasing and important period we so happily passed 
together, and because you frequently have it in your power to give such 
information as in my present retirement from the busy and political world 
can not fail of being acceptable to me. 

A letter from the Count of June 28, 1786, and another of 
Ma}' 12, 1787, found answer from Mount \'ernon January 8, 
1788. > 

In the first, the Count had just returned from Holland, and 
gave an account of politics in that countr}- and the termination 
of the crisis " against the patriots." 

FORERUNNERS OF REVOI^UTION 

The interest of Washington in political movements in France 
was especially intense, he therefore expressed to the Count his 
satisfaction in hearing the "Assemblee des Notables" had been 
productive of good. He also hoped the period was not far 
distant when the union of States ' ' will make a more respectable 
figure in the eyes of Europe than it has hitherto done. 

He was confident when the Constitution, formed by the late 
convention (1787), should be established — 

we shall regain the confidence and credit among the European powers, 
which want of energy in the present confederation has depriveil us of, and 
shall likewise feel the benefit of the commercial and political advantages 
which our situation holds out to us. 

DEATH OF DE GRASSE 

In a letter of January, 17S8, the Count advi,sed Washington 
of the death of De Grasse. In reply (April 28 J he expressed his 
sorrow to learn "our gallant coadjutor in the capture of Corn- 
wallis is no more. Yet his death is not perhaps so much to be 



5i8 Rochamhcau at Court 

deplored as his latter days were to W ])ilied. ' ' A more extended 
accomit nf sympathy fi)r Ihis uiiforUuiate hero is contained in-a 
sketch of his life. 

AFFAIRS IN FRANCE 

A letter of June 15, 178S, from tlie Count did not reach 
Mount \'crnon until six months later, January, ij.Sy. This 
conmuuiication was important as giving an inside view of the 
condition of affairs in France inunediately preceding the clash 
of the Revolution. In giving his opinion of the King, Wa.sh- 
iugton wrote: 

Tlu- upright iiiU-ulioiis which I have iihvay.slifi.-ii tauglit to hclicvi; were 
]K>ssessc'ii bv the present King of I'Vance and the iiiilioniKleil affection 
which the inhabitants of that country are aocustonied to enlerlain for their 
monarch have persuaded me that alTair.s will all go right and that the tem- 
porary derangement will ultimately terminate in the permanent welfare of 
the Kingdom. 

This letter is a long one and shows how the two men inter- 
changed views for nuitual enlighteimieut on jiolitics on two 
hemispheres. 

THK ST.VTKS IN A I'l.KASINC STRAIN 

In January and I'Yhruary of 1789 RocnAMBK.\i" wrote to his 
former American chief concerning the affairs of France, but 
Washington, then President of the United States, owing to "a 
tedious indisposition" and "numerous avocations since," had 
no " lei,sure for the agreeable duties of friendship" until the 
following October. In his reply he .spoke of the ' ' pleasure of 
renewing the intercour.se ' ' and to enhance his .satisfaction by 
telling him ' the pohtical aflFairs of the United States are in so 
jileasiug a train as to promise re.spectability to their dovernmeut 
and liai)piness to our citizens." 

AN EARNEST I'KAVKR FOR l-RANClv 

He also expressed the deepest concern in the Re\-olutiou in 
France and expressed as the .sentiment of his fellow-citizens an 
earnest prayer "that it may terminate in the permanent honor 
and prosperity of the Governmeivt and people." 




CHATEAU DE ROCHAMBEAU AT TORE NEAR VENDOME, FRANCE. 




CHATEAU DL KuCHAMBEAU AT TORE NEAR VENDOME, 
FAQADE ON THE LOIRE. 



Rochavibcau at Court 519 

d'estaing presents tennant 

In May Comte D'Estaing seized the opportunity of the 
voyage of M. de Tennant to the United States, as the diplomatic 
representative of repubhcan France, to present that functionary 
to President Washington. 

WELFARE OP FRANCE DEAR 

In reply, commenting upon the upheaval iu France, he wrote: 

The welfare of the French nation can not but be dear to this country, 
and that its happiness may in the end be established on the most perma- 
nent and lilieral foundation is the ardent wish of c\ery true American, and 
of none more sincerel}' than of him who has the honor to be, etc. 

GOVERNOR OF PIC.\RDV 

In his civil capacity as governor of a province Rochamkeau 
served five years (1784-1789), winning laurels as he had in 
war. From this post (1788-89) he was transferred to Alsace 
to restore order. During the uproar which preceded and inau- 
gurated the popular tumult in France, he maintained order 
in this troubled section by the equanimity and solidity of his 
character. 

AG.AIN IN MIIJT.AKY COMMAND 

In 1 790 he was assigned to the command of the army of the 
nortli. In this post he displayed the same genius for meeting 
difficult situations as he had in the States. 

In 1791 in consideration of his loyalty he was exalted by the 
King to the military dignity of marshal of France. 

In 1792 he favored a defensive campaign in event of war with 
Germany as better for France under existing conditions, but the 
councils of the Government, influenced by Dumouriez, decided 
otherwise. 

SAVED THE DAY .AT QUIVERAN 

The desperate clash at Quiveran would have witnessed the 
obliteration of Dumouriez and the complete rout of the French 
army, but for the loj'al veteran of the war in the American 
States hastening to the rescue with three regiments and eight 
cannon. 



520 Rochambeaii at Court 

RETIRES TO VENDOME 

111 Juue of the same 3'ear, dissatisfied witli the treatment he wa's 
receiving from men manifestly unfit for such a crisis, the hero 
of Vorktown resigned and retired to his estate near Vendome. 

THK KKVOLl TION 

On August lo, 1792, came tlie outbreak of the revoUition, 
the storming of the'Tuileries, collapse of the monarchy and 
rise of the so-called Republic. 

IN THE SHADOW OF THE GUILLOTINE 

The "Terror" found Rochamhkau in peaceful retirement, 
yet he was carried to Paris and imprisoned in the Conciergerie 
upon a trumped up charge. His American cannon were seized 
by the mob and converted into coin. After an imprisonment 
of months, upon his own demand he was summoned liefore 
the tribunal, with e\ery prospect of terminating his brilliant 
life on the guillotine. The Xinth Thermidor, 1793, which 
witnessed the downfall and death of Robespierre, stayed fur- 
ther proceedings. He was released and returned once more to 
his chateau on the Loire, where he lived the life of a quiet 
observer of the tragic events being enacted about him by his 
country and countrymen. 

marshal! BEHOLD YOUR PfPILS 

The rise of Bonaparte was the opportunity of men of-iiierit. 
In 1803, when presented to the first consul, Bonaparte, within 
hearing of a group of his most distinguished generals, addressed 
him "Marshal, behold your pupils." To which Rochajibeau 
replied, "General, the pupils have surpassed their master." 

Bonaparte, who knew how to appreciate real military merit, 
in 1S04 conferred upon the veteran the cordon of grand officer 
of the Legion of Honor and granted him the ])ensioii of marshal 
of France. 

The evening of his daj's were ])as.sed at his chateau, devoted 
to the preparation of the material and writing of his memoirs 
and other congenial occupations, pursuits, and divensions. 



Rochambeaii at Court 521 

chAteau rochambeau 

The Chateau de Rochambeaii stands on the left bank of the 
small but picturesque river Loire, near A'endome, on the road 
to Chateau de Loir. It is approached by an avenue 2 miles 
long, skirted on either side by towering lindens. Within the 
chaceau are preserved the relics of the .soldier famous in the 
wars of two continents. Here are held in .sacred memory the 
sword he wore in the campaigns for the States, the portrait of 
his American commander in chief, by Peale, presented to him 
by his American companion in arms, the marshal's baton 
bestowed upon him by the King, and his many orders won by 
the merit of his natural and acquired endowments and the 
heroic deeds of his sword. The room which he occupied, and 
in which he died, is also cherished with its rich embroideries, 
done by his countess with her own hands, while her count was 
vigorously upholding the cause of the States beyond the sea. 

MILITARY I,ES.SONS LEARNED IN AMERICA 

In January, 1797, Count Dumas, who had .served in America 
on the staff of Rochambeau, and now a general in rank, 
sent to Washington a pamphlet on the militar>- situation in 
France. In his letter of transmittal he makes this interesting 
reference: 

Your excellency will observe in it the effect of your lessons and perhaps 
also the true character of public opinion in France. 

He also mentions his former chief as still at his country seat 
at Vendome, where he enjoys — 

tolerably good health considering his great age, and reckons, as well as 
does his military family, among his most dear and glorious remem- 
brances that of the time we had the honor to ser\-e under your command. 

In his reply Washington, regretting not having heard from 
the Count for some years, was glad to hear he was still alive, 
adding: 

If it should fall in your way at any time to recall me to his remem- 
brance by the presentation of my best regards to him, which I pray you to 
accept also yourself, it would oblige me. 



c;22 Rocliavibeau at Court 

DUTY CONFRONTS GKATITmK 

During the Presidency of Washinj^toii, greatly to liis distress, 
the relations between the two countries liecanie somewhat critic- 
ally strained upon a question which, with all his sense of obli- 
gation of the States to France, he could not concede. It was a 
question of international policy, which has ever since been a 
fundamental principle of intercourse with foreign powers — 
avoidance of entangling alliances. 

NATUKK OF TIIIC CONTENTION 

In the conflict which liad broken out between England and 
France, growing out of the disturbances in the latter country, 
the American people stood overwhelmingly with their old ally 
and were urgent to take sides, in so much that President Wash- 
ington had difficult}- in maintaining neutrality. Genet, the 
French minister to the United States, exceeded the limits of 
international law so far as to fit out privateers in American 
ports to pre)' upon British commerce. 

The United States, not yet able to meet its financial oliliga- 
tibns of long standing, and in everj- respect in no condition for 
war, obliged Washington, as the only way to preserve peace, to 
request the recall of the minister. 

A culmination was reached under the Adams Administration 
when the French Directory, representing the hcense of the 
French Revolutiou, began to heap insults upon the American 
flag, seized American vessels on the high seas and refused audi- 
ence to the American envoys without a bribe. 

These high-handed acts at once silenced the popular insistency 
in behalf of France. No alternative remained but war, and 
Wa.shington, then in private life, was called to the somewhat 
anomalous attitude of head of the army wliich was ordered to 
be raised to fight America's former ally. Active hostilities had 
already Ijegun on the .sea, in wliich the infant navy showed 
remarkable vitality. The overthrow of the revolutionary chiefs 
and rise of Napoleon to first consul of France not only put a 
stop to the.se unfortunate relations, but gave a rebound to the 
latent lo\-e and gratitude of all true Americans. 



Rocliambeau at Court 523 

The unrest of the masses of France, wliether an efifect of the 
American cause or a coincidence of the result of their conten- 
tion for Hberty, materialized in the National Assembly of the 
Three Estates, the assembly of the people, and finally in the 
destruction of the Bastile on July 14, 1789. Six years had 
clasped since the conclusion of the struggle of the thirteen 
American States in which the King of France had been so 
instrumental of success. 

The latter culmination of popular fury was the beginning of 
license, in the name of liberty and terror, in the guise of govern- 
ment which history calls the " French Revolution." Without 
discriminating between their own orderly conflict with the 
Crown and Parliament of Britain and the excesses of the upris- 
ing in Paris, the citizens of the American States took sides with 
the ma.s.ses in France. The blow aimed at England served to 
flame the intensity of de.sire on their part to make common 
cause with their former allies. 

The course pursued by Great Britain since the treaty of 1783 
was not calculated to win friends among the American people, 
that power having refu.sed to surrender the western posts, as 
was .solemnly stipulated, and the violation of which involved the 
western frontier in brutal massacres and savage war. 

These might be reasons, but were no sufficient cause to involve 
the United States in a .second war before fully recovering from 
the impoverishment of the first. On the ground of obligation 
under the pact of 177S, the question was how far the govern- 
ment of the United States was in honor l)ound to assi.st France 
under the offensive and defensive stipulations of the Alliance. 

President Wa.shington insisted upon neutrality, and with the 
advice of his Cabinet, April 22, 1793, issued his historic procla- 
mation to that effect drafted by Secretary Jefferson. 

About a fortnight before (April 9), "Citizen" Genet arrived 
at Charleston as mini.ster of the Revolutionary Tribunal of 
France. Without submitting his credentials to the authorities 
at Philadelphia, and being received in a decorous and reputable 
way, he began his career by sending out privateers to prey upon 
British commerce. This course of proceeding was transferring 
the license of the Commune to the .shores of the States. 



524 Rochambeaii at Court 

In I'liiladelphia, when Ik- reached there, Genet carried mat- 
ters with a high hand, even demanding the removal of reminrs- 
cent objects associated with our former ally from the residence 
of the President. 

The unfortunate situation is jiresenled by Edward Everett in 
his Life of Washington. 

Although Ihe utmost gentleness and patience were observed by the 
Executive of the United States in checking this violation of their neutrality, 
Genet assumed from the first a tone of defiance, and threatened before long 
to appeal from the Government to the people. These insolent demonstra- 
tions were, of course, lost upon Washington's firmness and moral courage. 
They distressed but did not in the slightest degree intimidate him, and 
their effect on the ]»pular mind was to some extent neutralized by the fact 
that the chief measures to maintain the neutrality of the country had been 
unanimously advised by the Cabinet, and that the duty of rebuking his 
intemperate course had devolved upon the Secretary of State (Jefferson), 
the recognized head of the party to which Genet looked for sympathy. 

The recall of this agent of the Comnunie was demanded and 
complied with. Instead of returning, however, to his own 
country. Genet remained in the United States, where he died, a 
great relief to American sentiment, indicating, as the sequel 
did, that his irregular methods were not approved at home. 
Otherwise Genet was a man of parts, popular and regretted. 

Robespierre, who was at the head of affairs during the 
period known as the Terror, met his own fate at the guillo- 
tine the following 5-ear (July 28, 1794). But for this timely 
event it may be added, as recorded elsewhere, our friend, com- 
panion of Washington and connnander of the French forces in 
the war for American liberty, would have met that dastardly 
fate, for no crime nor even cause of complaint whatever. 

The course of the French Directory, which began operations 
November i, 1795, succeeding the regime of the Terror, gave 
another unfavorable turn to the relations between the two 
countries. 

On October 4, 1797, President Adams named three commis- 
sioners to France. Upon their arrival at Paris, in tlie midst of 
the most delicate negotiations, having been anonymously com- 
municated with in the celebrated X Y Z letters a.sking bribes 
for the Directory, which were refused, they were summarily 



RochambcaH at Court co^ 

ordered out of France. Pinckuey, oue of the commissioners, 
replied in the famous epigram, "Millions for defense, not one 
cent for tribute. ' ' 

In the face of such performances no self-respecting govern- 
. ment, even held by the clo.sest ties of obligation, could pursue 
any other course. Congress authorized the raising of a provi- 
sional army of 10,000 men, of which former President Wash- 
ington was made lieutenant-general. Congress also authorized 
the President to instruct commanders of United States ships 
of war to .seize French armed vessels found attacking American 
merchantmen, or hovering about the coast for that purpose. 
On June 12, 179S, commercial intercourse was su.spended. 
Washington a.ssumed command June 17, 1798, to hold the peace 
with France, as twenty-two years before he held the wage of 
war with England. 

Three days later, as a formal justification of the course of the 
government, the President announced the failure of the com- 
mission sent to France. 

On June 25 the alien, and on July 14 the sedition, laws, 
which raised such a commotion in American politics, were passed' 
In the meantime (July 7) all treaties of "alliance and amity 
and commerce ' ' with France were declared void. 

With all these appearances of belligerency, the deep-seated 
affection for France was so strong that the tenure of judicial as 
well as public opinion was that France and the United States 
were not at war although naval engagements had taken place. 
On February 9, 1799, Commodore Truxton, in a .severe en- 
gagement, captured off St. Kitts in the West Indies the French 
frigate L' Insurgent. 

This determined course of the American Government pro- 
moted ni no spirit of hostility or malevolence, but in justice on 
March 30 led to an assurance of the French Government that 
representatives of the United States would be received with 
all the respect due to a powerful nation. A new commission 
was accordnigly sent and received with every consideration by 
Napoleon, first consul of France. In February, 1800, Truxton 
defeated the French frigate La Vengeayice. 



526 Roc/ianibcaii at Court 

In September of the same year the treaty negotiations were 
in progress and the following July were ratified by France, and 
as a matter of course with the greatest pleasure by the I'nitcd 
States. 

The X Y Z letters were traced to the private Secretary of M. 
de Talleyrand, proposing a I)ribe of 1,200,000 francs. The 
secret of the names was never divulged l)ut the correspondence 
was published. Talleyrand, the prime minister of France, was 
charged with dictating the insults, but now disavowed them. 
So loath was Congress to engage in a war with its ancient ally 
that it refused to arm until the pressure became so great that to 
resist an appearance of action was ruin for any party. 

The storm growing out of the upheaval of the French masses, 
the extreme acts of their leaders, and the attempt to involve 
the United States, has always been regarded as an incident in 
the intertiational relations between the two countries, and not 
in any light a condition to break the continuity of friend.ship 
and obligation to the Government and people of France for 
past services. 

SORROW ON THE DEATH OF WASHINGTON 

That the.se uuhapp>- experiences, due entirely to the emissaries 
of the turbulent element, had not disturbed the inner feelings of 
the French people was .shown when tidings were received of the 
death of the venerated Washington. 

Let the solemnity be characterized by a di.stinguished French- 
man, M. Jusserand. Amba.ssador of the nation, now our sister 
in form of Government. 

The occa.sion was the address of that eminent diplomatist at 
the banciuet of the triennial gathering of the Military Order of 
the Cincinnati on May 10, 1905, at Richmond, Va., a city 
almost in touch with the scene of the nation-making achieve- 
ment of the allied armies. 

M. Jusserand said of Washington : 

lU- ilit-il ailmircd by llie whole world, and especially by France and by 
those Frenchmen who had .seen hini workinj; for his country. The trust 
in him liad been so great from tlie first that when secret instructions were 







O < x-:? 



UJ -:i - 



RocJuDubcan at Court 527 

sent from France to our officers here, they were ordered to reveal them to 
no one, but there was the usual reservation: " Except, of course, to Mon- 
sieur Washington." The feeling of Lafayette for him is well known; it 
was enthusiasm and filial love. Less known and no less striking is the 
impression made by the great commander on Major-General de Chastel- 
lux. Chastellux came over with Rochambeau; he was not so joung as 
Lafayette; he had fought in the Seven Years' War. He was withal a keen 
observer, a man of letters, and a member of the French Academy. In the 
notes he took, from day today, during his .stay in America, he writes: 

"I saw in the courtyard a tall man, nearly 6 feet high, with a noble 
and sweet countenance. It was the general himself. The compliments 
were brief and I soon found myself quite at my ease by the side of the 
greatest and best of all men. The whole of northern America, from Bos- 
ton to Charleston, is a great book, each page of which offers his praise. 
Brave without temerity, hard working without ambition, generous without 
prodigality, noble without pride, virtuous without severity, he seenjs ever 
to stop within the limits where virtues, while assuming more glarino- but 
more changeful colors, may be considered by some as akin to defects. 
The suffrages in his favor are unanimous. It is possible that there exists 
a virtue able to bind in chains the injustice of men, or is it that happiness 
and glory are too recently established in America for envy to have had 
time to cross the seas?" 

FRANCE MOURNED 

When Washington died, when l-'rance herself had known many troub- 
lous days, mourning in my country was universal. In the august public 
ceremony held at the Invalides, in Paris, on the Sth of February, iSoo, to 
commeiiiorate the great deeds of the departed chief, Fontanes, "the public 
orator, voiced the feeling of the nation when he said in the presence of the 
most representative gathering of all that was best in France: 

" Jlore than any words, the mere holding of this soldierly funeral cere- 
mony wall impress all hearts with strong and la.sting emotion. 

"The mourning ordered by the first consul for Washington announces 
to France that this great man's examples will not be lost. I praise before 
soldiers a soldier firm in reverses, modest in victory, eyer human in the 
one and the other fortune. I praise in the presence of the ministers of 
the French Republic a man who never yielded to the dictates of ambition 
and whom his country found ever ready to serve her; a man who by a fate 
rare among those who lead revolutions, died in peace, as a private citizen, 
in his native land, where he had filled the highest post, and which his 
hands had made free." 



:;28 Rocliatiihcaii at Court 



DKATIl <il- K()CIIAMI!KAl' 



The long and brilliant career of RocuA.MKKAr in field and 
council terminated with liis death in 1S07 at the place of his 
birth eighty-two years before. , 



TOMH ol- ROCIIAMBKAU 

The remains of the Marshal repose in the little cemetery of 
Tliorc about .; kiliinicters (1.3 miles) from Chateau Rocham- 
beau. The mausoleum, which is in black and white marble, 
is surrounded by a grille in forged iron. 

On it reads the epitaph of the Marshal, composed by the 
Che\alier de Boufflers, which conveys a brief and glorious 
resume of his military career. 

Kt)CII.\MIiK.\f HLOOI) 

The Count de RociiAMnKAU left but the one sou, who.se 
natne appears .so prominently with that of his father in the 
.service of the French corps in America. He attained the rank 
of lieutenant-general and .served under Napoleon with great 
fame. He was governor and commandant at Santo Domingo, 
then a French possession in the West Indies, where he resisted 
a long .siege by the Kngli.sh, but w-as finally compelled to sur- 
render, with sjiecific agreement that he might return to France. 
In \iolation of this .sacred obligation he was .seized on board 
the ship conveying him to his native land and held prisoner in 
luigland for eight years, when he was exchanged in iSii. He 
at once rejoined the French army and fell on the bloody field of 
Leipzig two years later. 

Two daughters and one son survived. The son, Philii> de 
Rochaml>eau, died in 1S6.S without issue. vShortly before his 
death Philip adopted a child, by name of Eugene Le Croix, 
who assumed the estates at ^'endome and the name and title 
Manjuis. 

The Marquis de Roclunnbean of the visitors of 1902 was 
admitted as an honorarv member of the Rhode Island State 




TOMB OF COMTE MARECHAL DE ROCHAMBEAU AT TORE NEAR VENDOME, FRANCE. 



Rachanibeait at Court 529 

Society of the Cincinnati, during the presence of the foreign 
guests at Xewport on Memorial Day. 

He could not be admitted an hereditary member, as none 
of the present family of the name are any relation to the 
ROCHAMBEAU family of alliance fame. 

ROCHAMBEAU MANUSCRIPT.S 

The ROCHAMBEAU papers were purchased by the Congress of 
the United States in 1883, under a paragraph of the sundry civil 
appropriation act, approved 1883, as follows: 

To enable the Joint Committee on the Library to purchase from the 
Marquis de Rochambeau the military papers, maps, and letter books of 
the Count de Roch.\mbe.\U, general in the French army in America, 
twenty thousand dollars. 

The purchase was sustained by a petition circulated among 
those interested in historical studies in this country, of which 
the following is a copy: 

To the honorable the Mt'»ihfrs of the Soiate ami House of Representa- 
tives: 

The undersigned, repre.senting the historical societies of their respective 
States, and other institutions and interests of learning and literature, and 
especially connected with subjects of historical research and inquiry, beg 
very earnestly to recommend the passage of the resolution introduced bv 
Senator Anthony of Rhode Island in reference to the purchase of the 
papers of the General Count de Roch.\mbe.\u. As the commander of 
the French forces sent to aid Washington in our revolutionary struggle, 
RoCH.\MBE.\U earned the undying gratitude of this country. No more 
interesting monument of his services could be selected than to procure 
and deposit in the Congressional Library the valuable collection of his 
official and other papers, and to print such of them as throw fresh light 
on the record of the Revolution. Your petitioners join in urging that 
favorable and early action be taken to secure for our national archives the 
RocHAMBE-\u papers. 

Of the general scope of the papers, Mr. Worthington C. Ford, 
in charge -of the division of manuscripts, says: 

The papers themselves consist of eight volumes of transcripts of letters 
and a number of nnscellaneous and independent papers. In all there 
are 1,870 documents, of which 1,200 are to be found in the volumes of 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 34 



530 Rocliaviluait at Court 

transcripts. A few enlrics in Uicsf vohinies arc in the liandwritinj; of 
RoCHAMBEAr himself. With the loo.se ilocunienLs are to he fouiiil a few- 
drafts of replie.s prepared in his lian<l\vritinj;. But the amount of original 
RoCH.VMBEAi' material is small. 

The volumes of transcripts contain his correspondence with his own 
officers, with Washington, Greene, and other officers of the Continental 
army, with the Pre.sident of Congre.ss, and with .such of the commi.ssary 
officers as called for personal attention from him. One volume is (levoted 
to RoCH.\Ml)K.\l'S letters to Luzerne. In addition to transcripts of 
RocH.VMBK.\f'.s letters, there are to be found translations and transcripts 
of letters written to him by the ."Vniorican officers. The contents have 
never been li.sted or calendared. 

In the loose papers are to be found: 

1. History of the origin and progress of the war against England, in an 
unknown hand, comprising 212 pages. It does not appear to have been 
completed, for the latest entry is one for 1778. 

2. Journals for 17S1 and 17S2, a part of which has appeared in Doniol. 
These documents are both short an<l were probably examples of a series of 
.similar journals. 

3. Papers on the order of march of the I'rench army in 1781 and 17S2. 

4. Military papers containing re orLs of the inspector-general on the 
condition and discipline of the different regiments; memoirs to the King; 
a journal of the siege of Yorktown, and a portion of a journal of operations 
in 1780. 

5. A series of 36 letters from Washington from 17S2 to 1790. Of these 
17 are holographs, and the larger part of the.se are written after the war 
on social and friendly matters. With this Washington series are some 
tran.slations of I'rench papers by .Mexanrler Hamilton — papers bearing 
upon the operations of the campaign and for the most part of a confiden- 
tial character. In the volumes of transcripts arc to be found not only 
ROCHAMBEAU'S letters to Washington, but tran.slations of Wa.shington's 
letters to Roch.ambeau — presumably a complete series. 

6. The papers relating to the French members of the Society of the 
Cincinnati, including a copy of the constitution of the society in the 
writing of Samuel Shaw (a translation), a list of the I'rench menil)ers and 
certain subscribers to the society in the fir.st years of its existence. 

7. Original letters from the ministry of war of France and its different 
branches of administration. These include letters from Montbarey , Segur, 
Necker, De Sartine and Castries. There are also letters from .\dnnral 
Destouches, from Lauzun, Vaudreuil, and Belle Combe. Also letters from 
General Greene, Luzerne, and Marbois. 

These manuscripts, for reference, safe-keeping, and preserva- 
tion have been cla.ssified, indexed, and placed with a view to 
accessibihty in a darkened alcove, richly appointed, in the 



Rochambcan at Court 531 

manuscript wing of the Library of Congress, at Washington. 
VV. few selected papers of intense interest and historic vahie are 
on view to the public among the exhibits of the manuscript 
treasures of the national collection. 

A CENTURY AFTER 

A round hundred years were drawing to a close, when Con- 
gress in a spirit of reminiscent patriotism, at the formal rcijuest 
of a convention of the governors of the ' ' Colonial States, ' ' held 
in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, October iS, 1S79, revived the 
monument resolution of October 29, 1781, in a bill which 
passed the House January 27, 1880, the Senate June 7, 1S80, 
and was approved June 7, 1880. The " marble column " was 
dedicated with national ceremony and international courtesy 
October 18-20, 1881, at Yorktown, Va. 

On the south side of the cohnnn the services of the French 
are thus recognized: 

At York on Oct. 19, 17S1 

After a siege of nineteen days 

By 5,500 American and 7,000 French troops of the line 

3,500 Virginia Militia under Command of General Thomas Nelson 

and 36 French ships of war , 

Earl Cornwallis 

Commander of the British Forces at York 

and Gloucester 

surrendered his Army 

7,251 officers and men, S40 seamen, 244 cannon, and 24 Stan<Uirds 

to His Excellency, George Washington 

Commander in Chief of the combined forces of America and I'nmce 

To His Excellency the Comte de Rochambeau 
Commanding the Auxiliary troops of His Most Christian Majesty in 

America 

And to His Excellency the Comte de Grasse 

Commanding in Chief the Naval Army of France in Chesapeake 



SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS 



533 



SUPPLEMENTARY PAPERS 



I. Acknowledj^ments. 
II. The Franco-American press: " Riicmamheai' Festivities;" the story 

in F'reiich. From I,e Courier des lUats-Unis, New York, May 17- 

June 3, 1902. (Adapted by the autlicr. ) 
III. The rc.i;iinents of the auxiliary army of France under Comte DK Ko- 

Cil.\MHK.\r, 17S0-17.S3. 
1\'. Reminiscent: Military Order of the Cincinnati in F'rance. 
VI. Letters: Ribliography of RoCH.\MBKAt' and the land and naval armies 

of F'rance sen'ing in America. 

534 



I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



The thanks of the author, for valuable material used in the work, are 
due to— 

M. J. J. JUSSERAND, ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, 
for the portraits of the President and premier of France, and chief military 
and naval members of the Rochambeau Mission and the accompanying 
biographical notes. 

Maj. Gen. F. C. Ain.SWORTh, Military Secretary, for copies of original 
returns of the French auxiliary army in the United States 1780-17S2. 

Brig, Gen. A. L. JIiLL.s, Superintendent, and Capt. F. O. CoE, Artillery 
Corps, adjutant, U. S. Military Academy, West Point, N. Y., for information 
relating to the trophies and flags captured at Yorktown, Va., and official 
circular and orders for the entertainment of the Mission during its pre.sence. 

Col. Chari,ES S. Bromwell, U. S. Army, for particulars from the files 
of the engineer in charge of public buildings and grounds, diagrams, etc. 

Capt. SeaTOnSchroeder, U. S. Navy, chief intelligence officer, for data 
relating to the Gaulois. 

Mr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress, for facilities in the exam- 
ination of valuable works in the national collection and compiled material. 

Mr. S. N. D. North, Director of the Census, for reports relating to the 
French in United States statistics. 

M. Jules BcEUFVE, chancellor of the French embassy, for information 
relating to the Rochambeau statue at Vendonie, Paris, Hestersville 
Rochambeau Museum Group, and relating to Comte de Rochambeau, 
lieutenant-general of the American army of France in America. 

Mr. A. H. Griffith, director of the Museum of Art, Detroit, Mich., for 
a view of the canvas presented by the Government of F'rance as a testi- 
monial of appreciation of the commemoration of the services of the French 
soldiers and sailors in the war of the .American Revolution. 

M. H. P. Sampers ET Cie.. for a complete file of the Courrier des Etats- 
Unis covering the period of the presence of the Rochambeau Mission in 
the United States. 

Mr. .\.'P. C. Griffin, chief bibliographer, Library of Congress, li.st of 
works relating to the services of French military ofllcers in the war of the 
American Revolution, 1780-17S3. 

Mr. S. B. Woodfine, editor Times-Dispatch of Richmond, Ya., for the 
issue of that journal containing a complete .story of the triennial meeting of 
the General Society of the Military Order of the Cincinnati at that city May, 
1905, containing the references of the French ambassador to the services 
of the French soldiers and sailors in America during the Revolution. 

535 



II. 



COnUllKIl DES ETATS-UNIS 

ORGANE DES I'Ul'ULxVTlONS DE LANGUE FRAN(;A1SE 



No. 125 



75me ANN^E 

H.r. sAMrKUS,V:(l.-., rruinlC-tulres-Edlteurs. Bureoux: 106-197 Fulton street, NEW- YOUK 



LA MISSION FRANCAISE 

X WASHINGTON 



RECEPTION A LA MAISON BLANCHE 

Wasui.ngton. 2i mat /i/o.?.— l,cs mcni- 
bres dc- la mission mililaire charg^e de rep- 
rfoc-ntcr la R^publiquc- f raii^aise 4 linaugu- 
ratioii dii moiiumt-iil dc Kociiamiieau sonl 
arrives i Washiiigton, cc matin (22 mai), 
accompaKiiCs dc .M. I'circc, sous-secrttaire 
d'Etal, et commandcnr Rodgers, repr4- 
sentailts du President Roosevelt. 

Ce matin, de bonne heure, le vapeur 
auxiliaire dc lEcole navalc dAnnapolis 
Slandiih. 4tait Mt au mouillage des 
navircs de guerre, 4 renibouchure de la 
Severn River, oil se Irouvail le Gaulais, 
pour prendre i sou bord Ics racmbrcs de la 
mission. A 1 arriv^e de ceux-ci au wharf 
de I'Kcole uavale. les d-lives de I'Ecolc, 
rangd-sen bataillc, ont rendu les honneurs 
militaires, pendant qu'une batterie voisine 
tirait unc salve de quinzt: coups de canon. 
Apr&s avoir pass6 en revue le batallon des 
61£ves. les envoy^s (rant^ais soiit montd-s 
en voiture i)our sc retultc A la gare oil les 
altendait uu train sp&ial qui les a conduits 
a Washington. 

I,a mission sc compose dedouzeofficiers 
dont voici les noms et les grades: Le g6ii6- 
ralissimeBrugJre. chef de la mission; leg6- 
ntral de Chalendar. dont un auc6tre fut un 
des lieutenants de RocllAMUEAf; lecolonel 
Meaux-Sainl-Marc, oflficier de la maison 



militaire du president de la Rd-publique; le 
lieutenant-colonel llcrmite, le comman- 
dant licrlhelol, aide de camp du gd-nC-ral 
Brug^re. les capitaines Poilloiie de Saint- 
Mars, iMlloneau et Lasson, le vicc-amiral 
Fournier et les lieutenants de vaisseau de 
Reinach de Werth, Sauvaire-Jourdan et 
Lejay, aides de cainpde Tamiral Fournier. 
A leur arriv^e a la gare de Washington. 
A dix lieures. les meinbres de la mission, 
lous en grand uniforme, ont H& re9us avcc 
les honneurs militaires par un escadron du 
2" de cavalerie, charge de les escorter 
justprA la Maison nlanche. Une douzaine 
de voitures d^couvertes ^taient rangfies 
prfe de lentr^e de la gare. La premiere 
de ces voitures dlait celle du President 
Roosevelt lui-m^nie. Le secretaire Peirce 
y a pris place en conipagnie du g^ndral 
lirugfire, du gfn^ral de Chalendar et de 
I'amiral Fournier. 

Le cortege, encadrC par des policemen 
months, a suivi Pennsylvania avenue pour 
I se rendre k la Maison Blanche, sur le perron 
I de laquelle le colonel Bingham, repr^sen- 
lant du Pr&ident Roosevelt, et plusieurs 
membresde I'anibassade de France atten- 
daient les envoyOs frangais. Au moment 
oil ccux-ci meltaientpied ft lerre, une salve 
d arlillcrie a Hi tir^e par une batterie 
plac6e dans le pare, au sud du palais pr^si- 
dentiel. Une foule considerable 6tait r6- 
iime aux abords dc la Maison Blanche; 
ellea pouss6 des hourraschaleureux i I'ar- 
rivtc de la mission frangaise. 

M. Cambon. ambassadeur de France. 
Mme. Cambon, M. dc Margerie, consciller 

537 



538 



Snpplcnioitary Papers 



d'amUassade. et Mme. de MarKerie. plusi- 
curs autres mcmhres de rambassadc. le 
conitf ct la comtessc de Rocliamlican, M. 
de Sahiinc de Lafayette et les iiu-mbres de 
la mission civile amends sainedi dernier 
par hi VoHtitiHf, 6taient arrives vers dix 
heures A la Maison Blanche et attendaient 
dans le salon Rouge la mission militaire. 

Pendant ce temps, les pins hauts fonc- 
tionnaires et officiers du gonvernement 
des Elats-l'nisse rtunissaient dans le salon 
de I'Kst ponr assister rV la reception dcs 
envoy^s fran^ais. Outre les secretaires 
dKlat. de la Ruerre. de la marine, etc., on 
remarquait le K^n^ral Miles. Tamiral 
Dewey, le g^nfiral Porter, ambassadeur des 
i:tats-rnis en France, des sfinatenrs et des 
repr6sentants. etc., ainsi qn'nn certain 
uombre de dames appartenant au monde 
officiel. 

l.e colonel IJinpham. qni faisait pour la 
circonslance les fonclious d'introdncteur 
des ambassadeurs. a conduit le g^n^-ial 
Itruji^re. I'amiral Fournier et les autres 
officiers dans le salon Rouge, oil les atten- 
dait M. Cambon. Tuis. la mission fran^aise 
au grand complet s'est dirigfie vers le sa- 
lon de I'Kst. od le President Roosevelt, 
accompagut de Mile. Alice Roosevelt et de 
Mile. Carew, scvur de Mme. Roosevelt, ve- 
nait de se rendre 

I.'eutr^ede tons les officiers fran5ais en 
grand nniforme. et de I'ambassadenr de 
France et du personnel de I'ambassade. 
^galemcnt en uniforme. a produit un grand 
effet. Dans le group formfe par le Presi- 
dent Roosevelt et ses ministres. les habits 
civils dominaient, mais les uuiformes des 
officiers gOneraux et les toilettes des dames 
nieltaient 1:\ aussi une note ^clalante. 

Quand M. Cambou,_ ambassadeur de 
France, a present^ le g^n^ral Brug^re au 
President, celui-ci a avanc^ vivement la 
mam et a souhaite la bienvenue en excel- 
lent fran9ais il I'euvoye du President I.ou- 
bet. II a fait ^galement uu accneil chaleu- 
reux ;\ Pamiral Fournier et aux autres 
membresde la mission, qui etaient charmes 
d'entendie le PrC'Stdent des Ktats-Fnis 
scxprimer aiissi facilement dans notre 
langue. I.a ceremonie de la presentation 
ne devait durer que quelques minutes 
d'apres Ic programme, mais M. Roosevelt 
a engage avec le general Brug^re et I'a- 
miral Fournier nue conversation assez pro- 
longee. et trois quarts d'heure se sont ecoii- 



Iss avant que la reception ait pris fin. Au- 
cun discours n'a ete prononce. 

Hn qnittant la Maison Blanche, le geji*- 
ral lirugere et les membres de la mission 
sont a lies rendre visiteau secretaire d'Ktat, 
an secretaire de la guerre, au secretaire de 
la marine, an lieutenant gentral Miles, k 
Pamiral I>ewey et aux ambassadeurs accre- 
dites A Washington. 

Dans I'apriis-midi, le yacht des Ktats- 
I'nis Sylph a conduit la mission fran^aise 
i Mount Vernon, qui se trouve. comme on 
sait, uu pell an siid de Washington, siir la 
rive droite tUi Potomac. Le general Hru- 
gdre, au nonidii gouvernement fran9ais. a 
depose une magnifique conronne garnie de 
rubans tri-colores sur la tombc de George 
Washington. I.e mausoie avail ete ouvert. 
mais ciuelqnes-nns seiilement des eiivoyes 
fran^ais out pii y petietrer i la suite de M. 
Cambon. tin general Brugt^re et le I'amiral 
Fournier. 

Le comte de Rochambeau. qui est. 
com me on sait, I'arri^re-petit-neveu du 
maredial. a plante ensuite pr^s de la 
tombe un jeiine erable provenant du 
champ de bataille de Yorktown, oft Ro- 
c 11 AM BE AC et Lafayette combattireiit ft 
c6te de Washington. Le general Brugere 
et les antres officiers fran^ais ont para- 
cheve Icenvre du comte de Rocn.\MnKAr 
en jetatit des pelletees de terre au pied de 
I'arbre. 

Les membres de la mission, qui avaieiit 
ete accompagnes 3, Mount Vernon par >L 
Peirce, sous-secretaire d'Etat, ont ete ra- 
nienes A Washington par le Sylph, et ils 
ont dine le soir ft la Maison Blanche. 



Washington. 23 mat, soir.—Vn banquei 
a ete donne le mfime soir ft la Maison 
Blanche en I'honneur des membres de la 
mission fraii9a!se. Le President et Mile. 
Alice Roosevelt ont re^u les invites, parm- 
lesquels on remarquait les nieinbres du 
cabinet, des senateurset dcs representauts 
des officiers generaux de larmee et de la 
marine, etc. La table en fer ftcheval avait 
ete placee dans le salon de I'Kst decoree de 
drapeaux frau^ais et aniericains la salte 
ft manger du palais etant trop petite pour 
recevoir un liussi grand nombre dinvitest 
Des fong^res et des roses decoraient la 
table. 



Sitpplniioihiry Papers 



539 



Le President avait ^ sa droite Mme. 
Cambon et a sa gauche la comtesse dtr 
RochaiiiI)eaii. ii c6t^ de laqutlle ^tait plac*- 
M. Cainbon. 

Voici, d'ailleurs, la liste complete des in 
vit^s: 

lyC secretaire d'Htat. le secretaire de la 
Guerre et Mine. Root, le directeur-geu^ral 
des Posies et Mme. Paj-ne, le secretaire de 
la Marine, le secretaire de rAgriculture et 
Mile. Wilson, Mile. Roosevelt, Mlle.Carew, 
le .secretaire du President, le colonel T. A. 
Bingham. I'anibassadeur de France et 
Mme. Cambon. le general Brugdre, le vice- 
aniiral Krnest Fournier, le comte de Ro- 
chambeau. la comtesse de Rochambeau, le 
comte Paul de Sahune de Lafayette, M. 
Alfred Croiset, le general de brigade Fer- 
dinand deChalendar. lecapitainedeSurgy, 
le lieulenant-colonel Paul Meaux-Saint- 
Marc, M. Lagrave, M. et Mme. de Margerie, 
M. Jean Guillemin, le lieutenant-colonel 
Marcel Hermite. M. Renouard, M. Robert 
de Billy, le commandant Henri Berthelot, 
le capitaine Vignal et Mme. Vignal. le lieu- 
tenant de vaisseau de Faraniond de Lafa- 
jolle, M. Jules Bceufve, le lieutenant de 
vaisseau Andre Sauvaire-Jourdan, le lieu- 
tenant tiustave lycjay, le lieutenant baron 
Masimilien de Reinach de Werth. le capi- 
taine Poilloiie de Saint-Mars, le capitaine 
Etienne Fillonneau, le capitaine Henri 
I,asson, M. Louis Hermite. le vicomte 
Charles de Chambrun. M. Ferdinand 
Hamar, M. Henry E. Gourd, les senateurs 
Wetmore, Lodge, Cullom et Morgan, les 
representants McClear^', Hitt et Dinsmore, 
le .sous-secretaire d'Etat David J. Hill, RL 
Herbert H. D. Peirce, lamiral Dewey, le 
general Miles, lieutenant-general, le major 
general S. B. M. Young, le commandant 
Raymond P. Rodgers, le general Horace 
Porter, le cardinal Gibbons, reveque de 
Washington. M. S. P. Langley, M. Edwin V. 
Morgan. 

Pendant le diner, le President Roosevelt 
a bu ■■ i la sante du President de la Repu- 
blique F'rantjaise et du peuple fran^ais." 
M.Cambonareponduenproposantuntoast 
"au President des Etats-Unis" eta pro- 
nonce quelques paroles aimables i I'a- 
dresse du President. Le secretaire Hay 
a 3. son lour porte un toast "aux niembres 
de la mission Rochambeau" et le general 
Brugere lui a repondu. 



A BORD DU "GAULOIS." 



LA VISITE DU PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT. 

Washington, .'j mai igo2. — Le general 
Brug^re et tons les metnbres de la mission 
fran^aiseetaient partis ])our Annapolis par 
le train de 9 heures et deniie du matin; un 
wagon special leur avait ete rese^^■e. Le 
general Miles et I'amirai Dewey, ainsi que 
IVL Peirce, sous-secretaire d'Ktat, le cuni- 
mandanl Rodgers et M. Edwin P. Morgan, 
representants du President Roosevelt, le 
general Corbin. le general Horace Porter, 
ambassadeur des Etats-Unis ^ Paris. M. 
Henry E. Gourd, president de la Chambrc 
de commerce fran^aise de New- York, et 
huit dames, acconipagnaient la mission. 

A leur arrivee A Annapolis, les envoyes 
frau^ais et leurs invites ont ete re^us par 
deux officiers de marine attaches i I'Ecole 
navale, qui les ont conduits au wharf, oiiles 
avait precedes le gouverneur du Mar>-land. 
M. Smith, qui etait au nombre des invites. 
Deux vapeurs, le Gloucester et le Standish, 
ont transporte le general Brug^re et .ses 
nombreux compagnons de voyage 4 bord 
du Gau/ois, qui est mouilie, comraeon sait, 
A 4 milles au-dessous de I'F'cole navale. 

Le train special du President Roosevelt a 
quitte Washington d. 10 heures et demie. 
Outre le President, sa fille et sa belle-steur. 
on y remarquait M. Jules Cambon. ambas- 
sadeur de France, et Mme. Cambon, M. 
Root, secretaire de la Guerre, M. Moody, 
secretaire de la Marine, le contre-amiral 
Taylor, M. Foss, representant de I'lllinois, 
M. Cortelyou, secretaire particulier du 
President, et Mme. Cortelyou. Mme. Lodge, 
femme du senateur du Massachusetts, le 
colonel Bingham, le commandant Win- 
ston, aide de camp du President, et Mme. 
Winston. 

A I'arrivee en gare d'Annapolis. il 11 hen- 
reset demie. M. Roosevelt a tie reyu par le 
commandant Wainwright, surintendant de 
I'Ecole navale, et le lieutenant .Seigen- 
meier, son aide de camp. Les rues d'An- 
napolis que le Pre.sidentet sa suite devaient 
traverseren voitureetaient gardees pardes 
detachements de la milice du Maryland. 
A I'Ecole navale, le bataillon des eidves 
etait sous les amies et a rendu les honneurs 
militaires. pendant que la nnisitiue de 
PEcole jouait le " Star Spangled Banner." 



540 



Supplementary Papers 



Arrix^s au Santct.' wharf. M. Roosevelt 
et les personnes tiiii racconipaKiiaieiit out 
pris place dans des embarcations pour sc 
reiidre il bord de I'aviso Ic Dolphin; en 
mOme temps ce navirc saluait Ic President 
do vingt-un coups de canon. I,e petit voy- 
age de quatre millesentre Ic Saiitee wharf 
et le niouillage dii Gaulois n'a pas pr6sentt 
dincident. 

I.orsqne le Dolphin est arriv6 au niouil- 
lage des navires de guerre, le Gaulois et 
les trois Viaiinicnts ani(Sricains de I'escorte, 
r Alabama, le Kearsarge et roiympia, ont 
salu^ de vingt-un coupsde canon. Lesem- 
barcationsdu /)('//*/(/« ont a mcn£' a r^chelle 
de tribord du cuirassC* fran^ais le President 
des Etats-Unis et sa suite. Re9u i la 
couple i>ar M. Canibon. anibassadeur de 
France, leg<5n6ral Unig^re et le vicc-aniiral 
Fournier, M. Roosevelt a 6t€ conduit dans 
le salon de I'ainiral Fournier, oil I'atten- 
daient les meinbres de la mission. 

Apr^s s'^tre entretenu quclques instants 
avec les officiers fran^ais. le President a 
e.\prim6 le d^sir de visiter le uavire. en at- 
tendant I'heure du dejeuner, qui devait 
€lre ser\'i i une heure. M. Roosevelt, cou- 
duit par laTuiral Foviruier, a parcouru la 
batterie: il a paru s'int^resscr vivement d 
I'armament et A rani^nagement du Gau- 
lois. M. Ross, repr^sentant de 1' Illinois, 
qui est president de la commission des 
affaires navales 4 la chambre, a sembl6. 
lui aussi. prendre un \'if int^r^t ft cette 
visite. On sait que les derniers cuirasses 
constmits aux Etats-I'nis, P Alabama, par 
exemple, ressemblent par certains c6t^s au 
cuirass^ frangais: ils ont il pen pr^s le 
ni^me tonnage, la m£me ^spaisseur de 
cuirasse et le niCme armement. 

I,a table du dejeuner avait ^t^ dress^e 
sur le pent, k I'arri^re du navire, sous une 
tente form^e de drapcaux franyais et am^- 
ricainset tr^s artistiquemeut d^cor^e de 
plantcs vertes et de roses. De nombreuses 
lumii^res ^lectriques et des cand^labres 
giiuis de bougies eclairaient la table, au- 
tour <lc laquelle trois ^veutails iJlectriques 
eutretenaieut une fraicheur relative. La 
vaisselle et I'argenterie avaient £t^ appor- 
tficsde France; ellesprovenaient du palais 
de I'Elys^e, au dire d'un officier du 
Gaulois. 

Une centaine de personnes ont pris part 
£t ce dejeuner. I.e President occupait la 



place d'honneur au centre de la tabic, di- 
rectement au-dessous de la vol^*e des deux 
grosses pi^esde^o centimetres qui anntnt 
la tourelle d'arri^re du Gaulois. En face 
du President, un faisceau de drapeaux 
am^ricains entourail un aigle aux ailes 
^ploy^essurmontant I'tcusson nationaldes 
Etats-rnis et ,1a devise: "E Pluribus 
Unum." 

Le President avait A sa droite Mme. Root, 
femme du secretaire de la Guerre, et le 
g^u^ral Hmg^re, et A sa gauche, Mme. 
Lodge, femme du s^nateur du Massachu- 
setts, et le vice-amiral Fournier. Mme. 
Cambon, femme de lambassadeur de 
France, 6lait assise en face du Pri-sident. 
Une des places d'honneur avail Ot6 r6- 
ser\-6e au gouverneur du Maryland, M. 
Smith, a cOt€ duquel ^tait assis I'amiral 
Dewey. 

Pendant le diner, la musique des Equi- 
pages de la flotte a fait entendre les mor- 
ceaux les plus choisis de son repertoire. 

Au dessert, M. Cambon s'est Iev6 et. au 
nora du President de la R^publique Fran- 
9aise. il a souhaitE chaleurcusement la 
hienvenue d loutesles personnes pr^sentes 
sur le sol frangais, represent^ par le Gau- 
lois. II a ete tres airaable dans ses allu- 
sions an President Roosevelt, entre les 
mains duquel. a-t-il dit, les libert^s si prE. 
cieuses d\i peuple am^ricain sont en sftretE- 
L'ambassadeur de France a eioquemment 
rappeie le but de la mission du general 
Urug^re; il a dit qu'il esp^rait ferniement 
que la grande amitie que unit depuis un 
si^cle le peuple frau^ais au peuple des 
Etats-Unis se perp^tuerait d travers les 
generations futures II a lermhie en bu- 
vant ^ la sante "du President de la glo- 
rieuse Repviblique Americaine qui a donne 
I'exemple de la liherte populaire. non 
seulement A la France, mais au monde 
eutier. " 

En proposant la saute du President 
Roosevelt, M. Camlx)n a dit qu'en invitant 
le premier magistral des Etats-Unis. il 
avait voulu faire ressorlir le fait qu'il 
agissait comme representant direct et per- 
sonnel de M. Lonbet, President de la R6- 
publique Fran^aise. 

Le President Roosevelt a fait unereponse 
heureuse, quoique parlant avec une len- 
teur qui ne lui est pas habituelle. comme 
s'il mesurait la portee de chacune des 



Sitpplcnieiifarv Papers 



541 



paroles qu'il prononyait. Le President a 
ajout€: 

" M. rAinbassadeur. nous appr^cions ce 
que la France a fait en envoyant sur nos 
c6tes un aussi niaguifique navire de guerre, 
nous appr^cions ^galenient le choix: de 
ceux qui ont ^te eiivoy^s ici pour la repr^- 
senter d riuauguration du moiiutnent de 
RocHAMBEAC. viu iUustrc g^n^ral et un 
non nioins illustre amiral. 11 y a cent 
vignt ans, d'apr^s rhistoire, le courage des 
soldats et marins fran^ais fit uiie telle im- 
pression sur les citoyens de ce pays qu'ils 
devTurent, par I'exeniple qu'ils leur don- 
n^:rent, libres etind^pendants [applaudis- 
senients], et, pour cela, la France occupera 
toujours dans nos coeurs une place ch^rie 
[nouveaux applaudissements], M. I'Am- 
bassadenr, je vous remercie personnelle- 
ment de la politesse que vous m'avez t^- 
moign^e. Ce sera pour nioi d'une grande 
utility d'avoir, grSce d, vous, pu visiter ce 
niaguifique vaisseau fran^ais. Jai kX.h 
tr^s impression^ par son ni^canisme et son 
armement sup^rieurs et par le bel aspect 
et la discipline des hommes de son Equi- 
page. Je suis certain de parler avec Tap- 
probation de la marine am^ricaine en di- 
sant que nous avons kXL tr^s heureux de 
voir dans nos eaux un navire d'un niodele 
aussi reniarquable que le Gaulois comme 
architecture naval et, en son nom, je vous 
remercie. Permettez-moi. au nom du peu- 
ple des Etats-rnis et avec la conviction 
certaine que j'interprete ses sentiments, 
de boire 3, la sant^ du President I,oubet et 
^ la prosp^ritE de la puissante nation dont 
il est le chef." 

I,e g^n^ral Brugere a ensuite pris la pa- 
role et a termine son allocution, des plus 
flalteuses pour les Etats-L'uis, en portant 
un toast d la in^moire de Rochambeau et 
de Washington'. 

Le secretaire de la guerre Root a pro- 
noncE un discours court, mais heureux. II 
a rappelE que le Gaulois avail jetE I'ancre 
dans les m^mes eaux qui baignent lesco es 
de Yorktowu. Il a ensuite portE le toast 
suivant: 

"Je bois ^ I'arm^e franjaise, toujours 
d^vouEe et tendre dans son aniitiE, toujours 
intr^pide et courageuse en temps de 
guerre." 

L'amiral Fournier a ensuite fait allusion 
^ I'estime r^ciproque qui existait entre les 



marines des deux pays, et a bu £L la santE 
de M. Roosevelt et aux fonctionnaires at- 
taches A la Maison Blanche. 

M. Moody, secretaire de la Marine, a pro- 
nonce une adresse courte, mais pleine de 
feu. Il a fait remarquer que la fiotte fran- 
9aise,etait toujours venue aux Etats-Vnis 
pour une mission amicale, et il a ajoute: 

" Quand la France est venue ^ notreaide. 
il y a plus de cent ans, elle a non seulement 
rendu un grand ser\'ice A la liberte. mais 
elle nous a aussi impost un devoir qui 
entraine pour nous I'obligation de le 
remplir et le peuple amedcain pent dire 
avec orgueil qu'il n'y a jamais manque." 

M. Moody a ensuite porte un toast A la 
marine fian9aise qui a ete chaleureuse- 
ment applaudi. 

M. Cambon a termine la sErie des dis- 
cours en se levant de nouveau et en pro- 
posant un toast des plus galants, celui de 
boire ^ la saute de Mme. Roosevelt. L,a 
proposition de Tambassadeur a ete saluee 
de nonibreux applaudissements. 

Voici le menu ^ bord du Gaulois: 

Olives 

Saucisson de L,j"on Radis et beurre 

Anchois a I'huile 

(Eufs brouilies aux truffes 

Tron^on de Sauraon a la Russe, Sause verte 

Filets Mignona la Kordelaise 

Poulet de Printemps a I'Estoufade 

Garni au Cresson 

Asperges Alaska 

Dessert: Savarin aux Ananas — Petils 

fours assortis 

Fromage Fruits Cafe 

Vins; Chateau Suduiraut 1877 — Saint- 

Julien 
Champagne: Moet ft Chandon Cachet 
blanc — Montehello Cremant brut 1S93. 
Le President Roosevelt a quitte Annapo- 
lis vers quatre heures et demie de I'apres- 
midi pour rentrer ^ Washington, oii il est 
arrive i 5 h. 2S. Une heure apr^s le depart 
du President, le general Brugere et les 
membres de la mission sont partis a leur 
tour d'Annapolis pour Washington, oil ils 
oiit dine a I'ambassade de France. Les 
personnes invitees a ce diner etaient, sauf 
quelques exceptions, les memes qui as- 
sistaient jeudi soir au diner donuE par le 
President Roosevelt A la Maisc^ji Blanche. 
On y remarquait eu outre Mgr. Gibbons, 



542 



Supplcnicniary Papers 



cardinal-archcv^ue tie DnUimorc, Mgr. 
Chapcllc. archcvOgue de la Nonvelle-Or- 
l^aiis. les arnbassadfiirs dc Russic. d'ltalic 
et dii Mexiquc, les luinistres d'Autrichtr- 
Hongrio. dc Suisse, dcs Pays-Has et dn 
Danemark.lesstiiatciirs Fairbanks. Haiina 
et Depew, etc. 

I,a salleoO avail lieu le banquet ^tait d6- 
cor^e de drapeaux fran^ais et atn^ricains. 
Nous donnons ici le menu du diner: 

Clovisses sur Coquillcs 
Assiettes de Claces Citrons en panier 
Potage Consonini(5 Rachel anx Truffes 

Pntage CrGnie d'Asperges 
Olives farcies Radis Amandessal^s 

Petites Tinibales Moscovites 

Mousse de Honiard A la Rochanibeau 

Ponnnes Parisienne. Conconibres 

Kilet de B<vuf Richelieu 

Chapon i\ rAnibassadrice. Champignons 

frais 

Sorbets Marquise an Champagne 

Pluviers ROtis an Cresson 

Salade Demi-Deuil 

Desserts: Fantaisie— Mousse \ I'Auanas— 

Petits fours assortis — 

Bonbons Fourths 

Fruits Froniage Caf6 

VinsivMarsala iSSS— Saint- Julien— Chateau 

d'Arsac 1S93 

Champagne: Meet it Chandon Brut im- 

pC-rial— ^lontebello Cremant bnit 1S93. 



WASHINGTON', 24 mai tgo2.~t,c Presi- 
dent des Htats-rnis a pr^sid^aujourd'hui. 
ell conipagnie des reprC-sentants ofTiciels 
de la R^publique fran^aise. A I'inaugn- 
ration de la statue du mar^chal de Ro- 
CHAMBEAU. ^rig^e en face de celle de 
Lafayette, pr^s de la Maison Blanche. 
, M. Roosevelt avail tenu i rendre un bla- 
tant hommage, au nom de la R^publique 
ani^ricaine, an brave soldat (|ui coniman- 
dait en chef les troupes de I.ouis XVI en- 
voy^es au secours de Tarni^e du g^ii^ral 
Washington, il y a cent vingt ans. 

Dans la matinee le President Roosevelt 
a re^vi il la Maison Blanche les menibres 
du Cercle litt^raire franco-am^ricain. de 
lAlliance fran^aise de New- York, de I'Al- 
liance fran^aise de Brooklyn, de I'lrish- 
American Historical Society et de I'Associ- 
ation nationale fran^aise de Philadelphie. 
qui s'fitaient rendus ^ Washington par 



1 train sp^ial pour assistcr A I'inauguralion 
I du monunient de Rochamheai". 

Le monument de Rociiambkav cgm- 

prend une statue de bronze de 2 m litres 70 

! de hauteur, un haul-relief de bronze repr4- 

I sentant la " Libertt arm6e." et un pi^des- 

I tal de pierre sur soubassement de granit; 

I'ensemble du nionunienl ne mesure pas 

moins de cinq metres cinquante. Ro- 

I chamdeau est represent^ delxiul. le bras 

I droit tendu vers I'horizon, dans un gestc 

de commandemenl; dans la main gauche 

I il tienl un plan de la ville de Yorktown; A 

ses pieds repose une culasse de canon sur 

laqnelle se d^tache une branche de lau- 

rier. 

! Parmi les inscriptions qui figurent sur 

, le pi^destal de la statue on remarque 

celle-ci: 

"Nous avons ^t^ confreres et collabo- 

rateurs au ser\'ice de la libertt. et nous 

avons v^cn ensemble comme le doivent des 

I fr^res, dans une amiti£ harmonieuse.— 

I Washington." 

I Celte phrase est extraite d'une lettre du 

g^n^^ral Washington adress^e i Rocham- 

beav le I*' f^'vrier 17S4. I/original de 

celte lettre, d^couverte dans les archives 

du cliAteau de Rochanibeau. a 616 appor- 

I6e anx Ktats-Unis par le pelitmeveu du 

mar^chal. On en a retrouv6 la copie dans 

les archives du d^partemenl d'Elat, A 

I Washington, et on a jng6 que I'extrail ci- 

I dessus serait la plus belle des inscriptions 

I pour le inoiuinient de Rociiambeau, 

L*artisteacliercli6 Prendre, laiit par I'al- 
lure du personnage que par I'expression 
de sa physionomie, les traits caract^ris- 
I tiques de celte int^ressante figure du der- 
j uier mar^chal de I'ancienne inonarchie. 
De la vaillance simple! de I'^nergiedans 
la decision, une grande defiance de I'in- 
trigue et un vif amour de son pays et de 
son^tat, RocHAMBEArconslituele type ac- 
compli du soldat de carrit^re sous I'ancien 
regime; celui que sa naissance pouvait ap- 
peler anx brillanls loisirs de la vie cour, 
mais A qui son caracl&re fit toujours pr6- 
f^rer les rudes hasards des campagnes 
lointaines. Le statnaire a tent6 de rendre 
ce caract^re. 

I.,a physionomie de son h^ros exprime 
aussi, Ton pent s'eii rendre compte, cette 
loyaute. cette honnfitet^, ce souci d'ordre 
de discipline auquel les notables de Phila- 



Supploncntay]' Papers 



543 



delphie rendaient homraage. Tel quel, 
RoCHAMHEAU (^tait hieii rhonime qu'il 
convenait d'envoyer aiix "insurgents" 
d'Ani^rique pour leur prfiter main-forte. 
Un officier de cour. brave mais 16ger et 
libertin, u'eflt pas fait VafFaire en pre- 
sence de ces colons, intransigeants dans 
leurs id^eset souventd^tiants^ regard des 
Strangers. 

On sait que les restes du vaillant mar^- 
chal reposent dans le petit cinieti^re de 
Tlior^, distant de denx kilometres du cha- 
teau de Rochambeau oil le compagnon 
d'armes de I,afayette rendit le dernier 
soupir en 1S07. I^e niausol^e qui les ren- 
fernie, en niarhre noiret blanc, est entour^ 
d'une grille en fer forg^. On y lit I'^pi- 
taphe du mar^chal conipos^e par le che- 
valier de Boufflcrs, et qui est un r^suiu^ 
succinct et glorieux de sa carri^re niili- 
taire. 

lyCs ni^moires du niar^chal de Rocham- 
beau ont et^ publics, niais la correspou- 
dance qu il ^chaugea avec Washington est 
encore enfouie dans la ponssi^re d'une 
biblioth^que. Cette correspondance, dont 
une petite partie a ^t^ publi^e en Ani^- 
riqvie seulenient, est aux mains de la mar- 
quise de Rochambeau. (Libraire du Con- 
gr^s ^ Washington.- Ed.) 

Au chatau de Rochambeau on conserve 
pr^cieusement, dans une petite vitrine, le 
baton du marechal de Rochambeau, re- 
convert de velours bleu et parsem<5 de fleurs 
de lis, ainsi que I'tp^e avec laqnelle il fit 
rexp^dition d'Am^rique. 

C'est, comme on sait, uu Fran9ais, M. P. 
Hamar, qui est I'auteur du monument. 
Cestatuaire. detail curieux, estsourd-muet. 
Mais cette particularity ne I'a pas empgch^ 
de suivre sa vocation, et sous la direction 
de MM. Cavelier, Barras et Choppin, de 
devenir un artiste de valeur. C'est lui qui 
a ex^cut^ la belle statue du vaillant soldat 
qui se dresse sur la place Saint-Martin, A 
Vendome. 

La c^r^mouie d'inauguratioude la statue 
€rig$e ^ Washington, aux frais du gouver- 
nement des Etats-Unis. a ^t^ une veritable 
manifestation d'amiti^ franco-am^ricaine. 
Non seulementon voyaitc6te ^c6te les plus 
hauls repr^striitauts de la R^publique des 
Etats-Unis et les envoy^s du President I,ou- 
bet.group^ssous les plisdesdrapeaux fran- 
gais et am^ricains, mais en outre un fort 



d^tachement de fusiliers marinsd^barqufis 
du cnirassij le Gaulois 6tait sons lesarmes, 
A c6te des compagnies dc d^barquemeut 
fournierspar rescadream^ricaiueactueUe- 
ment il Annapolis. Knfin. tons lesdiscours 
prononc^s par les repr<l-sentants des deux 
pays ont ^t^ autant d'hommages reiidus il 
la vieille alliance qui unit la France et 
les Etats-Unis, et dont le souvenir ton- 
jours vivace se transniet de g6ii6ration en 
generation. 

La ceremonied'inaugurationdevaitcom- 
mencer JV oiize heures du matin, mais long- 
temps avant I'heure fix^e, les rues de Wash- 
ington etaient pleines de monde. On pent 
dire que la population de lacapitale n'a pas 
pris moins dinteret que le monde officiel ii 
la manifestation en riionneurde Rocham- 
beau etde lamitie franco-americaine. 

De grand matin, les curieux s'^taient por- 
tes dans Pennsylvania avenue sur le pas- 
sage du bataillon de fusiliers marins, de- 
barque du Gaulois et arrive d'Annapolis 
par un train special. I^e bataillon etait pre- 
cede de la musiquedesequipagesdela flotte, 
et suividedeuxpetites pieces de canon trai- 
nees h la bretelle. L'exccllentetenue etle 
pittoresque costume des marins f rau^ais ont 
produit la meilleure impression. Aidiverses 
reprises, des acclamations ont salue les 
honimesdu Gaulois. Asonarriveeausquare 
Lafayette oii venaient de se depl yer les 
detachments de troupes reguli^r/es, de ma- 
rins et de gardes nationaux, qui allaient as- 
sister d la cereinonie. le bataillon fran^ais 
a ete accneilliavec laplusgrandecordialite 
par les officiers. les soldats et les marins 
americains. 

Le President Roosevelt et les meinbres du 
cabinet sont arrives au square Lafayette un 
peu avant onze heures. Deux estrades 
avaient ete eievees, Tune, pr^s du monu- 
ment Rochambeau, etaitdestiueeau monde 
officiel. Le President Roosevelt, les mem- 
bres du cabinet federal, les senateurs et 
les representants, rambassadeur de France, 
le general Brug^re, les membres de la mis- 
sion fraufaise, M. et Mme. de Rochambeau, 
M. de Sahune de Lafayette, etc., y ont pris 
place. Du cote sud de Pennsylvania ave- 
nue, pr^s du coin de la Maisou Blanche, se 
trouvait lasecondeestradequi etait bondee 
d'invites. parmi lesqnels on remarquait 
beaucoup de personnes venues de New- 
York, de Philadelphie, de Baltimore, etc. 



544 



Snpplf})U')itiu'V Paptrs 



M. Roosevelt ct les aiitres repr^sentaiils 
tin jiouverncmcnl t-t du emigres des Etats- 
I'nis^taiL'nt.conmic loujours.vCtusde noir; 
la simplicity de leurs costumts faisait 
rt-ssortir I'^clat dtrs unifomies des nom- 
breux officiers fran^ais et am^-ricains q\ii 
cnlouraient le President. I^'S uniformes 
de rarinOe fraii^aise, qui iic sent pascouiius 
aux Ktats-l'iiis, cxcitaienl nne vive curi- 
osity. T.e pantalon rouge, |les nnmbreuses 
decorations (.-t le chapenu :\ plumes 
blanches du g6n6ral Brug^re atlirait tout ' 
particuli^rement rattention. ainsi que le 
casque du capitaine l^asson, qui est officier i 
de cuirassiers. 

La c^r^monie a commence parune invo- 
cation du x(t\\ D. J. Stafford. cur6 de , 
r^glise catholique de Saiiit-ratrice, qui 
rempla^ait le cardinal C.ibbons, empCcli^. 

DISCOURS DU PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 

Le President Roosevelt s'est lev^ ensuitc 
pour prendre la parole. II a ^t^ accueilli 
par nne salve d'applaudissements. D^s 
quf le silence s'est fait. M. Roosevelt a 
prononc^ en anglais un discours fort 
eiogieux pour la France ct pour la mission 
fran^aise. Kn voici la traduction: 

" M. rambassadeur et vons messieurs les 
repr^sentants de la puissante R^publiqne 
fran^aise, au nom du peuple des Etats- 
Unis, je vous souhaite la bienvenne. Nous 
appr6cions pleinement tout ce que signifie 
celte mission extraordinaire, choisie v»r^r 
M. I,oubel pour repr^scnter la France k 
riuauguralion du monument du grand 
mar^chal qui avec les soldats et les marins 
de la France a frapp^ le coup d^cisif dans 
cette guerre qui a permis \ ce pays de 
devenir indtpendant et de marcherde pair 
avec les aulres nations. 

"Jesuis persuade que je ne faisqu'ex pri- 
mer les sentiments de tons les citoyens des 
Etats-Unis. qui sont fiersde la place que 
tieiit notre R^publique dans I'histoire; en 
disant que nous appr^cions beaucoup cette 
nouvelle preuve d'amiti^ que vient de 
nous donner la France, non seulement 
parce que nous sommes necessairemeut 
heureux de voir un pays aussi puissant en 
temps de paix et en temps de guerre. 
comme la France I'a toujours prouv^, venir 
chez nous; raais aussi parcp qu'apr^s un 
si^le et quart la R^publique fran^aiseapu 



appr^cier que nous avons ni6rit6 les sacri- 
fices qu'elle a faits pour nous, 

" Je suis certain que tons les citoyens des 
Ktats-Vnis seront egalement heureflx de 
voir les repr^sentants de la France venir 
en Amerique au moment m^me oil nous 
venons de fonder unt.- r^publique sceur, la 
Republi(ine de Cuba. 

" M. rAuibassadeur. le peupleamericain, 
si>ecialement ]>arce qu'il est le peuple 
amtricain et cjue I'histoire des Etals-l^iis 
a dXh si souvent mei^e ^ celle de la France 
qui a tant fait pour nous, parce qu'aussi, 
en niGmc temps que le monde entier, nous 
reconnaissous que la France, sur bien des 
points, vient A la tCte du progr^s et de la 
civilisation — le peuple anit-ricain, que je 
reprtsente, vous remercie et vous prie 
egalemeut de remercier en son nom les 
membres de la mission ici presents, le Pre- 
sident Loubet et toute la nation frau9aise 
jxjur I'acte lui-mCme et Tid^e magnanime 
qui I'a inspire." [Applaudissements pro- 

louges.] 

Aussitdt ajirSs le discours du President 
Roosevelt, la comtesse de Rochambeau, 
qui etait assise derri&re M. Roosevelt, s'est 
avancee et a tire Its cordes qui devaienl 
faire tomber le voile de drapeaux fran9ais 
et amtricains sous lequel la statue de 
Rochambeau etait cachee aux yeux du pu- 
blic. Mais les cordes resistaieut et le 
voile ne tombait pas. ce que voyant le Pre- 
sident et M. Cambon firent ensemble le 
meme mouvement pour venir en aide 4 
Mnie. Rochambeau. I,e President arriva 
le premier pour saisir les cordes, et ce fut 
hii qui. d'un coup vigoureux, fit tomber le 
voile. Mais un des drapeaux s'accrocha 
a la lance de la Liberte armee et un autre 
jl la main gauche de RocITambeau. Le 
premier fut enleve par un des marins de 
y Alabama, mais le second etait si bien 
accroche que le President donna finale- 
inent. d'uiie voix forte, I'ordre de le laisser 
en place et de coi.tinuer la ceremonie. 

Lorstpie sont apparus les traits du coura- 
geux general fran^ais, dont les Etats-l'nis 
commemorent aujourd'hui les ser\-ices, les 
applaudissements out edate; les femraes 
agitaient leurs mouchoirs. pendant que la 
mu.■^ique de I'infanterie de marine jouait la 
"Marseillaise."' Aussit6t apr^s, It- sculi>. 
teur Hamar auteur du monument, a etfi 
presente aux assistants. II s'est incline et 
I s'est retire presque immediateraent. 



Supplementary Papers 



545 



DISCOURS DE M. CAMBON 

M. Jules Camboii, aniliassadeur de 
France, a ensuite pris la parole. Voici le 
discours qu'il a pronounce en fraiigais: 

'■ L'art de la France et la g^n^rosit^ du 
congr^s ani^ricain se soiit nnis pour elevcr 
ce monument a la m^nioire du marechal de 
RocHAMBEAU. Ainsi se trouve glorifi^ le 
g^n^ral de Tami^e franjaise qui combattit 
pour I'ind^pendance de 1' Am^rique sous les 
ordres de Washington. La nation am^ri- 
caiiie avail d^j3,. et non loin d'ici, consacr6 
la gloire des jeunes et entliousiastes Fran- 
9ais qui. des le d^but et n ^coutant que le 
voeu secret de toute la nation fran^aise, 
apport^rent, avec Lafayette, leur ^p{^e aux 
treizc colonies. II €tait juste que ceux-lil 
aussi fussent honoris qui vinrent ici par 
I'ordre du gouvernenieiit de la France, et 
qui. ob^issant & leur devoir, le reraplirent 
tJut entier et assur^rent le succ^sd^finitif. 
I^ans la personne de Kochambeau, c'est 
Famine de la France, ce sont ses regi- 
ments, ses officiers inconnus, ses soldats 
o'.jscurs qui sont glorifies avec leur chef. 

" 1,'honneur est pour moi bien grand de 
prendre ici la parole comme ambassadeur 
de la R^publique Franjaise et de vous 
remercier tous ici, qui repr^sentez le gou- 
vernement, la magistrature et le congr^s 
des Etats-Unis, de Thommage rendu d 
rhomme qui fit triompher pour la derni^re 
fois le drapeau fieurdelys^ de la vieiUe 
France. Aujourd hui, la R^publique Fran- 
9aise a envoy^ vers vous une mission qui a 
pour chef le plus Eminent de nos officiers 
g^n^raux. le g^n^ral Brug^re. Comrae 
hit, Tarm^eet la marine fran^aise avecyne 
sorte de pi^t^ nationale, fetent la m^moire 
de leurs ain^s. serviteurs comme elles de 
la liberty. 

■ ROCHAMBEAU fut uu chcf cxact, disci- 
pline, s^v^re. courageux et soucieux de la 
vie de ses soldats; il rappelait quelquefois 
aux jeunes gens qui Tentouraient, que, 
pendant le cours de sa longue carriere mi- 
litaire 15,000 horames etaient morts sous 
ses ordres mais qu'ii ne pouvait se re- 
procher la mort d'aucun deux. Par 1^, il 
conquit. pour notre armee, I'estime de 
votre nation et, pour lui-in^me, raffection 
de voire grand Washington. 

'■ Amsi. ce monument, qui ne semble des- 
tine qu tl ^voquer des souvenirs de guerre 

S. Doc. 537. 59-1 35 



est par lecaract^rede la lutte qu'il rappelle 
etde I'homme qu'il glorifie, un monument 
d'unioii entre deux peuples. Aujourdhui. 
comme il y cent viugt ans. les soldats et 
les marins de la France et des Etats-Unis 
sont cote ^ cote, ils entourent ce monu- 
ment; ils niarchent sous le niCme com- 
mandement; ils ni^lent ensemble leurs 
chants nationaux el en honorant leurgloire 
commune ils donnent au monde I'exemple 
de la fidelity dans ramiti6. 

"Cette aniitie, vous nous I'avez prou- 
v^e: Un evenement tragique. nue catastro- 
phe telle que le monde n'en a point coiinu 
depuis vingt sidcles, vient de frapper les 
Antilles fran^aises. Le President .des 
Etats-Fnis, le congrds et la nation am^ri- 
caine out rivalis^ de gen^rosite el de 
promptitude pour secourir nos malheureux 
concitoyens. Qu'il nie soil permis de 
saisir cette occasion solennelle et de 
remercier publiquement, au noni de inon 
gouvernemenl et de mon pays, vous. mon- 
sieur le President, el le peuple des Etals- 
Unis tout entier. 

" Par 1^, vous avez montre que qnelque 
chose de nouveau ttail n^ entre les nations; 
qu'uii lien de sympathie desinl6ressee et 
de bonte pouvait les unir, et que les id^es 
de justice et de liberty, pour lesquelles nos 
p^res avaient combattu ensemble, il y a 
cent vingt ans. avaient fructiti6 dans le 
cceur des hommes. 

"Fn pen plus d'humanit^ est entr^ dans 
les rapports des peuples entre eux. II y a 
trois ans, nous avons vu les repr^ientants 
de tous les pays se r^unir pour chercher 
les moyens d'assurer le maintien de la paix 
entre les nations. Par une heureuse coin- 
cidence, au moment m^me oii je parle, le 
jeune et g^nereux souverain qui avail con- 
voqu^ le congres de la paix ^ la Haye, 
et le President de la R^publique Fran9aise 
se trouvent r^unis h. Saint-Petersbourg. 

"Ainsi se manifesleiit partout et sur les 
points les plus eioign6s de la terre, les 
monies sentiraents d'uniou entre les re- 
pr6sentanls les plus ei^v^s des nations. 

' Ce ne sont pas 1^ des manifestations 
st^riles. Le monde, A me-sure qu'il prend 
plus conscience de lui-m£me, est plus s^- 
vdie pour ceu.x qui veulenl le troubler, et, 
quand on mesure I'ccuvre accompli depuis 
que Washington et Rocil^meeau combat- 
taient ensemble pour le bien de rhuma- 



^6 



Sufyplcnini tary l\ipers 



iiit<^'. on pent jugcr qu'ils n'oiil ^>as com- 
hattu en vain. 

"Ce monument en portera t^moignagc 
aux yeux dcs gtn^ralions qui viendront 
apr^s noils." 

Tons ccnx, cl iU ^taient iionibrciix, qui 
comprc naient U- frau9aisdans rassistance, 
onl chalcnrcnst-nifnt applaudi Ifs heu- 
rcnses parolfsdc M. Cambon. 

DISCOURS DU GENERAL PORTER 

La niusique dcsC*qnipagesdc lafiottc, qni 
6tait plac^'c prtis dc I'esirade, a jou6 cnsuite | 
nn air palrioliquc. ' 

Pnis le g^ii^ral Porter, ambassadeur des 
Ktats-lnis en I-rance. .s'est Icv6 an milieu 
des applaudisscments et a parl^- avec Elo- 
quence des services rendus par Rocham- 
BEAU A la cause de TindEpendance am^ri- 
caine. Voici un extrait de son discours, 
que nous regrcttons de ne pouvoir jniblier 
en enlier; 

'•Pour bien appr^cier la sinc6ril0 du 
caractdrc de Rochambeau. tel qu'il s'est 
d^veloppt dans sa canipagne am^ricaine. 
nous devons nous souvenir qu'il faisait 
partie de la vieille noblesse fran9aise. qu'il 
C-tait jxirteur de decorations qui lui avaient 
etc- d^cerneespardes nuiins royaleset que, 
inalgrE tout, it venait ici gagner des ba- 
tailles dans rint6r6t de principes avancEs 
r6publicains. Cc n'esl pas sa patrie pour 
laquelle il scbatlail; il n'avait pas I'inten- 
tion de resler ici pour participer ft la pros- 
perity que devait aniener le succ^s; il 
n'avait pas, par consequent, la force du 
patriotisme pour Taninier. 

" 11 vinl sur nos rives avec une fiere 
annEe, adniirabtement Equipec et disci- 
plineejl la sEv^re ecoled'une des premieres 
pui.ssances militairesdu vieux monde, pour 
se trouver associE A la niodeste 'yeomanry' 
des colonies qui constituait les forces 
americaiues.dontles honnnesn'avaient pas 
suflfisainmeiit de v^teinents p(iur couvrir 
leurs hoiiurables blessures, etdont on pou- 
vail retracer les marches en suivaiU Ics 
tiupreiiUes sanglantes que laissaient les 
l>ieds de ces h^ros sans chaussurcs. 

" I^es communications frequentes avec la 
1- ranee etaieut impossibles et on avait 
doune ;\ Rochambeau liberie d'action 
prestpie complete. Dans ces circonstances, 
un lionuue de nioiusdemodestie, demoins 
de niagnanimitedecaract^re etd'un esprit 



inoins conciliant aurait abuse de sa post 
lion, se scrail montre arrogant el mal dis- 
pose A considerer des plans qui lui et^ent 
presentes par le commandant des forces 
americaines; mais il manifesta, <Ii^s le de- 
but, sa volonted'adopterloutes lesniesures 
qui pourraient faciliter les operations niili- 
laircs simultanees sur cc difiicile theatre 
de la guerre et mit dec6ie loutes conside- 
rations autres que celles qui pouvait^nt 
conduire an succ^s complet des forces 
alliees. 

" Dans toules leurs relations, ils se men- 
trSrent tons deux fiddles an principe 'qu'il 
est temps d'abandonner le sentierde I'ani- 
bition <tuand il devient si etroit quon ne 
pent y marcher deux de front.' 

" Rochambkau. en debarquant sur nos 
rivages, definit sa politique vis-A-vis des 
Americains en ces paroles expliciles: ' Je 
suis rami de leurs amis et Tenuemi de 
leurs eniiemis." Sa niodestie eiait pro- 
verbiale. II dit <lans .scs memoires. en 
pa riant tie la reddition de \'orklo\vn: 
' Lord Connvallis etait nialade et le gene- 
ral O'Hara sortit A la t6te de la garnison. 
En arrivant, il me presente son sabre. Je 
lui designai le general Washington, le chef 
de I'armee ainerlcaine, et lui dis que. 
Tarmee fran9aise n'etanl qu'aiixiliaire sur 
ce continent. c'C'tait an general aniericain 
qu'il devait s'adresser pour en recevoir Jes 
ordres.' " 

I.a niusique de Tinfanterie de la marine 
a joue un air palriotique. pendant que le 
general Porter recevait les felicitations des 
personnes qui rentouraient. 

• DISCOURS DU SfeNATEUR XODGE 

M. Henr>* Cabol Lodge, senateur du Mas- 
sachusetts, a ensuite proiionce sou discours, 
le plus important de la jouruee. On peul 
dire que ce discours est reellement re- 
niarciuable. non seulemeiitaii point de vue 
du style, mais aussi par les reinarquables 
viies d'ensenible qu"il contient sur le r61e 
de la France en Amerique et sur rin6u- 
ence qu'a eue la guerre de I'lndependancc 
americaine sur les bonimes qui firenl plus 
I tard la Revolution fran^aisedc 17^9. Voici 
Ic jjassage de ce discours dans lequel >L 
I Lodge a rendu un eloquent horn mage aux 
I ser\*ices du compagnon darmes de Wash- 
ington: 



Siipplni/ru/arv Papers 



547 



"RocHAMBEAr arriva aux Etats-Unis 
dans un inonieiit bien triste pour la cause ' 
ani^ricaine. I,f prciuier £Ian dc resistance ' 
s'^tait refroidi, la Intte active s'etait apai- ' 
s^ dans le Nord, le congrcs <*tait devenn. 
faible ct inerte, le (^onvemenient et les 
finances langnissa lent et Ton ponvait croire 
qne la r^vohition, si henrcnsc snr les 
champs de bataille, se serait efTondr^e sur 
les rochers de I'incapacit^ politiqneet exe- 
cutive. Washington el rannee, seiils an 
niilien des difFicnltes sans pareilles, sonte- 
naient la cause. I/arriv^ede KocH.iMnEAU 
et de son arni^e etait nn grand coup de la 
fortune, et cependant son premier r^snltat 
fut d'augnienter I'lnerlie dn congr^s. 
Washington, comprenant Timportance de 
revenemcnt. se mil imincdiatement en 
correspondance avec Rociiambeat', niais 
ce ne fut qu'an mois tie septenibre qn'il 
put voir le general fran^ais en personne A 
Hartford. Ce fut un grand soulagement 
pour le general, s\ir qui pesaient tant de 
responsabilit^s. de rencontrcr un honime 
tel que Rochambeau et cependant. tandis 
qu'il revenait, le coeur leger, les esp^rances 
plus graiides, la nouvelle de la trahison 
d'Arnold I'abattit de nouvean A son arriv^e 
;\ West Point. L'^t^r s^-tait ^couie, ef rien 
n'avait ^t^ fait. Alors Rochambeau re- 
fusait d'agir sans renforts, et Washington 
Inttait desesper^ment pourobtenir du con- 
gr^s .hesitant et des Etats mal di.spos^s. les 
homnies, I'argent et les subsides absolu- 
nient n^cessaires, si Ton ne voulait pas 
laisser echapper roccasion qui se pr^sen- 
lait. L'hiver se pas.sa, et le printemps re- 
vint. En niai, Washington et Roch.^m- 
BEAU etaient de nouveau en consultation. 
Washington ^tait decide i porter un coup 
fatal quelque part. II pensa ^ la Floride 
et se proposait d'attaquer les Anglais, sous 
Rawdon. par derri^re ; il songea A la Vir- 
ginie oii Cornwallis, forc^ vers le Nord par 
le stratag^me de Greene, ^tait ^tabli avec 
son arm^e ; longtemps il tonrna ses vues 
vers New- York, le centre de la puissance 
anglaise. RocH.-iMBEAU niontra .son intel- 
ligence militaire en penchant fortement 
pour la Virginie. Mais la condition princi- 
pale manqnait encore. Wa.shington savait 
qu'il devait se rendre maitre de la nier. ne 
serait-ce que pour un mois, an point oil il 
voulait porter lecoup d^cisif. Les jours se 
pass&rent ainsi, ri-tc s'^coula et alors, tf>ut 



tl'un coup, la vie revint. De Grasse. envers 
qui nous devons luie dette aussi grande 
qn'envers R()cii.\mbeau, apparut dans la 
Chea.sapeake avec sa fiotte. II n'y avail 
plus de doute possible, Cornwallis en Vir- 
ginie ^tail maintenant le point de niircdcs 
forces alliees. 

" I,e temps me manque pour faire le r^- 
cit de cetle brillante canipagne; pour dire 
comment de Barras fut poviss6 :\ amener 
son cscadre du Nord. comment Clintou fut 
tromp6 il New- York, avec quelle raiji<liie 
les armies americaine et fran9aise fnrent 
transport^es de New- York i la Chesapeake 
et de lA A Yorktowii. I^*hetire. si long- 
temps a ttendue par Washington, oil il poifr- 
rait unir les forces navales et militaires, 
avail enfin sonn^. De Grasse ^tait maitre 
de la baie. La flolte anglaise ^tait disper- 
s^e. Clinton restait inactif il New-York 
et Cornwallis, avec q.ooo honimes, etait a 
Yorktown press^ par les armies alli^es de 
Washington et de Rochambeau. Le si^ge 
suivil, les lignes d*investisseuient se res- 
-serraient. Lauzun fit battre en retraite la 
cavalerie de Tarton des le d^but, et, depuis 
ce jour-ld,. toute sortie des Anglais fut re- 
pouss^e. Chaque jour les travanx d'ap- 
proche avan^aient. et enfin Washington 
d^clara que les redoules avanc^es des An- 
glais pouvaient €tre a.ssaillies. Les Fran- 
^ais sous Viomenil, les grenadiers du Gati- 
nois, le regiment d'Auvergne et des Deux- 
Ponts se jett^rent sur Tune d'elles et c'est 
ici qne le plus fameux des regiments de 
France re^nt a nouveau de son roi !a fiere 
devise 'd'Auvergne sans tache." L'antre 
redoute fut livree aux Am^ricains sous La- 
fayette, commandos par Alexandre Ham- 
ilton et John Laurens. Les deux assauls, 
hrillamment livr^s, furent couronn^s de 
succ^s et les lignes americaines occnp^rent 
les terrains si courageusement gagn^s, 
Une sortie d^sesp^r^e du. colonel Graham 
; qui fut completement repouss^e, un essai 
j infructneux d'^chapper par mer, puis tout 
I fut fini. Le iSoctobre Cornwallis se reudit 
et le jour snivant les Anglais d^pos^rent 
leurs amies en passant entre les lignes des 
Fran^ais align^s sous le drapeau blanc et 
les rangs des Am^ricains qui se tenaient 
sous les treize etoiles plac^es d^s ce jour 
sur le firmament des nations. La revolu- 
tion am^ricaine etait achevee. le nouvei.u 
penple avail vaincu " 



^^ ' 



54^ 



Supplnuriiiaiy Papers 



Tout le inoiulc a applaudi (luand la niii- 
sujin: cics (JquipajiL'S dc la fiottf a jou6 Ic 
"Star Si>aiiRlcil Biinner" apr^ que le 
s^nattriir I,o<iRc cut termint- son discours. 



DISCOURS DU GENERAL BRUGERE 

l,c g^u^ra! Uiugerc. coiuinc clicf de la 
uiisiiiun fran^siisc envoy ^c- aux Klats-l'nis, 
a proiionc«5 eusuiU* quelques paroles; il a 
leruiiut en disant ; "Kulre vmis et nous, 
c'cst ;\ la vie. A ta niort!" I'n tonuerre 
d'applaudissenicnls a saint ces paroles du 
jitndTalissinie di- rarniOe fran^'aise 

V'uici des extraits du disooursdu g^n^ral 
UrugOre : 

" Mon premier ct niou plus agr^-able de- 
voir est de remercier le gonvernemeut des 
iCtats-Unis, an nom de la mission fraii- 
»;aisc, pour avoir invito la nation fran^aise 
i\ participer A cette iniposanle cfir^monie. 
(pii ne pent (jue fortifier les liens d'aniitit 
uuissiml Ics ueux nations. Nous souinics 
tuns tr(^sfiersd'avoir6ltclioisis pour rtpr6- 
scnter la l-'rance dans cette circonstance 
m^niorable. d'autant plus que le monu- 
ment que nous avons sous les yeux n'est 
pas seulenient destin^ i\ honorer le comte 
de KocHAMHKAU, uiajs. conime le presi- 
dent de la Rt'publique fran^aise le disait en 
ivSSi, i\ I'occasion de rinauguration du 
monument de Lafayette: "11 comnitmo- 
rera les anciens liens d'amiti<^ t-xistant 
entrc nos nations, liens qui, maintenant 
que nos iuslitutions iKililicjues sont simi- 
liires. sont appelcs ;\ devenir plus forts. 

"Quand la France a pris nne part active 
Ala guerre de I'lndtpendance, le droit et 
la liberty ttaienl en jeu. la cause ttait juste 
et sacr^e. Je ne vcux en rien dirainuer 
I'aide mat^riellc et morale que les troupes 
commandoes par RociiAMUiiAr et de 
t;rasse out apport^e A rarmeeamOricaine. 
Leur discipline et leur moral 6taient ex- 
cellents. Ces troupes fitaienl sous les 
ordrcs de Washington, et en consequence 
A lui seul revient I'honneur d'avoir fail 
l'Am6rique librc. Je ne sais lequel je dois 
admirer le plus, lecomte de Rociiambkai:, 
lieutenant general de rarmOe franyaise. 
nil des meilleurs tacticiens de la guerre de 
Sept ans. qui s'ttait mis sans hesitation 
sous les ordrcs du general amCricain, on 
C.eorge Washington qhi estimait tellement 



le general fran9aisqn'il paraissait tou jours 
le consnller plulftt que de le commander 

"Dans nne Icttre ecrite en 17S6, Wifish- 
ington dit : 'La sincerite, rhonneur, la 
briivonrc dc vos troupes, le grand patrio- 
lisme et \:\ delicate syiui>alhie qui aiiime 
taut dc vas compalriolcs avec lestpicls je 
puis dire que je suis intimenicnt lie, ct, 
I>ar-dcssus tout, I'interet que votre illuslre 
nioiiarquc ct scs loyaux snjetsont pris an 
siiccds de la cause ainericaine ct au 1I6- 
veloppeinenl de noire indepctidance, nous 
out rendu voire nation ch^re. out fonne 
des liens et laisse des impressions, que ni 
le temps ni les circonstances ne i»cuvent 
detruirc' 

"TcUes sont, messieurs. les derniires 
peiisOcs de Washington, lilies trouveiit 
U11 echo dans noire ccrur apr^s I'amicale 
reception que vous avez faite A la mission 
fran^aise : apr^s les ovations avec lesqucl- 
les vous nous avex accucillis. apr^s les 
eioquents et patriotiqucsdiscours tpie nous 
venous deutendre et aussi, apres les gene- 
reuses preiives de sympathie que la naliou 
ainericaine a donnees derniOrenienl A nos 
malheureuxcompalriotesdela iMartinitiue. 
Kt pour finir. je repute les mots que Ro 
ciiAMBEAiT a prononces en 1781 : "Knlre 
vous el nous, c'esl A la vie. A la raort !" 

I^ ceremonie s'est terminee par la bene- 
diction de la statue par Mgr. Satlcrlcc. evfi- 
que de Washington. 

Iiiimediatenjcnt apr&s, le President 
Roosevelt. Us membres du cabinet, la 
mission frainjaise et les person nes qui 
avaient assisie A riuauguration de la 
j statue out traverse Pennsylvania avenue 
et se soul rendus dans la tribune eievee au 
coin de la Maison Blanche jSbur assister 

I au defile. 

A nil signal doune, les troupes qui, pen- 
dant la ceremonie. s'etaicnl rangees dans 
les environs du departeinent du tresor, se 
sont mises en marche. 

Kn tete veiiait la police, puis le majur- 

; general Young, monte sur uu magnifiqtie 

1 cheval d'armes. Le general Young com- 

maudait la brigade des Rough Riders qui 

se sont battus A Las ('•ua.simas en i:f98; 

lorsqu'il est passe devaiit le President qui 

lavait eu autrefois sous scs ordres. ^L 

Roosevelt a repondu A son salut militaire 

I dune fa9on des plus amicales. A c6ie de 

I lui se tenaient le lieutenanl-eoloncl John 



SiipfylcDiciiltuy Papers 



549 



A. Johns ft im noinhreux <Jtat-niajor com- 
post d'ofTicicrs de ti-ric it dc iirt. 

I.t* coitOgc ^Uiil conipus6 dL- dtrux bri- 
gades. I^a premiere, commaiidC'c par le 
lientenant-coloiicl K. I). Dimniick dn 2" 
cavalerie. i'tait conipos^c eiUit^rcniciU dc 
soldats de ranutc r<?j;uli<>re et du hataillon 
dcs inarins fusiliers du Ganlois.. 

I^'ordre dc tnarche i:tait le snivaut: mi 
bataillnii du jj;tnic, nu hataillnu d'infan- 
terie dc niarinc. Ic liataillou tics niarins du 
Ganlois cjui a 6t6 litis ai>plaudi, la 4" bat- 
teric d'artillerie. uii cscadrou du 2" cava- 
lerie et une ambulance. 

La secoudc brigade fitait conimand^e par 
le brigadier K<^'"<5ral (icorjie H. Harries.de 
la garde natioii'ale du District de Colouibic. 
I-;iIe 6tait couiposd'C dime coini)aRnie du 
g^Tiie. dcs I"" et ."' rt'giinctits dinfanterie 
d'uuc couipagnie dii service des signaux 
et d'un bataillou de I:i uiilice navale. 

ly'escortc personnelle du President et 
des membrcs du cabinet 6tait forni^e dun 
d6tachetneiit de niiltce, dont les bonnne.s 
avaient revfilu ruuiforme des volonlaires 
de la guerre de I'lnd^pendalice. 

Lorsque M. Rojsevelt s'cst retir6, il a 
6t6 salui". coniiue A son arrivt-c, par les 
hourras de la foule nonibreuse (jue la c<^r(r- 
nionie avail atlir6e. On a beaucoup re- 
marqu^' liul^rC't personnel que prenait le 
President il tons les incidents de la c^r<5- 
nionie. I,orsque le voile de la statue est 
torabt, une salve d'arlillerie a 6t6 tir^e par 
une battcrie de grosses pitlces plac<^es dans 
le pare dc la Maisou lllanclie, les dttona' 
lions scandant I'air national fran^ais que 
jouait la niusique de linfanteric dc ma- 
rine. A ce moment, cest le President hii- 
luGme qui a donn6 le signal des hourras, 
dont la foule a saln^ la noble figure dc 

ROCIIAMHHAU 

Parmi les invites de la commission am6- 
ricaine on remarquait les ambassadeurs 
de Ru^sic. d'Allemagne. d'Autriclie-Hon- 
grie. d'ltalie et du Mexicine, mais pour des 
raisons de convenancc, les mcnibres de 
Tambassade d'Angleterre n'avaient pas 
6t6 invites le souvenir de la bataille de 
Yorktown n'ayant rien de bien agitable 
pour les Anglais. I,a mort de lord Paunce- 
fote. survenue hier matin, n'aurait d'ail- 
leurs pas permis au personnel de Pam- 
bassade d'assister ;\ Pinauguralion de la 
statue. 



Kn r6,sum6. tout s'est admirahlement 
pass6 dans cette jonrn^e niC-niorable, dont 
le sneers a dfl Ptrc tout particnli^rement 
goftt6 de M. Jules liccufvC-. le chancelier de 
I'ambassadc dc France, A tpii rcvicut I'hon- 
ueur d'avoir sugg6rO ft des menibres influ- 
ents du congr^s I'id^c dC'riger ft Wash- 
ington la statue dn niart^clial dc Roiham- 
m-:Ai-. 



Washington, j-; mai /yo^.— Les fetes 
cpii out en lieu ici, ft I'occasion de la visile 
des envoy6s franyais, sc sont termin<^'espar 
une reception ft ranibassadc de Prance oil 
M. Cambou, Mme. Cambon, le g6n<5ral 
Hrngerc et Ic comte ct la comtesse de Ko- 
chambcau out rc^u plusieurs centainestle 
persoiines notables de la soci^tij de Wash- 
ington. 

On devait donncr un grand ^lat ft cctlc 
fete, illuinincr brillannucnl Icsjanliusde 
Pambassadc el doniier ijgalement nn con- 
cert en plain air. mais la uiort de lord 
Pauncefote, ambassadeur d'Angleterre, a 
faitqu'on a <l*t^ oblig6 de modifier une 
panic du programme. I.es salons dc Tani- 
bassade ^taient merveilleusement decorfs 
avec des roses et des palmes. Trois cents 
pcrsonnes out assist* ft cette r<?ception. 
Parmi elles se tronvaient le corps diplu- 
niatique an cotnplct. les membres du cabi- 
net, un grand nunibre cl'ofliciers des ar-' 
inC'CS de terre et de nier, les repr<jsentants 
de IWinerican Irish Historical Socie'ty et les 
hauls fonctionnaires du gouverncinenl. 
Au cours de la soiree un soui>er a (i\(: servi 
dont voici Ic nieiiu : 

liouillon I'roid 

CroqucUes excjuises, Sauce Perigucux 

Pois nouvcan.v 

JanilKui dc \'irgiuic glac6 

I.anRucs en gcK-e 

Galantine truffi^e en Hellevne 

Saladc dc Volaille mayonnaise 

Sandwiclis assorlis 

Tarlints de foie gras 

Petits pains 

Petites cxqui.ses Mousse Merveilleuse 

Tutti frutti 
Petits Fours assorlis Gftteaux sees 

Cerises Marquise 
Marrons glacis Fruits glacis 

Caf^- 

Moet & Chandon Moet & Chandon 

Cachet blanc Unit Iuipcri:il 



550 



Si(ppl( fucntai y Ihtpcrs 



AprOs It* soupcr. le Rdii^rnl Portt-r, nm- 
liD.Hsaik'ur ties I'Uals-rnis en l-'runcf. It* 
coiiilc clc Uochuinl»fHU ct Ics luitrcs nifin- 
hrt's «U" la mission out assist^ A um- Nt^-anicf 
(It's I'ils ik- In ROv<)hiti<ni atn^-ricaim-. I.t* 
^;<JiiOrnl Porter, Ic c«>intf tk- I<<K-liaM)bcnii 
cl phisicurs niitus in.'rsoinmK<--s mil vn- 
siiiU* pr<>nonc6 tk* courts tliscoiirs. I, cur 
arrivijr a ^'li- salute par »k- nonihreiix ap- 
plautlisM-iiKiits (|ui se sont renouvclC-s A 
pkisicurs reprises, on n fait une ovation 
i\ raniiral Sclik-y lorsqn'il est cnlrC* tlans 
la saUe (k- reception et s'est assis A c6lt du 
>;<?neral Porter. 



LA FETE DE ROCHAMBEAU EN FRANCE 

I'AKis. -7 W(i/. -In iKiiupiei autiutl oul 
.issistt un jirantl nonihre tk' l'ran9ais et 
tl'Aniericains a cu lieu ce soir i\ rii6tel 
Continental. On reinanpiait dans le salon 
(k- v<!!'Ctplitm tcs jiortrails de \Vasliinj;tou, 
dc RocHAMiiKAr ct du President Rtfosc- 
vell eutoures de faisceaux de drapeaux 
fran(;ais et atnericaius. 11 y avait aussi 
dans ce sakin la reproduction cxacle dc 
la statue ik- KociiAMiir.Ar. 

I,a salle du banquet 6tail ducor6e de dra- 
peaux franyjiis et auieTtcains et ile biiii- 
ni^res sur lesquelles <l*taient inscrits Ics 
noms des difT^l-reuls Ktats qui foruK-ut la 
ROpulilique Amtricaine. M. C.uilkMUOl, 
niaire de Vend6nie, i)r6sidait. Paruii les 
]>ersonncs prfscnlesse trouvaient M, Henri 
Vinnaud, cliarj^e dafTains des Htats-lnis 
A Pans, el le perst>nnel tie INunbassade an 
complet, le comle C.uy de Rochanibeau 
frOre du conite de Rochanibeau en ce 
momeul i\ Washington, le marquis de 
Clrnsse, le niarq\iis de Duras-Chastellux et 
le comtc du ChafTaidt (ces trois dcrniers 
sont (k'sccndanls dofficiers qui out coni- 
batlu pour la ri^-volution amtricaine). M. 
Max ORell (Tanl lUonet i, M. Th<:-olwld 
Charlran. aiusi qu'un grand nonibre de 
l-'ran<;ais et d'Amtricaius bien counus. 

M. (•uillemot a prononet nu {liscours 
dans leqnel il a retnicd en ternies flattenrs 
lacarrl^redu martchal de kociiAM»K.\i'. 

Au milieu d'uu lonnerre il'applatidisse- 
lucnls. M. d'Hstonrnelles a proi>ost de 
Iwire l1 la sanK" du President Roosevelt, 

M. Jidts Siegfried. M. I.azare WeiHcr et 
le professeur l/'opokl Mabilleau out egale- 
ment pris In parole et out dit qu'ils nvaieiil 



tprouvt Ic plus grand plaisir de Icurs rt- 
ceutes visites aux Htats-fni?*. 

Pendant k- lmnt|uct. on a lu la <k-|>Gche 
suivanle envoyte par M. Ha>', secriJtairc 
d'I'Unt. au iiiairo (k- VendAmc: 

"Monsieur le Maiki:: A Toccasioii <k cc 
joyeux anuiversaire (lentreede RociiAM- 
in;Af dans larnite fran^isc). Ic Pr^^sideiit 
me prie tl envoyer k-s nieiUeurs compli- 
ments aux citoyens fran^ais et am<^*rica,itis 
rtiniis A ce bantpiet |x)ur cC-k-brer Ic sou- 
venir dc Tainiti^: dc la !•" ranee ct de 
lAmtrique,' 

I^ rOponsc suivanle a tlO envoyC-c it 
M. Hay par le maire de VendOmc; 

" Je viens de recevoir votre aimabk* tOk*- 

I gramme et I'ai lu aux Amcricaius cl aux 

I'rauyais presents an banquet. Xous vous 

I remercionsdc tout cccur devos bonnes pp- 

rok's. Ayez lobligeance dc transnietlre 

au Pr<5sidetil Kcx>sevelt les rcspcctneux 

hommages des i>crsonncs ici pi<;sentes. 

'■(■.I'li.LF.MOT, matte tU' I'ftuidint'." 

Tons Ics jouruaux dc I'aris puldicnt dc 
longucs ik'i^C^hcs sur rinauguration du 
moftument de RnciiAMHKAr il Washing- 
ton. 

Wasminc.tox, -•> tnai. — I>ansla maliutc. 
cu grand viuiforme, ils se sont rendns A 
I'^-glisc de Saiut-Tatrick ainsi que M. Cum- 
bou et out assist*^' A unc mcsse Imsse. I«c 
cardinal (•ibbons a prontmc6 un court 
sermon. 

Il a nippeK* rexemple de ces niission- 
uaires fran^-ais tpii autrefois out traverse 
roc6an portaut trune main aux habitants 
de ce pays le flambeau dc la foi et dc 
Tanlrc celui dc la civilisation. "Cela est 
juste et ct>nvenable," a-t-il ditr-"dc voir les 
fils dc la l'"rancc s'asscmblcr dans le tem- 
ple dc Dicu pour remercicr Ic Toul-ruis- 
sant des grandes choscs qui out tii: accom- 
]»lies par leurs aneOtres, au point de vue dc 
la religioi; cl dc la civilisation, decccftt6-ci 
de Toccan." 

Parlant tie RociiAMm:Ai», le cardinal 
t'.ibbous s'est 6:rit: 

" Sans voidoir en rien diminuer le nitrite 
descs compagnons d'armes. on iieut aflir- 
mer qu'il ttait k* gtntnil le plus caiwblc 
envoyt A not re sccours par nos allies frati- 
%'ais. litjA Agt, ayaiil fait ile noiubrcnses 
cnmpjigncs. vtltniu de la guerre tie sept 
nns, cnliiic, tiiergique. liomtuc dc Itte, 



Sitppletneiilarv Papers 



551 



"Washington hii avait accorde l<»nlc sa cun- 
fiaiice; c'^tait le g6n^ral doiil il appruciait 
le plus les conseils et sur knuiel il pouvait 
le niitrux compter. 

" l,orsque les troupes ani^ricaines 90m- 
maud^es par Washington et celles de la 
Frauce sous les ordres de Rochajibeau 
marchaient sur Yorktown, Washington, 
par politesse, proposa aux troupes fran- 
^aisesdeleur donner le poste dhonnenr, 
niais RocHAHiBEAU, se conforiuant a\ix 
ordres de son gouvernenient el suivant 
aussi son propre niouvenieiit refusa TofFre 
du g^n^ral ani6ricain. II voulait ainsi 
prouver qu'il tenait jusqu'au bout il resler 
sous les ordres du commandant en chef. 

'■ L'arm^e deCornwallis, cern^e sur terre 
par les troui)es fran<;aises et am^ricaines 
et ne pouvant s'enfuirpar nieroft elleetait 
tenue en respect de ce c6t£ par la flotte de 
I'ainiral fran^ais de Grasse, vint dcapitu- 
ler. Ce fait de guerre est le plus impor- 
tant de ceux qui se sout passes an cours de 
la revolution am^ricaine. 

" Que I'amiti^ qui existe entre la France 
et TAni^rique — une aniiti^ cinient^e ^ 
r^poque m£nie oil nous devenions une na- 
tion; une amitid il laquelle nous devons 
notre existence conime puissance ind^pen- 
dante et souveraine — puisse-t-elle, colte 
aniiti^ historique, se perp^tuer il jamais. 
Puissent aussi les deux plus grandes r6- 
publiques du luoude marcher la main dans 
la main an nom de la liberty et des progr^s 
de la civilisation. 

"Que ce monument 61ev6 ^ Rocham- 
BEAU dans la capitale rappelle A tout 
citoyen am^ricain qui le regardera que les 
Etats-Unis devront toujours une grande 
reconnaissance d. la France de ce qu'elle a 
fait pour eux." 

Le comte et la comtesse de Rocham- 
beau ainsi que le comte de Lafayette sont 
all^s visiter dans I'apr^s-midi le cime- 
ti^re d' Arlington et le fort Myer qui se 
trouve dans le voisinage. 

Le Pr<rsident Roosevelt avait invito les 
membres de la mission ^ faire avec lui une 
promenade ^ cheval. Vers quatre heures, 
ils se r^unissaient devant la Maison 
Blanche et guides par le President se diri- 
geaient vers le nord de la ville et \*isitaient 
le jardin zoologique. Partout sur leur 
passage on admirait les uniformes des 
officiers frau^ais. 



Malhcurcusement. alors<iiie les cavaliers 
sc trouvaient dans le pare, un orage est 
venu A f'clater et les a obliges il rentrer 
plus t6t t|u'ils ne Tauraient d^sir^. 

Parmi les personiies qui out pris part il 
cette promenade il cheval se trouvaient: Le 
President Roosevelt, son fils Theodore, sa 
fiUe Alice, le secretaire Root, le s^nateur 
Lodge, le g^n^ral Itrug^re, le vice-amiral 
Fournier, le g^nC'ral de Chalendar et le 
capitaine Lasson. 



Les membres de la mission fran9aise, 
accompagn^s de M. et Mme. Canibon, du 
personnel dc rambassade et du comity de 
reception, sont partis ce soir il sept heures 
et demie pour les chutes du Niagara. 



Annapolis, 2$ niai. — Le cuirass^ le Gan- 
hts. accompagne du croiseur Olympia et 
des cuirasses Alabama et Keaisarge^a lev^ 
I'ancre h. quatre heures ce matin, en route 
pour New- York. 



CAPEHENRY(V'lRGINIE),P5;Ha/. — LcCui- 

rasse le Gaulois est pass^ au large de Cape 
Henry ce soir k quatre heures vingt mi- 
nutes. 



AUX CHUTES DU NIAGARA 

Buffalo (N.-Y.), ^r_> mai. — Les membres 
de la mission du general Brugere, M. Cam- 
bon, ambassadeur de France. Mme. Cam- 
bon, le personnel de I'ambassade et M, 
Peirce, sous-secretaire d'Etat, ont passe 
une trds agr^able journee aux chutes du 
Niagara. 

II n"y a eu aucune ceremonie au cours de 
la journee. Les envoj-es f ran^ais out beau- 
coup admire la grande cataracte et ont 
visite le dessous des chutes. Le temps 
etait parfait. 

Le train special, venant de Washington, 
avec les membres de la mission, est arrive 
il Buffalo de fa9on d. permettre aux invites 
de dejeuner dans leurs wagons et a con- 
tinue sur les cliutes. A neuf heurs trente 
minutes, les membres de la mission des- 
cendaient du train et montaient dans des 



552 



Supplrmnilarv Papers 



voiturcs. IN out traverse le pont q\tt sc 
troiivc cii aiiK)iit dcs chiitcs ct out lepris 
le train dc Irois heurcs quaratite-cincj mi- 
nutes. 

l*n pen avant le depart du train pour 
West Point, nn groupe de jeunes fillcs. an 
milieu des applaudissements dcs person- 
nes presents, a present*;* h. la comlesse dc 
Rochambeau un superbe bouquet de fleur.s. 
Ces jeune.-; fiUes sunt des Aleves du convent 
des soeurs dc la Mis^ricorde. Le bouquet 
etait fait de spk-ndides (rillcts rouges et 
de roses, connues sous le nom d'American 
Beauty, liC'S ensemble par un fin ruban de 
soie aux couleurs tricolcres. La comtesse 
a paru trfis heureuse de cette attention 
delicate. 

Le r<5v. James A. Lanigan, de Buffalo, et 
Mile. Flore Reclic. de Rochester, ont ^t^ 
pr^sent^s an comte et ^ la comtesse de Ro- 
cbambeauet leuronl rappeltqu'ilsavnient 
eu Ihonneur de faire visiter les Chutes a 
la marquise de Rochambeau. ii I'^poque 
des fetes de Yorktown. en 18.S1. Le comle 
et la comtesse de Rochambeau les out Ires 
bien re9us. et une conversation aiiim6e 
s'est engag^e entre eux et continuait en- 
core lorsque le train sest mis en marche. 

Le comte et la comtesse de Rochambeau 
sent rcst^s sur la plate-forme du dernier 
wagon axissi longtemps que le train a ^t^ 
en vue. 

LA MISSION A WEST POINT 

\Vi-:sT Point, 2y mai.—l^Q g^n^ral Bru- 
gdre, le comte et la comtesse de Rocham- 
. bean et les autres membres de la mission 
fran^aise sont arrives par une pluie bat- 
tantc. uetait environ nenf heures lorsque 
le colonel Mills et son 6tat-major sont 
venus Icur souhaiter la bienvenue A la 
gare. ImniMiatement aprds le cortdge 
s'est form€ et suivi d'une escorte d'^l&ves 
cavaliers de P6cole a d^bouch^ sur le 
champ de manoeuvres. 

L'arriv^e de la irtissiop frangaise a ^t^ 
saluC-e de dix-neuf coups de canon, et ini- 
ni^diatement aprds. malgr^ la pluie qui ne 
cessait de tomber, les membres de la mis- 
sion f ransaise. ayant A leur tete le gOnC-ral 
Brug&re, gcn^ralissime de I'armte fran- 
^aise, ont pass6 en revue les ^t&ves de 
PEcole militaire qui ont cx^cut^ devant 
eux plusicurs manoeuvres importantcs. 



An cours de la re\'«e. la miisiquc de 

I'^-cole a jon6 la " Marseillaise " Le colo- 
nel Mills a cnsuite fait visiter en detail 
anx membres de la mission loutes les 
parties de P^cote. Le g^n^ral Brng^re a 
feiicit^obaudement les Cloves dc leur Ixrllc 
tenne et a termini en disant qu'il ne dovi- 
tait pas que " leurs conipatriotes auraient 
lieu, un jour, d'Otre fiersde leurs ser\'ices."' 
Vers onze heures la mission a quitl6 
I'^cole et toujonrsescortte par la cavalerie 
s'est rendue an qnai oft le Dolphin I'atten- 
dait pour la conduire ^ New-Vorl:. 



M. Cambon, ambassadeur de France, le 
gOn^ral Brugdre et les membres de la mis- 
sion fraii^aise, que 6taieiit hier anx chutes 
du Niagara, arriveront ;\ West Point ce 
matin, vers neuf heures. Apr^s avoir 
visits PEcole, 0(1 ils seront re5us avec les 
honneurs mililaires. ils s'cmbarqueront 
sur Paviso le Dolphin, qui quittera West 
Point ce matin, donze heures; on coraptc 
qu'il d^barquera les membres de la mis- 
sion l\ la Batterie, vers trois heures et 
deinie. 

Le secretaire du maire, M. James B. Rey- 
nolds, recevra les envoy^s fran^ais au d^- 
barcad^re du Barge office, leur souhaitera 
la bienvenue au noni du maire et les invi- 
tera A se rendre au City Hall. Le cort^e. 
forme d'une dizaine de voitures. sera es- 
corte par le bataillon dc fusiliers marins 
du Gaulois,' avec la mnsique des tqui- 
pagesde la flotte, qui comprendcinquante- 
quatre executants, et par les conipagnies 
de debarquement de V Alabama, du Kear- 
saiffe cide vol vtn/>i a. Les envo^-es fran- 
^ais et leur escorte remonteront Broadway 
jusqu'au City Hall, oil aura lieu la recep- 
tion officielle, 

Le maire de New- York, lorsqu il souhai- 
tera la bienvenue A la mission fran^aise. 
sera entoure des personnages suivants: I,e 
president et le vice-president du conseil 
des aldermen, les presidents des "bo- 
roughs" de Manhattan, de Brooklyn, du 
Bronx, de Queens et de Richmond; Pam- 
bassadeur et les anciens minislres des 
Ktats-Unis en France, demeurant actuelle- 
ment b. New- York, le general Horace Por- 
ter. MM. Jonn Bigelow, Levi P. Morton, 
Wliitthiw Keid; les anciens membres du 



• "^"pp/' 'ii/ci//arr Papci 'S 



553 



cabinet, habitant A New- York. MM. Cor- 
nelius Bliss, John Carlisle, Charles Fair- 
child, Lyman Gage, Daniel Laraont, 
Benjamin Tracy, William Whitney; le 
lieutenant-gouverneur; les anciens gonver- 
neurs et I'ancien lieutenant-gouverneur de 
I'Etat de New-York, deme\irant i New- 
York, MM. Timothy Woodruff, Alonzo 
Cornell, Frank Black et William Sheehan; 
les anciens maires de la ville, MM. David 
Boody, Edward Cooper. Alfred Chapin, 
Smith Ely, Franklin Edson, Thomas Gil- 
roy. William Grace, Hugh Grant, Abram 
Hewitt, Charles Schieren , Robert Van 
Wyck. David Whitney et Frederick Wurs- 
ter. 

C'est M. Jules Cambon qui r^pondra a 
M. Low. Le president du conseil des al- 
dermen invitera ensuite les membres de la 
mission &, se rendre dans la salle des sean- 
ces, ou il leur sera donn^ lecture de la 
resolution vot^e le 29 avril dernier et aux 
termes de laquelle I'hospitalit^ municipale 
est offerte aux envoy^s fran9ais. Pendant 
cette c^r^monie. M. Cambon sera assis ^ 
la droite du president du conseil et le raaire 
^ sa gauche. C'est Tambassadeur de 
France qui reraerciera le conseil an nom 
de la mission. 

Cette c^r^monie termin^e, le cortege 
officiel se refonnera. I,es envoy^s frangais 
seront accompagn^s du maire, du comity 
new-yorkais, des membres du conseil des 
aldermen et des hauls fonctionnaires mu- 
nicipaux, et escort^s par les fusiliers ma- 
rins du Gaulois et les compagnies de d^- 
barquenieut de I'cscadre am^ricaine. Les 
8,000 hommes de la garde nationale de New- 
York, sous les ordres du g^n^ral Roe, seront 
d^ploy^s sur le parcours du cortege depuis 
le City Hall jusqu^ Madison square. 

Voici, d'apres une communication offi- 
cielle, quel sera 1 itin^raire du cortege: 
Broadway jusqu'a Waverley place, sous 
Tare de triomphe de Washington, et la 5" 
avenue, jusqu'a Madison square et la 2^'^ 
rue. 

Une grande estrade a ^t^ ^levee pres du 
monument de Worth, A I'intersection de 
Broadway et de la 5*^ avenue ; c'est 1^ que 
I'ambassadeur de France, le g^n^ral Bru- 
gere et les autres envoy^s lrani;ais le 
maire et les autorit^s municipales, etc., 
prendront place pour assister an d^fil^des 
troupes. A Tissue de la revue, les mem- 



bres de la mission se rendront A I'hGtel 
Waldorf, oh le maire de New-York leur 
rendra leur visite. Le soir, la mission as- 
sistera A un banquet qui lui sera offert par 
les membres de la Soci^t^ de Cincinnati. 



[Mardi 27 mai 1902/] 

LA MISSION ROCHAMBEAU 

LE "GAULOIS" A NEW- YORK 

Le cuirass^ fran^ais le Gauloi'f>, com- 
mandant de Surgy, est arriv^ hier matin ^ 
New-York, escort^ par I'escadre am^ri- 
caine de I'amiral Higginson, composde du 
croiseur Olympia etdes cuirasses ,'J/fl^(n«rf 
et Kearsarge. Les quatre batiments, par- 
tis dimanche matin d' Annapolis, ^taient 
signal^s au large des Highlands hier vers 
neuf heures du matin. Le poste des si- 
gnaux a Sandy Hook arbora les pavilions 
correspondant, d'aprds le code interna- 
! tional, au mot: "Welcome" (Bienvenue). 
Le (Jrt«/(j/5 r^ponditpar lemot : "Thanks" 
' (Remerciements); il avait d^jd, embarqu6 
' un pilote. et il s'engagea dans les passes k 
une allure assez rapide. suivi par les trois 
navires de I'escorte. A onze heures trente- 
cinq il franchissait les Narrows. Suivant 
la coutunie, le cuirass^ fran5aisa pass^ de- 
vant le fort Hamilton et le fort Wadsworth 
sanssaluer, etc'estarrivautdevant Govern- 
1 ors Island qu'il a tir^ une salve ^ laquelle 
I la batterie du Castle William a r^pondu 
■ coup pour coup. 

L'approche du cuirass^ fran^ais et des 

trois navires de I'escorte avait attir^ k la 

Batterie une foule considerable, qui pous- 

sait des hourras. En meme temps, les 

I nombreux bateaux d vapeur sillonuant la 

' rade donnaient des coups de sifflet reten- 

; tissants sur le passage du Gau/ois, de 

I V Alabama dn Keaisaige et de VOlympia, 

I qui se dirigeaient k petite vitesse vers le 

I mouillagedes navires de guerre h la 34« 

rue. 

La coque du Gaitlois est peinte en noir; 
des superstructures et les chemin^es en 
gris; le navire a toutes les apparences 
ext^rieures de ce qu'il est en r^alit^. vine 
formidable machine de guerre. Le Gaulois, 
qui fait partie de I'escadre de la M^diter- 
ran^e, est un des plus beaux sp^cimeuB 



^ 



554 



Si(p[ylrni( fiUa V Papers 



de I'art naval fran9ais. Lancfi en 1896 et 
termini: il y a dciix ans ;\ peine, ce cni- 
rass6 apparticnl A la inGnif classe que le 
Charlemagne ct le Saint-Jumis. C'est nn 
navire de 11,275 tonncaux, ;\ trois helices, 
dont Ics machines penvcnt dOvcloppcr 
unc force de 15,000 chevanx ct lui donncr 
une vilcsse maxima de iS nceiids. Il est 
proKl'K^ par une cuirasse de 40 centimetres 
en acier au nickel. L'arniement dn 
Gaithis comprcnd quatre pi^es de 30 
centimetres, 10 de 14 centimC-ties, huit de 
locentimdtres, ettrente-sepl pieces de petit 
calibre. Son Equipage se compose de 630 
hommes. 



[Mercrcdi 2S mai 1902.] 

ROCHAMBEAU 

LA RECEPTION DE LA MISSION FRAN- 
CAISE-UNE BELLE REVUE 

II n'a mantiUL" A la journtc d'hicr q\rnn 
peu plus desoleil ct un pen moins depluie 
pour que la manifestatiou orgauis^e cu 
riionncur de la mission Rochambeau ffit 
une des grandes joum^es new-yorkaises. 
I,a population a 6videmmeut pris un vif 
int^rOt A la reception des cuvoy^'S fran- 
(;ais: elle a montr^. par son attitude sym- 
pathi<iue. qu'ellc ai>prouvait le grandiose 
accueil qui leur <5lait fait par les autorit^-s 
nuinicipales. 1,'appel du luaire Low invi- 
taut les habitants :\ d^corer leurs maisons 
avait 6t^ entendu; sur le parcours du cor- 
tege on voyail beaucoup de drapeaux 
frau9ais ct am^ricains. 

Kn dd-pit du mauvais temps, un tri^s 
grand nombre de personnes s'^taieiit pQr- 
t6es, les unes A la Ilalterie. les autres dans 
Broadway et dans la 5"' avenue pourassister 
a u passage du cortege. L'encombrement 
a mC-me amenO, nous regretlons de devoir 
Ic constater, un trt^s grave accident, presque 
une catastrophe, dans la s" avenue, au coin 
de la iS' rue, oix une plate-forme en 
planches s'est 6croul6e sous le poids des 
curieux. 

D'aprfe le programme arr^t^, les mem- 
bres de la mission franjaise devaient ar- 
river A la Hatterie A 3 heures et demie de 
I'apr&s-nudi.'venautde I'Kcole militaire de 



West Poinl, oft laviso le Dolphin 6tait alI6 
les chercher, I'ar suite d'uu retard sur- 
venu ft West Poinl, le Dolphin n'a pu dC-- 
barquer ses i>as.Hagers quA 4 heflrcs. 
Au moment oit I'embarcation ft vapeur, 
qui amenait ft terre Icsmembresde la mis-, 
siun, a quitl6 le Dolphin, I'aviso a tir6 une 
salve d'artillerie. 

I.e secretaire du inairc, M. James B. Rey- 
nolds, a re^u les envoy^s frangais au d6- 
barcaddre du Barge Office, et apr^s leur 
avoir souhaitd- la bienvenue au nom dn 
maire, les a invites ft se rendre au City 
Hall. I^orsque M. Cambon. ambassadeur 
de France, le g^ntral Brug^re, Tamiral 
Fournier et leurs compagnons de voyage 
out paru ft I'entr^e du Barge Office pour 
nionter en voiture, la foule a pouss6 des 
huurras, 

Une petite pluie fine succ^dait aux 
grosses averses du matin. Toutes les 
voitures qui atteudaient les envoy^s 
franyais 6taient ferm^es. A la demande 
du g^n^ral Brug^re, la capote de la pre" 
luiOre de ces voitures fut rabattue, et c'est 
dans cette voiture que prirent place M. 
Cambon, le general Bnig^re, M. Peirce, 
sous-secretaire d'Etat, et M. Reynolds, se- 
cretaire du niaire de New- York. 

1,'escorte d'houneur etait formee par un 
detacheraent de hussartls de Tescadron 
A.quiouvrait la raarche. et par de^ix d6- 
tacheraents de fusiliers marins fran^ais et 
americains, une centaine d'hommes d^- 
barqu^s du Gaulois, avec la musique de la 
flotte, et A peu pr^s autant provenant des 
cviirassOs Alahunia et A'tarsaij^f. Le cor- 
tege s'est dirigC* par Broadway vers le City 
Hall, oA il arrivait ft 4 heures 20, saint par 
les acclamations de la foule. A signaler nn 
petit incident; La marche des tramways 
de Broadway avait 6te arrfit^e ft I'ap- 
proche du cortege, mais sur la voie mon- 
taute. enlre la rue Ann et la me Corllaudl. 
de nombreux 'cars" stationnaieiit; quel- 
ques personnes out pu, sur le passage de 
M. Cambon, lui donner une poignte de 
main. L'ambassadeur de France s'est 
prfite en souriant A cette manifestation 
amicale. 

La reception des envoyds fran^ais an 

City Hall a ete aussi franchement cordiale 

qn'on pouvait le souhaiter. La plupart des 

citoyens emiiients, les anciens gouver- 

! neurs. les anciens maires, les anciens am- 



Snpplcnuularv Papers 



555 



bassadeiirs, invnt^s afaire partie ducomit6 
de reception, avaient r^pondu r\ I'appel de 
M. Ivow, ce qui accentuait la signification 
de cette demonstration d'aniiti^ franco- 
am^ricaine. 

.\nx paroles de bieiivenue du niaire, M. 
Cambon a r^pondii avec sa bonne gr^ce 
habituelle. I,e president du conseil des 
aldermen a invito ensuitc les membres de 
la mission d, se rendre dans la salle des 
stances o& M. I,ow a prononc(S le discours 
suivant: 

" Monsieur Tambassadeur et messieurs 
de la mission Rochambean, qui repr^sentez 
si dignement la R^pnblique fran^aise, le 
inaire de la ville de New-Vork remplit 
I'exercice de ses fonctions devant le por- 
trait de l,afayette qui pour nous Am^ri- 
cains est I'image de I'ardeur gen^reuse du 
peuple fran9ais pour la liberty. I,es re- 
pr^sentants de la ville de New- York sont 
heureux en ce jour d'avoir I'occasiou de 
pouvoir f^liciter les membres distingu^s 
de cette delegation et de reconnaitre les 
services rendus A notre ville par la nation 
f rangaise qui est venue a I'aide des colonies 
d' Am^rique avec ses armies de terre et de 
mer. l,a bataille decisive de la hitte pour 
I'independance a ete engag^e et gagn^e 
par les troupes frangaises et araericaines el 
Yorktown (Virginie), mais elle a amen^ 
dans notre ville la scdne historique de 
Fraunce Tavern, Washington faisant ses 
adieux aux officiers qui avaietit 6te ses ca- 
marades au cours de la guerre de la Revo- 
lution. 

"Cet heureux resultat -a ete dfi directe- 
ment a I'aide que nous a donnee la France. 
I^es services rendus par Lafayette, Kochani- 
beau et de Grasse, qui cominandaient les 
armees frangaises de terre et de mer, n'ont 
pas encore ete aussi grands que ceux de la 
nation genereuse que vous representez. 
Vous avez bien souvent, au cours de cette 
lutte, procure ^ nos troupes ce que Ton 
appelle le nerf de la guerre, et I'aide ainsi 
apportee a fait que le nom que Ion donne 
aux Frangais, " le bonhomme Richard," 
estdevenu ^ nos oreitles aussi familierqne 
celui de Yorktown, 

" Tous ces eveneraeuts, nous, citoyens de 
New- York, nous uous les rappelons avec 
satisfaction et nous n'oublions pas que la 
France a compris leur importance en nous 
donnaut cette "Statue de la liberie illunii- 



nant le monde" qui est placee %. I'entrce 
de notre port. Elle est I'embl^me eternel 
de la liherte qui montre aux nations le 
chemin de la civilisation qui. comnie le 
soleil, se dirige vers I'onest. 

" Nous, Americains. devons tout autant a 
la France dans le domaine de la libeile 
politique que dans celui de I'art, car de ce 
c6teellc nous donne egalement le plus bel 
exemple. L,a science est aujourd'hui en- 
seignee librement dans tousles pays, niais 
le monde entier va nialgre tout ^ VEcole 
fi-angaise des beaux-arts parce que sous le 
beau ciel de la liberie, en tout ce qui louche 
k Tart, c'est encore la France qui dirige les 
autres nations. Pour toutes ces raisons et 
bien d'autres, j'ai I'honneiir de vous sou- 
haiter la bienvenue au nom de la ville de 
New-York, notre cite bienaimee." 

A la suite du discours de M. Low, le gref- 
fier du conseil des aldermen a donne lec- 
ture de la resolution votee le 29avril pour 
offrir aux envoyes frangais rhospitaliie 
municipale, et dont voici un extrait; 

"Altendu que le representant du Presi- 
dent de la Republique frangaise, le genera- 
lissime de larmee frangaise, un vice-amiral 
de la marine frangaise, ainsi que les mem- 
bres des illnstres families dont on a parle, 
se trouveront dans notre ville d'ici dquel- 
ques semaines; et 

"Altendu que cette mission, toujours- sou- 
cieuse de ses traditions patriotiques, rap- 
pelle agreablement le souvenir des ser- 
\'ices incalculables rendus par le peuple 
frangais, sonarnieeet sa marine heroiques, 
dans notre lutte pour la liberie et rappellc 
egalement retablissement des principe.^ 
du regime republicaiu dans les deux he- 
mispheres, en consequence 

"Avous resolu, que nous, le corps consti- 
tue des aldermen, etant i cette occasion 
rinterprele des sentiments des citoyens de 
New-York, defaire I'accueil le pluscordial 
aux representants du gouvernement fran- 
gais et A ceux qui les accompagneut lors- 
quils arriveront sur nos c6tes, et avons 
respectueusement prie le niaire de nom- 
mer un comite qui sera compietement au 
ser\nce de nos distingues visileurs pen- 
dant le sejour qu'ils feront panni nous." 

L'ambassadeur de France, aerepondu. 
au nom des envoyes, et, lout en renierciant 
le conseil des aldermen, a loue I'esprit ci- 
vique des Xew-Yorkais. 



556 



Supplcvioitary Papers 



I.a c^r^moiiie tcrmin^e. le cortdRC oflfi- 
cicl s'est rcformi". l,cs eiivoyts fran9ais. 
acconipann^'s du mairc. tlu comit^- iicw- 
yorkais, (lf< nienihres dii coiist-il dcs alder- 
men et des hauls foiictioiiiiaires imuiici- 
paux. sont moulds en voitiirc. et la marche 
vers Matiison stjiiare a coimnenct. 

II ttait alors prds de cimi heiires du soir. 
Depuis louptemps di*jil les r<;giments de la 
Karde uatioiiale ttaient ^-chclonn^s dans 
Hroadway. de Warren street il Waverly 
place, sous les ordres du p:^*"*^^^^ Roe. Vne 
foule coinpacte se pressait sur les Iroltoirs. 
et la circulation des tramways et des voi- 
tures ^-lait suspendue. 

Kn tC'te du cortege niarchaientlegtn^ral 
Roe et son ^tat-major, la musiqne fraii- 
9aise des^-quipages de laflotte. les fusiliers 
marins d6barqn6s du Gaitlois, les niarins 
des Etats-l'nis, les invites fran^ais. lesau- 
torit^s de la xtUc ct le conseil aes alder- 
men. I-,e nombre des voitures 6tait de 
qnarante. Sur le passage des envoyC'S 
fran^ais. cliaque r^-giment prOsentait les 
amies et sa miisiquc jouait qiielqnes me- 
sures de la "Marseillaise," jnsqu'A ce que 
les voitures fussent passives. I,e regiment 
se joignait cnsuite il la colonne. 

I,e cortg^ge a suivi Broadway jvisqu'a 
Waverly place, a pass6 sous Tare de tri* 
omphe <Je Washington et a remould la .s*" 
avenue juscinil Madison square. Sur tout 
ce parcours. des hourras el des acclama- 
tions onl nccucilli les repr^sentants de la 
France, cpii paraissaient enchaiil<5s de 
I'accueil des New-Yorkais, 

Six heures venaient de sonner, lorsque 
la tfitc de colonne est arriv<Je i Madison 
square, oii utie estrade ttait 6Iev6e prSs du 
monument de Worth, i Tinterseclion de 
Hroadway et de la 5<^ avenue. L'ambas- 
sadcur de France, le g6nd*ral Bnigt^re, les 
antres envoy^s fran^ais, le mairc et les 
autoritC'S miinicipales ont pris place sur 
cette eslrade pour assister an dtl-fiK' des 
troupes cpii a dure jusqu'A sept heures et 
quart. 

La foule compacte r^unic aux abords de 
Madison square a fait un cbalcnrenx 
accueil aux envoy^sfran^ais. I.esfenC-tres 
des grands h6tels voisins ^taient garnies 
de curieux. An caf6 Martin trtis bien 
d^cor^de drapcaiix fran^aiset am^ricains, 
le balcon donnaut sur la .s*" avenue avail 
^te r6serv6 par M. J. B. Martin a\ix mein- 



bres de la Sociitfi des v^t^rans des amines 
dc terre et dc mer. 

A Tissue du dfifild*. les membres dc la 
mission fran^aise sont remoulOsen vniture 
et ont <}t6 conduits an Waldorf-Astoria, oft 
ils ont re^u la visile du maire I.ow et aussi 
cellc des repr^senlants des soci^t^s fran- 
ca ises. 

I^ journ^e s'est terniin^c par le diner 
offert aux envoyfs fran^ais par les mem- 
bres de la Soci^tC- de Cincinnati, qui est, 
C(mime on sail, un ordre militaire hislo- 
ricjue fondt en 17H3 par Us oflRciers tie 
1 arm<*e am^ricaine. I,c g^nC-ral Washing- 
ton a 61^ son premier President. Rocii.^vm- 
iinAtJ. I,afayetle. d'Kstaing, dc Grasse et 
nombre d'autres officiers de haut rang en 
ont fait parlie. On le connaissait en 
France sous le nom de lOrdre de Cincin- 
natus, et le comte de Kochambeau a el6 
vice-pr<*sident de la branche fran^aise de 
cet ordre. I,es ancClres d'un grand nom- 
bre de ceux qui, par droit h^r<-ditaire, font 
aujou rd'hui partic de la SociC-l<^de Cincin- 
nati, onl OtC' les compagnons d'armes de 
RocHAMBEAU et de Lafayette. 

Les invites comprenaient les menibres 
de la mission fraii9aise. le personnel de 
I'ambassadc. M. Teirce, sous-secr^laire 
d'Etat, les principaux officiers des navires 
dc guerre americains qui ont accompagnt 
le Gaulots il I^'cw-York. le gOn^ral Horace 
Porter, ambassadeur des Etats-l'nis en 

I France, plusieurs officiers dc haut rangde 
Tarmac, de la marine des Etats-l'nis etde 

I I'Ecole militaire dc West Point, etc.. etc. 

I Cent vingtcinq personnes ont assist^ A ce 

I diner qui a 6t<5 des plus animus. 

Le g^n^-ral Varnum, ls\. Cambon, et plu- 
sieurs autres invitd-s onl prono«c6 des dis- 

\ cours qui ont 6t^ chaleureuscmenl ajK 
plaudis. 

Dans la soiree, le (7<i«/o/.s (Jtait brillam- 
menl illuming A la lumidre 61cctrique. ce 
(pit avail attir6 beaucoup de curieux aux 
al>ords du <|uai de ,^4^' rue. On a admirC* le 
bon goftt des elcctriciens du Gaulois. 
Aujourd'hui, mercredi. la mission fran- 

j gaise assistera an Claremoiit Hotel. River- 

: side Drive, ilun dejeuner qui lui est offert 
par M. Low. EUle visilera auparavant 
I'universit^ Columbia (oii elle est attendue 
il to heures el dcmie) ct la tombe du gi-n^'- 
ral Grant. Ce soir. hi chambre de com- 

I mercc fran^aise donnera chez Sherry un 
diner en I'honneur des envoy^s fran^ais. 



Sitpple^noitarv Papi 



r/s 



557 



LE DiNER DE LA CHAMBRE DE COM- 
MERCE FRANCAISE 

l,a chambre de commerce fraii9aise de 
New- York a donn6 hier soir cliez Sherry 
till banquet en I'honneurde M. Jules Cam- 
bon, ambassadeurde France, et des mem- 
bres de la mission Rochambean. M. Cam- 
bon. qui est infatigable, semble-t-il, ^tait 
revenue de Washington pour assister 3. ce 
banquet. I,a salle ^tait d^cor^e de dra- 
peaux fran^ais et am^ricains. de plantes. 
vertes et de fleurs. M. Henry K. (iourd et 
les membres du bnrepn de la chambre de 
commerce ont re^u les invites avec nne 
affability tonte franyaise. 

Les convives ^taieiit an nonibre de 107. 
A la table d'honnenr, de forme ovale, 
avaient pris place M. Cambon.ambassadeur 
de France, ayant AsadroiteM. l,ow. maire 
de New- York, et a sa gauche le g^n^ral 
Horace Porter, ambassadeur des Etats-Unis 
il I'aris; en facede M. Cambon, M. IltnryE. 
<*ourd. president de la chambre de com- 
merce fran^aise, avait d. sa droite le g^mS- 
ral Brugdre et A sa gauche le vice-ainiral 
Fournier. 

Voici d'ailleurs la liste officielle des invi- 
tes de la chambre de commerce fran^aise: 

1,'ambassadeur de France et Mme. Cam- 
bon. le g^n^ral Brug^re, le vice-amiral Er- ' 
nest Fournier, M. Alfred Croiset, doyen de 
la faculte des lettrcs de Paris, le g^mjral 
de brigade Ferdinand de Chalendar. le | 
capitainede Surgy, commandant le Gau- 
iois, le lieutenant-colonel Paul Meaux- 
Saint-Marc, le comte de Rochambeau, la 
comtesse de Rochambeau, le comte Paul 
de Sahune de I.afayette, M. Lagrave. M. et 
Mme. de Margerie, M. Edmond liruwaert, 
consul g^n^ral de France M. Velteu, con- 
sul suppliant M, Louis Hermite, le vi- 
comte de Chambrun, M. Victor Aygnes- | 
parsse, M. Jean Guillemin, le Heutenant- 
colouel Marcel Hermite. M. Renouard, M. 
Robert de Billy, le commandant Henri 
Berthelot, le capitaine Vignal et Mme. Vi- 
gnal. le beutenautde vaisseau de Faramond 
de Lafajolle. M. Jules Boeufv^ le lieute- 
nant de vais-^ean Andr^ Sauvaire-Jourdan, 
le lieutenant (iustave Lejay. le lieutenant ' 
baron Ma.ximilien de Reinach de Werth, 1 
le capitaine Poilloiie de Saint- Mars, le ca- j 
pitaine Etienue Fillonneau. le capitaine 1 
Henri Lasson, M. Herbert H. D. Peirce, 



I sous-secretaire d'Ktat, et Mme. Peirce, le 
j colonel Theodore A. Bingham, le coni- 
I mandant Raymond P. Rodgers. M. Edwin 
I Morgan, M. Seth I,ow, le g^n<5ral Horace 
' Porter, M. Levi P. Morton, ancien vice- 
president des Etats - Unis, le g6n<rral 
Brooke, commandant le departement de 
I'Atlantique, !es contre-amiraux Barker et 
Higginson. M. Whitclaw Reid, ancien mi- 
nistredes Elats-Unisen France. M. Morris 
K. Jesup, pr<!sident de la chambre de com- 
merce de New- York, le r^v. pere Wucher, 
le g^n^ral James Varnum. le capitaine 
Lyon.de VOtympia, le capitaine Brouson, 
de V Alabama, le capitaine Hemphill, du 
Kearsargt\ le lieutenant de vaisseau 
Cleaves, du Dolp/iin, le capitaine Poirot, 
de la Savorc. Tournier, de la Gascogne, M. 
Grout, controleur de la ville de New- York, 
M. Jacob A. Cantor, president du borough 
de Manhattan, M. Fornes, president du 
conseil des aldermen, M. Dietlin. vice-pre- 
sident de la Society frangaise de bienfai- 
sance, M. James Reynolds, secretaire du 
maire de New- York, le professeur Adolphe 
Cohn, M. Jovaud. M. Revillon. 

Nous donnons ici le menu du diner: 

Little Neck Clams 

Consomme Rochambeau 

Canapes Wa.shington 

Olives Radis Amandes 

Truite Meuniere Pomme* Persillade 

Selle dagnean a la Moderne 

Petits pois k la Fran^aise 

Ris de veau bigarres d la Toulousaine 

Asperges Hollandaise 

Poussin roti Salade de saison 

Glace Lafayette 

Gateaux Fromage Cafe 

\'ins 

Chateau Carbonnieux Chateau Palmer 1890 

Romanee iSSi Delbeck Brut 

Eau minerale. Vichy ceiestins 

Le menu etait orne d'une jolie reproduc- 
tion en photogravure du portrait en pied du 
marechal de Rochambeau par Regnault. 

Pendant le diner, un orchestre a joue des 
airs fran9ais et americains. 

An dessert, plusieurs disconrs out ete 
l>rononces. 

M. Henry E. Gourd, president de la 
Chambre de commerce, s'est exprime en 
ces termes; 



^ 



55S 



Sttpploiinitarv Papers 



" Monsieur rAml>assadcutr: Si jcii crois 
I'aphoristnc de Brillat-Savarin: Convicr 
quflqu'uii c'tst se charger <k- son honhenr 
pendant lout It- ttinps qu'il est sous notrt- 
toil, inon devoir de niaitre de niaison est 
de nc voiis causer aucun d^'plaisir. i:e fftt- 
ce niOinc quen ofrnstjuaiU votrc niodestie. 
Je tairai done les sentiments d'estiine, dc 
respect, d'afFection que vous avez su nous 
inspirer et. uic bornant A vous rcniercicr 
d'avoir bien voiilu assister A cette ffite, je 
saluerai en vous — duss6-je r^p^ter ce que 
je vous disais. i! y a ciuelqiics seniaines — 
celui de tons les repr^senlants de iiotre 
(iouvernenifnt qui a le phis con trihu^, pen- 
dant ces vingl derni^res anuses, il nia con- 
naissance du moins. taut i>ar ses actes que 
par ses discours, A assurer A la Krance de 
pr^cieuses sytnpatliies dans ce pays. 

" Mon g^-n^ral, Messieurs les d61^gu(?s. 
Messieurs: Ce* m'est iine rare bonne 
fortune que d'etre appel6 par nies fonc- 
tions :\ vous souliaitrr la bicnvenue parini 
nous et je tiens A tr<>s liant prix I'honneur 
qui m'^choit de porter la parole, an noiu de 
la Clmnibre de coinnierce fran^aise de 
New-York, devant une assembld-e aussi 
imposante. 

"I,ebul i>oursuivi par notre coini>agnie, 
coninie son noni I'indique. an surplus, est 
de faciliter les relations d'affaires entre les 
Ktats-l'iiis et la I'rancc. mais sa mission, 
telle (jue «ons la coniprenons, n'est pas 
linnt(:ci\r6lutk-. Ala solution des questions 
purement coninirrciales on ^conomiques; 
sa sphere d'actiou est jjIus ^teiidue, elle 
embrasse lout se (pii pent contribuer il res- 
serrer les liens d'une amiti^ dd-jA plus que 
s^culaire entre nos deux pays. i\ accroitre 
influence, noire prestige dans celui-ci et, 
par suite, cette ffete ne sort pas du cadre de 
ses attributions. 

"C'est ti ce litre C-galenient, messieurs, 
que nousavous applaudi ;\ I'ainiable initia- 
tive de M. le President Roosevelt et que 
nous nous somines r^jouis de voir M. le 
President I.oubet r^pondrc il son invitation 
avec une munificence qui a dfl faire tres- 
saillir le coeur des descendants de I«afa- 
yelte et de Kochamhkau en leur prouvant 
que le souvenir de ces preux que furetif 
leurs ancOtres est demeur^ vivanl dans 
TAme de deux grandes nations. I.e Presi- 
dent de la Kepubliciue a C'lc, d'aiUeurs.par- 
ticuli^remeiil bien inspire dans le clioix 



des d^K-gu^s charge's de !c reprfscnter en 
' ces circonstances mtmorables el c'est nn 
honneur ^Miur les Klats-Unis comme pour 
nous que de recevoir M. le g6n<*ral flni- 
g^re. commandant en chef de noire anm!!e. 
dont rC^nergie et la haute comp<jleuce mili- 
taire nous sonl de sQrs garants du main- 
tien de la paix, grftce A la preparation in- 
cessante, eclair^e de la guerre. 

" M. I'amiral I-*ournier, diis longlemps 

counude louscomme marin.commedii>lo- 

mate el dOsigne par ro]>iuion publique. 

sinon d^jA m^me par le Gouvernement, 

: potir Clre le successeur 6ventuel de eel 

irresistible entraineur d'hommes qu'est 

Taniiral r.er\-ais. 

I "M. Alfred Croiset, Imminent membrc 

I de rinstitut et le doyen de cette v^uCUc 

Sorlxjune qui n'a pas soufFert des injures 

I du temps et qui. toujours jeune quoique 

1 vieille de pr^s de huit sie-cles, poursuit sa 

mission bienfaisante p<mr la pluS grande 

gloirc des lettres et des sciences fran- 

9aises. ainsi que pour le plus grand profit 

de I'esprii humain. 

"Des represenlants fort distingues des 
ministdres des affaires etrang^res. du com- 
merce, des beaux-arts et ce sculpteur d'in- 
finimenl de talent qui a su donner A ses 
antvrcs ce que la nature lui a refuse A lui- 
mCme, car elles nous iKirlent. 

"Knfin un brillant etat-major d'officiers 
de tonics amies qui n"ont ]>u se meprendre 
sur la sinceriie de laccueil qu'ils ont ren- 
contre, ce soir. parmi nous. 

" Plus on vit loin de sa patrie, messieurs, 
plus on s'attache aux elements qui con- 
stituent, aux yeux de Petranger. son influ- 
ence, sa force, sa securite et une partie de 
sa gloire; d'oA noire predilectie-u Unite spt- 
ciale pour noire armee. iK>ur notre marine. 
Nous les cousiderons, en effet. non seule- 
ment comnie de grandes tcoles oil s'cn- 
seigneet sepratitiuela rcligioiuin devoir, de 
I'abnegalion. du patriotisme, niais encore 
commc les remparls vivants qui assureiit 
riniegrite de notrc lerritoire et les gar- 
diennes de ce sentiment si deiicat, si noble, 
si pur qu'Alfred de Vigny appelait, chrz 
Ihomme. "la putlenr virye." et qui, chez 
les peuples, prend le nom d'honneur na- 
tional. Ah! si, qnelque jour, ce qu'A Dien 
lie plaisel ce sentiment tcudait A dispa- 
raitre du monde, nous stnumes persuades 
quil trouverait un dernier asile dans le 



Stipph 111 CI! I a rv Papers 



559 



ns qui 
V()il;\ 



cccur de nos soldats ct dc iu>.s ma 
lui servirait de Pnlladiuin iiiviolabl 
Ijourquoi nous aimoiis notrc arince et iiotre 
marine, pourquoi nous partageous Icurs 
joies et leurs Iristesses, applaudissant A 
leurs trioniphes. ressentant les attaqiies 
injustes dirig^es contre elles conime des 
insultes au drapeau mOme qui leur est 
confi(5, drapeau qu"il ne nous est donn^que 
trop rarenient de saluer sur ces rivages. 

" Aussi bien n'avons-nous pu nous d^- 
fendre. ces jours-ci, d'un frisson d'orgueil 
patriotique en voyant d6ploy6 au-dessns 
de cette redoutable forteresse flottante 
qu'est le Gaulois^ notre pavilion anx trois 
coulenrs qui repr^sentent: suivant I'inter- 
pr^tation symbolique qu'on en adonn^c, 
I'azur des espaces infinis, par dcldlcsqnels 
trone le Tout-Puissant qui tient en ses 
mains les destinies des nations et qui veil- 
lera toujours. nous lesp^rons, sur celles 
de la France: le lait dont les nitres fran- 
jaises nourrissent lenrs fils pour en faire 
des honiraes forts, de bons citoyens, de 
braves soldats; le sang vers6 par nos an- 
cetres et par nos conteniporains sur pres- I 
que tous les champs de bataille du nionde i 
pour la gloire de notre patrie et, je puis ' 
le declarer ici. pour la cause sacr6e de 
r^mancipation des jjenples. j 

"Cette remarque m'amene, messieurs, 
par une association d'id^estoute naturelle, 
i remercier les descendants de ces vail- 
lants Am^ricains qui, au XVIII " si^cle, 
b^n^fici&rent de notre intervention, d'avoir 
bien voulu rehansser par leur presence 
racial de cette fete. Oui, c'est avec un 
sentiment de vive gratitude que nous ac- 
clamons. ce soir. le premier citoyen de 
cette grande ville, M. Seth I,ow. maire de 
New-Vork, deux fois investi par le suf- 
frage universel des hautes fonctions 
qu'il remplit si dignement; M. le g^n^ral 
Horace Porter qui, nnissant les quality's 
du diplomate a celles du soldat, a su, par 
son exquise urbanity, prendre d'assaut le 
coenr des Parisiens; M. le president Mor- 
ton qui a laiss6 ^galement les meillenrs 
souvenirs sur les bords de la Seine; mes- 
sieurs les g^n6raux, amiraux, ofificiers et 
toute une pl^iade de notabilit^s de cette 
florissante m^tropole nous apportant au- 
jourd'hui un t^moignage pr^cieux de leur 
sympathie, t^moignage qui vient s'ajouter 
aderiScentes preuves d'amiti6, dont nous 



avons ^t^ profond^ment touch<5s. Nous 
ne sanrionsoubljer. en effet, fpfan moment 
oft. par suite de rcloignement de la ra<l're- 
patrie, les tristes survivants de la catas- 
trophe de la Martinique ^taient A bout de 
ressources inim^diates, ils ont vu se tendre 
vers eux. dans un sublime €lan de g^n^- 
rosit^, la main secourable des Etats-Unis. 
cette Providence des afflig^s. Ils savent 
maintenant, ces infortun^s. qu'un homme 
s'est rencontr^, d'un courage (^jirouvC sur 
le champ de bataille couime dans la vie 
civile, d'un cceur sensible, ^lev^ par la 
confiance et I'estime de ses concitoyens i 
la magistratnre supreme de son pays, que 
le PrC'sident Roosevelt, en un mot. a ho- 
nor^, au nom de ce grand peuple, la traite 
de reconnaissance lirC-e. il y a cent vingt 
ans, sur ses aieux par les contemporains 
de Lafayette et de Rochambeau! 

" Vous €tes des hommes d'action. mes- 
sieurs, et vous n'aiinez pas. sans doute, les 
longs discours. Peut-8tre ni6me ai-je d^ji 
abus^ de votre bienveillante attention. Je 
termine d'un mot. 

•'Je vous prie d'associer en mi m^nie 
toast les deux puissantes nations, si bril- 
lamment representees ici ce soir, les 
membres de la mission fran^aise et les 
botes de distinction qui out r^pondu ;\ 
notre appel avecnn empressement dont je 
les remercie de tout cceur. 

" Je bois h. la France, aux Etats-Unis, ^ 
nos hotes et amis!" 

Le discours de M. Gourd a 6te trSs ap- 
plaudi, notamment le passage relatif au 
President Roosevelt. 

M. Cambon, ambassadeur de France, a 
repondu. II a fait ressortir I'iraportauce 
des r^centes demonstrations d'amiti^ 
franco-aniericaine. Cette amiti^ n'atten- 
dait qu'inie occasion de s'affirmer; elle I'a 
trouv^e le jour de linauguration du monu- 
ment RocHAMBF.AC, ct clle la saisie avec 
un empressement dont tous les Fran9ais 
ont ete touches. M. Cambon a parie aussi 
des attentions qua eues le gouvernenient 
am^Ticain pour les envoy^s de la France. 
Il a remercie la commissinu americaine ct 
en particulier M. Peirce, le colonel Bing- 
ham et le commandant Rodgers de toutes 
lenrs gracieusetcs, non seulement envers 
la mission, mais aussi envers la France. 
En resume, tout ce qui s'est pass^ depuis 
huit jours doit tendre ^ persuader aux 



560 



Suppl(')}ic)ttarv Papers 



I*ran9ni5 que Ics Etats-riiis sunt plu^ pour 
la France que lout niilrc pays. I.a strnsi- 
l)iltl6 fraii^aisc truuvc aisOtUfiit mi 6cho 
dans les cceurs am^ricains. tt cela s'cx- 
pliquc (I'aiitant phis ais6nicni qu'il y a, 
dans les veiiiesdc la iK)pnlatiunainC'ricainc, 
plus de sang fran^ais qn'on ne pense. les 
colons f ran^ais de la Louisiane ct des Htals 
de I'Oucst nyant en Icur large part dans le 
penplcnicnt <k- ce grand pays. 

Aprils avoir renierci*} M. l,«>\v, niaire de 
Xew-Vork, de I'hospitaliKl* et de la bien- 
venne spontan^e accordee aux en\*oy^s 
fran9ais, M. Canibon a terniin<3 en porlant 
nn toast an President Roosevelt ct an Presi- 
dent Lonbet. 

M. Low a r^iMjndn A ce loast. II a parl6 
de Testime qne les Am6ricainsont pour M. 
Cambon qni a su faire ici tant d'aniis pour 
la France. Le inaire de New- York a dit 
ensnite combien ses compatriotes appr6- 
ciaicnt I'honnenr que lenr avait fait le 
President Loubet en cnvoyant ici les chefs 
de rarniC-e et de la marine fran^aise, ainsi 
(jue les repr^sentants du commerce et de 
rindustrie; il ne donte pas que cette mis- 
sion ne tende il resserrer les liens qui 
existent entre les deux pays depnis la 
revolution am^ricaine. 

Le gC*n6ral Porter a dit ensnite qnelques 
mots flalteurs ]Kmr les membres de la mis- 
sion, pour la Prance et pour les Pran^ais. 
M. Croiset, nieinbre de I'lnstitut. a parK- 
des liens intellectuels entre la P'rance et 
les P:tats-Unis. M. I^grave. representanl 
du Minist^re dn commerce a parl6 des 
relations entre les deux pays, etc. 

La plus grande cordiality a preside a 
cette belle f^te qui marquera dans lesan- 
nales de la colouie fran^aise de New-York. 

[Jeudi 29 mai 1902.] 

A L' UNIVERSITY COLUMBIA. 

Depuis lenr arriv^e aux lUats-l'nis, les 
membres de la mission f ran^aise dont le 
general IJnigfire est le chef se conforment 
strictementau programme qui avait ^l^ar- 
rC'ie avant lenr arriv6e et dans Icqnel on a 
ouhli6 de lenr manager (pielques heures de 
repos an milieu de cette succession de fCtes. 
Comme jadis le prince Henri de Prusse. ils 
vont de banquet en banquet, de revue en 
revue, et il ne senible pas que cette cam- 
pagne de paix. presque anssi fatigante 



(lu'une campagne de guerre, mctte leurs 
forces ;\nne trop rude e-preuve. Les cinq 
dames qui accompagnent la mission. Mnie. 
CamlMfU. Mme. de Rochambean, "^Inic. 
Peirce, Mme. de Margerie et Mme. Vignal, 

J ne sent pas moins vailtautes* que leurs 

j maris. 

La journ6e d'hier a encore ^t^ bien rcm- 

I pile. Dte S heuresdu matin, le g<5n6ral 

I Urngi^rc et Pamiral I'onrnier quittaient 

I riiOtel Waldorf en compagnie du colonel 
ningham et du commandant Rodgcrs. 
deiegn^sdu President Roosevelt. ponvaUcr 
rendre visile an gi-nOral Prookc. comman- 
dant la division de I'Allantique, ACovcrn- 
or's Island, et an contre-amiral Barker, 
commandant de I'arsenal maritime de 

I Brooklyn. Cinq minutes aprOs leur retour 

I an Waldorf, les envoy^s fran9ais recc- 
vaient le maire Low, qui devail se rendre 
avec la mission A I'universiKl- Columbia et 
il la tombe du general Grant. 

.\ onze heures, un cortege composfi de 
dix voitures tjuittait I'lifitel. V.w I'absence 
de M. Cambon. qui ^tait parti mardi soir 
potir Washington, oil il assistait hier aux 
fun^railles de lord Panncefote, le g<3n6ral 

j Hrng^re est mont^ dans la premiere voi- 
ture, avec le mairc Low. Le cortege a 

j siiivi \w .s*" avenue jnsqu'il la 59" rue, a tra- 

! verse le pare Central justpril la no' nie et 

, s'est dirig6 vers rnniversitt Columbia par 
Morningside aven\ie et la 1 16' rue. II ^tait 
l)rSs de midi lorsque M. Low et ses invites 
sonl arrives dcvant la bibliothdquede I'uni- 
versite. s\ir les marches de laquelle environ 
500 etudiants ttaient grou]><;s. .-^ccueillis 
par des hourras retentissants. le g^n^ral 
Brugiire et les autres envoy<*s fran^ais ont 
paru channes de cct entliousiasme qui 

I s'adressait il la fois i\ la mission Rooham- 
beau et au maire Low, 1'ancien president 

I de Puniversite Columbia. 

Le professeur Cohn, chef tin d6partement 
des langues romanes. enloure de tout le 

I i)ersonnel de ce departement, a re^u M. 
Low et la mission fran^aise et a conduit 
les visiteurs dans la bibliothiique, oil les 
attendail M. Butler, le successeur de M, 
Low comme president ile I'tiniversite. 

, Ai)rC^s lenr avoir souhaite la bienvenue, 
M. Butlera invite le general Ilrng^re et ses 

I compagnons d visiter I'universite. 

Cette visite terminec. le cortege s'est re- 
forme pour se rendre A la tombe de Grant, 



S/ipp/ciurji/iirr Piipcj-. 



561 



ou le g^n^ral Horace Porter a fait ouvrir 
Tescalier coiiduisant 4 la cvypte. C'est la 
premiere fois, parait-il, que des persoiines 
ii'apparteTiaut pas ^ la faiiiiUe Grant sent 
admises dans cette partie du inonximent. 

Mme. Low trt Mme. Whitelaw Reid 
avSient XixdcdOJ:: les invites au Clareniont 
ou un dejeuner de cent couverts 6tait servi 
dans une salle donnant sur IHudson et 
od on jouit d'line vue niagnifique. 

Outre les luembres de la mission fran- 
5aise, on remarquait parmi les invites M. 
Bruwaert, consul-g^n6ral de France, et 
Mme. Bruwaert. M. \^lten, consul suppli- 
ant, le g^n^ral di Cesnola. le prof esse ur 
AdolpheCohn. M. Fr^d^ric R. Coudertfils, 
M. Durand Ruel. M. Henry E- Gourd, M. 
Robert J. Hoguet, M. Adrian Iseliu fils, 
M. John La Farg6, etc. 



[Vendredi 30 mai 1902.] 

M. Cambon, anibassadeur de France, le 
g^n^ral Brug^re et les niembres de la mis- 
sion fran^aise sent partis hier soir i minuit 
pour Newport (Rhode Island), oil ils se 
rendent par chemin de fer. Ils doivent, ^ 
roccasion du Memorial Day, d^poser au- 
jourd'hui vine couronne sur la tombe du 
chevalier de Ternay, chef d'escadre, qui 
commandait, en 17S0, les forces navales 
fran^aises chargees de transporter en 
Aro^rique les soldats de Rochambeau. 
Le cuirass^ le Gaulois a quitt^ New- York 
hier soir; il a pass6 la quarautaine S. S h. 
35. Le Gaulois ne se rendra pas a New- 
port; c'est A Boston, oil les membres de la 
mission arriveront saraedi par chemin de 
fer, qu'il les rejoindra. Le depart pour la 
France est fix^, comme on salt, au di- 
manche x"^ juin. 

Un train special compost de trois 
wagons-salons et d'un wagon-buffet les 
avait conduits ^ Ophir Farm, la propri^t^ 
de M. Reid pr^s de White Plains. Parmi 
les invitil'S amtricaius on remarquait. M. 
Seth Low, maire de New- York. M. Abraua 
S. Hewitt, I'ancien maire, le g^n^ral Webb, 
fils de M. J. W. Webb ancien ministre des 
Etats-Vnis en France, M. Ogden Mills, 
etc. Apr^s le dejeuner, une assez longue 
promenade dans la campagne voisine a 
permis aiix envoy^s ftan9ais de faire con- 

S. Doc. 537. 59-1 36 



naissance avec la nature amfiricaine, qu'ils 

n'avaient vue jusqu'ici qu'en traversant le 
pays i toute vapeur. 

Un pen avant cinq heurcs du soir, la 
mission ^-tait de retour ;\ rh6tel Waldorf, 
d'oil elle repartait h sept heurcs et demie. 
pour se rendre au banquet qui lui ^lait 
offert chez Delmonico par la soci^t^ irlan- 
daise, les Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick. 
Une escorte d'honneur avait 6t^ fournie 
par le regiment irlandais, le 69'', qui vou- 
lait affirnier ainsi ses sympathies pour la 
France. 

Le banquet a 6t6 ser\'i dans la grande 
salle de Delmonico, admirablement d6- 
■ cor^e et ^clair^e par des centaines de lu- 
midres ^lectriques. Les invites fran^ais 
^taient au nonibredesi, et il y avait une 
vingtaine d'autres invites, parmi lesquels 
nous citerons Mgr. Ireland, archev€que de 
Saint-Paul, Mgr. MacGoldrick, ^v^que de 
Duluth. le g^n^ral Horace Porter, le s^na- 
teur Chauncey Depew, M. Seth I^ow, le 
contre-amiral Barker, les g^n^raux Wes- 
ton et Sheridan, le colonel Duffy, comman- 
dant le 69'', etc. Des discours ont ^t4 pro- 
nonces par Mgr. Ireland, par M. Bourke 
Cochrane, par le juge Fitzgerald, etc., daas 
lesquels les orateurs ont ^t^ d'accord pour 
exprimer I'attachement traditionnel" des 
Irlandais pour la France. On n'a pas man- 
qu6 de rappeler— et avec raison— que par- 
mi les troupes du g^n^ral de Rochambeau 
qui conibatlirent pour I'independance 
am^ricaine se trouvait un regiment irlan- 
dais, sous les ordres du comte Dillon, Et 
a ce propos. ne semble-t-il pas que si I'em- 
pereur Guillaume II s'obstine d faire ca- 
deau au.x Etats-Unis d'une statue de Fr^- 
d^ric le Grand, les Irlandais devraient se 
cotiser pour en ^riger une autre au comte 
Dillon? On pourrait sansdoute lui trouver 
une place 4 Washington non loin des sta- 
tues de Lafayette et de Rochambeau. 

Le temps et la place nous ont manqu^, 
depuis quelques jours, pour signaler les 
articles pleins de cordiality de nos con- 
freres americains i regard de la mission 
dugen^ral Brug^re.etcepeudant plusieurs 
deces articles m^ritaient, a tons les^gards, 
d'etre not^s. Les journaux ont fid^le- 
raent tefl^t^ les sentnnents d amiti^ et de 
sympathie que la population de New- York 
manifestait A regard de ses holes franyais. 



562 



Supplemciitarv Papers 



Boston, ler Jui'h- — I,e diner donn^ hicr 
soir mix iiicinbres de la mission Rocham- 
bcnii a cu lieu dansla graiide salle A inaii- 
m:r dii SouK-rset Ilotcld^corC'c A iJiofusioii 
dc drapciinx fraii^ais et amC*ricaiiis. M- 
Halrick A. Collins, raaire de Hoslon. a k* 
prt-niiLT pris la parole et a souhailt la 
l>ieiivennc aux mcmbres dc la mission. II 
a prtseiiti;' ^ I'assistance Ic licuU-nant-gon- 
verncur John I,. Bates, qui a parK- an noni 
de I'Ktat du Massachusetts. M. Hates a 
dit que l'Am6rique n'oublierait jamais ce 
<iue la r^'publiquc-sceur, la I'rance. avail 
fait pour elle dans un moment critique. 

M. Collinsa ensuitebu Ala sant6 du Pre- 
sident Roosevelt. Ce toast a a6 salu6 par 
de nombreux applaudissements. 

M. Georges A. Hibbard. directeur des 
postesA Boston. a ^galement prisla parole. 
Son discours a 6t^ une plaidoirie en faveur 
de la paix universelle et des bienfaits qui 
pourraienl en resulter. 

M. Collins a alors propose un nouveau 
toast, celui de la rtpublique frau^aise, 
toast qui a 616 portt^ au milieu du plus 
grand enlhotisiasine. 

M. Cambon. ambassadeur de France A 
Washington, s'est ensuite lev^-. II a d^- 
clar<: qu'il regrettait profondOment que 
ses compatriotes soient obliges de Ic quit- 
ter, et a ajoutt qu'eux aussi s'en allaient :\ 
regret d'un pays oft on leur avait fait un 
si parfait accueil. Les receptions qu'on a 
accordC-es aux menibres de la mission ont 
ete tons les jours de pins en plus belles el 
on pent dire de celle-ci qu'elle est la plus 
remarquablede toutes, car die est donnee 
a Boston qui est la fleurde toutes les villes 
de TAmC'rique. Parlant de M. I.oubet, M. 
Cambon a dit que la i^publique fran9aise 
avait il sa lOte uu homme sur Icquel repo- 
sait la confjance du pays. 

M. T. Jefferson Coolidge, ex-ambassa- 
deur des Htats-Unis en France, a fait allu- 
sion ^ son heureux sCjour dans ce pays au 
cours dc sa carri&re diplomatique. 11 a 
ajontC' quelesKtats-rnisavaienl contracie 
envers la I'rance une dette de reconnais- 
sance plus grande que celle qu'ils devaient 
j\ tons les autres pays rtunis. 

Lc general Brugdre a parl^ en fran^ais. 
Son discours a ^t^ court et Onergique, 
comnie ceUn d'un soldat: 

•' Je vons remercie beaucoup. messieuts, 
dc I'accueil que vous nous avez fait. Je 



bois ii la nation nniericaine, A In grande 
nation, qui a produit rintelligence. I'ac- 
tivite, la tenacity, la pcrsC'vC-rance, la g^- 
nerositd". la liberty. la justice el regaMte.' 

M. Hliol, president de runiversite d'llar- 
vard, a succ6d6 on gC-ne-ral Ilrugerc. Son 
discours. tir^ de I'hisloire. a dt^ tr6s aV 
prC'cie. 11 a fait d'heureuses allusions anx 
qualit^s gen^reuses que poss6daient les 
soldats de Lafayette et de Rochambkai*. 

Le president de la chanibre de commerce 
dc Boston a parI6 en faveur de relations 
commerciales plusetroitesentre la France 
et les Ktats-Unis. 

Le vice-ainiral Fournier a declare que les 
niembresdela mission nesavaientde quelle 
fa^on remercier la ville de Boston de I'ac- 
cueil qu'elle leur avail fait. I.es receptions 
de W'ashingrton el de New- York out dl6 cer- 
lainemcnt niagnificiues. mais c'est Boston 
qui a fail le plus bel accueil ii la mission 
fran^aise. 

M. Croisel. doyen de la facuUe des let- 
Ires A Paris, a termine la s6rie des discours 
en disanl qu'il ne pouvail quitter Boston 
sans remercier cette villc des attentions 
qu'elle avail cues pour lesniembresdc la 
mission. Boston, a-t-il ajoi'te. est une ville 
que le raonde entier doil prendre pour 
exemple. 



Boston, /'''■ /«/«, soir. — I^es sentiments 
de reconnaissance el d'aniitie, qui out ang- 
mente tousles jours dans lecoenr des meni- 
bres de la mission frangaise depuis leurar- 
rivee aux Etals-Unis, se sont manifestos 
pour la derni^re foiscet apres-niidi A liord 
du Gauhis oil a lieu le diner d'adieu. 

Vers II heiires 30 minutes les invites 
niontaient dans des ehal<>upe.s.A vapeur et 
se rendaienl d bord du cuirasse. I.a table 
du diner avail eie dressOe sur le pont, A 
I'arriOre du navire, sous une lentc forniee 
de drapeaux fran^ais et aniericains et 
tr6s artistement decoree de fieurs. Le 
diner a dure environ deiix lieures. Au 
dessert le general Brugi^re s'est leve et a 
propose en Iran^ais le toast suivant: 

"Je bois A la saute de la France el de 
lAmerique, je ne" veux pas dire de la 
I'*rancc el de rAmtrique lelles qu elles 
etaicnl il y a cent \-ingt ans, mais des deux 
republiques de nos jours— je bois egale- 
nieiit a la sanie du Piesident Loubet et du 
President Roosevelt." 



Supplcninilarv Papers 



56- 



Le contre-aniiral Higginsoti a eiisuite 
prononce ralloculion snivante: 

"Je regrette t)eaucoup d'etre oblig^ de 
faire tirer une salve pour saluer les nieni- 
bres de la mission fran^aise qui quitteut 
iios c6tes pour revenir en France. II ine 
serable que cette mission Rochanibeau est 
venue fort A propos. EUe a reniue dans 
le ccEur de tons les Am^ricains une corde 
sensible qui ne deniandait qu'^ vibrer. 
Lorsque le President rentre on sort de la 
Maison Blanche il voit dun c6te la statue 
de Lafayette et de I'autre celle de Ro- 
CHAMBEAu. Il uc pcut de ccttc fa^on ou- 
blier leur signification, car ces deux sta- 
tues repr^st^entenl ainsi continuellement & 
ses yeux I'amiti^ de la France. 

•"A I'occasion de votre depart, g^n^ral, 
je vous souhaite mi bon voyage.'' 

Le lieutenant-colonel Meaux Saint-Marc, 
reprs^entant du President t,onbet, a pris la 
parole pour declarer qu'il avait ^prouve le 
plus grand plaisir il faire partie de la mis- 
sion en quality de repr^sentant du Presi- 
dent de la R^publiqne fran^aise et il a 
termine son disconrs par le toast suivant: 

" Cest un honneur pour moi de lever nion 
verre au nom du President de la R^publi- 
que fran^aise et de boire k la sant^ du 
President de votre pays, M. Theodore 
Roosevelt." 

Le vice-amiral Fournier a termine la s^- 
rie des disconrs en faisant allusion aux 
liens d'amiti^' qui unissent la France et les 
Etats-Unis et a ajonte qu'il ^tait certain 
qn'ils continneraient A exister. Il fait des 
voeux pour que tout officier de la marine 
am^ricaine re^oive en France le raeme 
accueil que celui qui a ^t^ accord^ ici aux 
repr^sentants de la Repnblique frangaise. 

Parmi les personnes qui ont assist^ au 
diner nous citerons M. Camhon et tons les 
membresdel'ambassade fran^aise ^Wash- 
ington, M. Herbert H. D. Peirce, sous-secre- 
taire d'Ktat, le colonel Theodore A. Bing- 
ham, le commandant Raymond P. Rod- 
gers, M. Collins, maire de Boston, le 
contre-amiral Mortimer Johnson, lecontre- 
amiral Francis J. Higginson, etc. 

Parmi les dames pr^sentes on remarquait 
Mme. Canibon. la comtesse de Rochani- 
beau. Mme. Herbert H. D. Peirce. Mme. de 
Margerie. Mme. VJgnal. Mme. et Miles. 
Johnson, Miles. Collins, etc. 



Aussitdt apr^s le diner, le Gaulois a lev6 
I'ancre accompagn^ du cuirass^ Kearsarge 
ct du croiseur Olympia. II a ensuite salu^ 
la terre americaine de vingt et un coups de 
canon. Ce saint a et6 rendu par VOIytnpia. 
Lorsquc le Gaulois est arriv^ au phare de 
Boston, les navires am(5ricains Pont qnitt^ 
et VOiympia a tir^ une salve de dix -sept 
coups de cmon en rhonnenrdu general 
Brugi^re et une autre de quinze en Phon- 
ueur du vice-arairal Fournier. 

Plusieurs membresde la mission ne*sont 
pas repartis en France et vont se rendre i 
Pexposition de Saint-Louis. Le corate et 
la comtesse de Rochanibeau, le comte de 
Lafayette, le viconUe de Chambrun, M. 
Jean Gnillemin, M. Robert de Billy et 
■M. Jules Boeufv^ sout partis cet apr^s-midi 
pour New- York. 

L'^tat du commandant Berthelot, aidede 
camp du g^n^ral Brug^re. qui s'^tait si 
raalheureusement cass^ la jambe gauche 
en visitant hier le Navy-Yard, est des plus 
satisfaisants. Il est reparti avec/^ Gaulois. 

Le cuirass^ fran^ais se rendra d'abord ;\ 
Lisbonne et de Id, dircctement en France. 



[Lundi 2 juin 1902.] 

LES ADIEUX DU GENERAL 
BRUGERE 

REPOWSE DU PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 

Washington, i^^r juin.—K la veille de 
son depart pour la France, d, Jrard du cui- 
rasse /t' Gaulois, le general Brug^re. chef 
de la mission envoyee par le President 
Loubet a I'inauguration du monument de 
Rochambeau, a adress^ au President Roose- 
velt la depgche suivante : 

' ' Boston ( Mass. ) . jt may 1^02. 
"A son excellence Theodore Roosevelt, 
Presidenl des Etais-Unis : 
"Avant mon depart pour la France, on 
m'appellentd'importantsdevoirs.je desire 
vous adresser. monsieur le President, ainsi 
qu'au gouvernement et au peuple des 
Ktats-Unis. les remeiciements de la mis- 
sion fran^aise pour I'accueil chaud et sym- 
pathique qu'elle a re<;u dnns votre Ik.tu 
pays. 



564 



Snpplounilayy I\ipers 



"Nous finiJortoiis avec nous, de notrc 
s^jour dc trop courte dur^c sur cctte terre 
hospitaliOrc, tin souvenir iuefTa^ublu. Nous 
y avons trouv6 pins vivace que jamais le 
souvenir de la fraternity d'arnies tpii nnis- 
sait les soldats de Washin^jton A ceux de 
RociiAMBKAf, ct il ni'est particiilityrcment 
aKrC'alile dc ])cnser que notre visite anra 
pu contrilmcr il rcsserrer Ics liens d'anii- 
liC' tradilionneUe qui. depnis plus d'un 
siOcIe, ont exists eutre les Ktats-l'nis el la 
l-'raAce. 

" I*ernictte/.-nioi, monsieur le PrC'sideiit. 
de vous remercier personnellcment dc la 
cordiale sympathie que vous avez bicn 
vouln inanifester il men 6gard. et de vous 
dire cpie nous formons tons des vocux 
pour voire prosp^rit^ et pour celle de la 
grande nation aratricaine, Tamie de la 
France. 

"G^n^ral nRUG^RE." 

Le President Roosevelt a r^pondu au 
g^n^ral Rrug^re par la d^pGche suivante: 

"Maison Blanchk. 

Washington, lerjuin igoz. 

"Au general BRUGfeRE, h bord du Gau- 
/ois, Boslon {Mass.) : 

" Veuillcz accepter mes plus sinc^res re- 
merciements pour votre message courtois. 

"Cela a ^t6 pour notre peuple un vrai 
platsir, non seulement de recevoir I'am- 



bassade de notre grande K^publique-socur, 
dans unecirconstance comme celle-ci, mais 
sp^cialement de recevoir unc antbassade 
compos^e d'liommes tels <|ue cenx que le 
PrC'sident I.oubel a envoyC-s ici. 

"\*otre visite a eu de bons r^'sultats de 
plus d'nne fayon, et au noin du peuple 
aniOricain. je d^-sire vons exprimer dc nou- 
veau cr^tnliien notre accneil a 6t6 sincere 
et sotibaiter tout bouheiir. tlans Ic ])r£'sent 
et dans I'aveuir ft vous el A la nation que 
vous repr^sentez. 

" THfenORE ROOSKVKUT." 



L' OPINION FRANCAISE 

Paris, I'^^f jut n. — hti XiwhWc fran^ais suit 
avec beaucoup d'inl^rtt toutes les phases 
des fCtesdonn^es aux Ktats-rniti en I'hon- 
neur de la mission Rochambeau. telles 
qu'elles' sont d^crites par les d^pftcbes des 
journaux quotidiens. 

I*a pressecommente avec (amotion la cor- 
diality que les Am^ricains ont montr^e 
aux mcmbres de la mission franjaise et 
les gC'U^reux et prompts secours qui ont 
6t6 port^s ft la Martinique. 

La magnifique r^-ception des cnvoy^s de 
la France a certainement raviv<5 dans 
toutes les classes de la soci<}t^ les senti- 
ments de la plus grande affection envers 
le peuple am^ricain. 



THE ARMY OF ROCHAMBEAU 



REGIMENT DE BOURBONNAlb 

This was the senior of the regiments of the French army which served 
in the States. Its first colonel was Philibert, Marquis tie Merestang, 1597. 
The regimental colors (drapeau d'ordonnance) of the corps were com- 
posed of two quarters violet and two of azure blue. The colonel's colors 
(drapeau colonel) were entirely white. 

The regiment during its early years bore successively the names of its 
colonels. It took the designation Bourbonnais February i, 1673. Its long 
history offers a series of most high and valiant feats of arms. It took part 
in the German campaigns of 1760, 1761, and 1762 (Seven Years' War). 

The Marquis de Laval (Anne Alexander Marie Sulpice de Montmorencie) 
assumed command April 18, 1776, as colonel, and served with the regiment 
in America. 

It went out of existence by name in the general wreck of the French 
Revolution. 

The Bourbonnais was in Corsica at the time of the declaration of .Ameri- 
can independence. In that year it left that island. In 1779, after war 
had been declared against France by England, on account of the treaty 
alliance with the United States and the recognition of its independence 
by the French Government, it was sent into Brittany. For some time it 
occupied Rennes. At Brest it embarked for America April 7, 1780. 

In March, 1781, it fought on the French vessels of war Ardent and Ji!so>i, 
in the naval action of Chesapeake Bay. 

The Bourbonnais passed the winter 1780-S1 at Newport, R. I. In June, 
1781, the regiment marched with the other troops of Rochambeau to join 
the American forces in the field. 

On July 21, 2,500 men of the army of Roch.\meeau, the Regiments 
Bourbonnais and Royal Deux-Ponts, also a battalion formed of companies 
d'elite of Regiment Soissonnais, commanded by M. le Chevalier de Chas- 
tellux, made a reconnoissance at Kings Bridge, forcing the English back 
upon their defenses. 

The French troops, after a remarkaljle march, notwithstanding the 
excessive heat, arrived at Philadelphia on .Xugust 15. 

565 



566 The AiDiy of Rocliamhcau 

Tlic Liilluisiasiii of the inlial)iUiit.s wlieii the refjimcnls entered the city 
was iinmeiise. The entire population was en fete. The houst-s were 
adorned with llie flags of the two nations. Wlien the I'rench warriors 
defiled in the presence of Congress this assemblage honored Iheni with a 
fraternal salute and loud acclamations. 

The Trench remained at Philadelphia but a day. At Chester thev learned 
that the fleet of Count de Clrasse had entered the Che.sa])eake.. They at 
once, by forced marches, pushed on for the hea<l of that bay ( Head of Klk j, 
where .some of the companies einbarke<l. The rest of the troojjs marched 
on to Baltimore and .Vnnapolis, where thcj- found boats for their transpor- 
tation to the seat of active hostilities. 

The flotilla having traversed Chesapeake liay entered the James River. 
These regiments here formed a junction with those which Count de Grasse 
had brought from the Antilles, commanded by Marquis Saint-Simon and 
the .\nierican regiments of Lafayette. 

On September 28, when the movement against Yorklown began, the 
French were charged to attack on the left. The Bourbonnais opened the 
trenches on the night of October 6-7, 17S1. The ijtli of the same month 
it vigorously rejjulsed a sortie. 

This regiment immediately occupied all the posts of its attack and 
inscribed upon its colors a new victory. 

The regiments which had come from the Antilles, having reembarked 
November 4, the Regiment Bourbonnais on the 14th went into quarters at 
Williamsburg, Va. In 17S2 it marched north to the Hudson, thence 
to Rhode Island and Boston, where it eniliarked on the fleet of >I. de 
Vaudreuil for the West Indies. 

Upon its arrival in I^'rauce the Bourbonnais was sent to Metz. This 
regiment lo.sl its ancient name in 1791. It then became the Thirteenth 
regiment of Infantry. 

RKGIMKNT.AI. ()RG.\NIZ.\TION 

The following represents the field and company organizations of the 
Bourbonnais Regiment, witU the names an<l American distinctions of the 
officers commanding: 

Colonel. — X^e Marquis de I.aval (.\nne Alexandre, Marie Sulpice Joseph) 
born in Paris; December 5, 17S1, brigadier-general for services at York- 
town. 

Colonel en second. Le Comte de Rochambeau \ Donatien Marie Joseph 
de Vimeur) born in Paris 1755; December 5, i7Si,in thehneof regimental 
command (without being subject to the custom of si.\ years commission as 
colonel) for good conduct at Yorktown. 

Lieutenant-Colonel. — De Bressoles (Gilbert); born 1739 at La Planche; 
December 5, 17S1, ]x'Usioned by the King with the Order of St. Louis for 
good conduct at Yorktow n. 



The Ar))iv of Roclia>iih('aii 56 



Ji/ajor. — DeGambs (Jeau Danile); born at Strassburg 174I; Dccembc-rs, 
17S1, pensioned by the King for good conduct at Yorktown. 

Paymaster. — Besuchet (Antoine Joseph); born at Salins 1733. 

Captains commandant and en second {20). — Petele de Monfort, Ijorn 
1740, chevalierof St. Louis, August 9, 1778. De Lossede Bayac, born 1742; 
mayor, 17S2. De Lanet, born 1738; captain grenadiers, October 6, 17S0; 
Cross of St. Louir, December 5, 17S1; brevet major for Yorktown. De 
Cazals, born 1739: captain grenadiers, April 15, 1780. Le .Seigneur Dn 
Chevalier, born 1 743 ; major of Sois.sonnais, 1 7S4. Lassuderie de Campanes, 
born 1739; captain conmiandant chasseurs, March 19, 1780; grenadiers, 
17S4; pensioned April 2, 17S2, for services at Yorktown. Desondes, born 
1743; captain commandant, March 19, 1780. De La Brue, burn 1743, cap- 
tain commandant, March 19, 1780. RifTault Duiilex)', born 1745; captain 
commandant, March 6, 17S0. Le Chevalier de Chalvet de Rochemonteix, 
born 1747; captain commandant, .\pril 6, 17S0; retired, 1782. De Corn De 
I'eyroii.K, born 1751; captain commandant, April 15, 1780. Le Chevalier du 
Faure de Prouilhac, born 1750; captain conmiandant, June i, 1782. De 
Manny, born 1749; captain commandant, December3, 1782; en second from 

March, 17S0. Chennevieres, born ; commandant en .second, grenadiers, 

June 6, 17S0. Danceau De Morand, born 1751; captain .second, March 19, 
1780. De La Chassaigne, born 1749; captain second, March 19, 17S0. De 
Saint-Aubin, born 1724; captain en second, March 19, 1780. De Hitton, 
born 1 75 1. Le Roux De Kerninon and Le Chevalier D'Arlande, born 1749. 

First and second lieutenants (37). — For or during their American 
service nearly all of the oflBcers of this rank received promotion. De 
Corioles was brevetted for conduct at Yorktown. De Catey fought in 
three battles during the war in America and survived a storm. 

Students of the military school sent by France to join the Bourbonnais, 
October, 17S1, on the Pauline (7). 

Companies. — According to the custom of France in that da\-, the com- 
panies bore the names of their captains, except the grenadier ( right 1 
chasseur (left). 

Rank .^ikI filt- 

Grenadiers, De Lancet -,S 

Desondes 1 1 j- 

Du Ple.ssis I ■50 

Montfort '. j i j 

De Losse de Bay ac 114 

De Cazals 117 

De La Brue 1 2.S 

Du Chevalier ] 26 

De Chalvet u^j- 

Chasseurs, De Lassuderie, captain 116 

Total rank and file I, 151 



^, 



568 The .\n)iv of Rochambcau 

I'ield officers and stalT •. 5 

I.iiie officers: 

Captains, connnamlanl ami en second 2n 

Lieutenants, first and second ' 37 

Cadets 7 

Total lield. line, rank anil file I, 220 

REGIMENT DE SOISSONNAIS 

The first colonel of this rejjinient was I,e Coinle de Crancy (Jacques, 
Raoul dc Medvay ), 1630. 

In April, 17S0, two battalions of the rejjiment embarked at Hresl with 
the Conite DK RochamhkaU to carry succor to the Stales of America. It 
debarked with the rest of the corps in the month of July at Newport, R. I. 
With the Bourbonnais, it was at first employed as a guard of the posts of 
Rhode Island. It participated in all the principal operations of the army 

of ROCH.WIBEAIT. 

On July 21, 1781, the companies d'elite of the Soissonnais took part in 
the expedition of Chevalier du Chastellux against Kings liridgc. On .\u- 
gust 15, after the army compelled the Knglish to withdraw to their works, 
the Soissannais, with the other regiments inarched to riiiladelphia, where 
it rendered honors to Congress and was loudly applauded. 

On September 28, it marched with the army to Yorktown ami opened 
the trenches on the left with the Bourbonnais on the night of October 6-7. 

After the .surrender of Cornwallis the .Soissonnais established itself in 
winter quarters at Hampton. 

It remained there until 17S2 when it marched with the rest of the French 
auxiliary army to the American camp on the Hudson, and thence to 
Providence, and Boston, where it sailed with the rest of the I-"rench corps 
for the .\ntilles. 

In 1791 the regiment lost its nameSoi.ssonnais, being designated P'ortieth 
Regiment of Infantry, and went into garrison at Ximes. 

RKGIMKN'TAI, ORC.ANI/.ATION 

The following represents the field and company organizations with the 
names and American distinctions of officers commandant: 

Colonel. — Le Comte de Felix d'Olidres de Saint Maisme (Jean Baptiste, 
Louis Philippe), born in Oli^res ( diocese d'Aix), December 25, 1751; colo- 
nel, June 29, 1775; brigadier, 1784, Decembers, 1781, received a letter of 
commendation for good conduct at Yorktown. 

Colonels en second. — Le Vicomtc de Xoailles (Louis Jlarie), born at 
Paris, April 17, 1756, second son of Marshal de Mouchey; colonel en second 
March 8, 1780; named colonel of dragoons in 1782 for conduct at Yorktown. 



Till- Army of Rocliaiiibcaii 569 

Le Conite de Segur (Louis Philippe), born at I'aris, Scpleiiiber lo, 1753; 
colonel en second January 27, 17S2, to replace Viconite de Noailles. The 
Counts de Segur and Xoailles had wished lo depart for America as volun- 
teers with Lafayette. The opposition of their families alone prevented 
their going. They left later with their regiments. 

Lieutenant-colonel. — D'Anselme (Bernard Joseph) born at Apt (Pro- 
vence), August 26, 1737; lieutenant-colonel April 22; December 5, 1781, 
obtained a pension in the Order of St. Louis for good conduct at Yorktown. 

Major. — D'Espeyrous (Pierre) born at Barthehny (Perche), October 
1734; major, 1780; December 5, 1781, pensioned for good conduct at York- 
town. 

Paymaster. — L'Estriquier (Jean) born at Ouchy, September 6, 1735. 

Captains commandant (g). — Didier, born 1729; March, i5'82, received 
an increase of "pension de retraite" for having made the campaign of 
Yorktown, although retired. De Bien de Chevigny, born 1737; March, 
1782, received increase of "pension de retraite " for service in the Yorktown 
campaign, although retired. De Baudre, born 1736; December 5, 1781, bre- 
vetted lieutenant-colonel for Gallantry at Yorktown. De Marin, born 1737, 
wounded .seriously at the siege of Yorktown; December 5, 17S1, cros.s of 
St. Louis and pension, died soon after of his wound. De Gilbert, born 
1737, December 5, 1781, chevalier St. Louis for gallantry at Yorktown. 
De La Gardette, born 1740, chevalier St. Louis, December, 17S1, for gal- 
lantry at Yorktow'n. De La Boyere, born 1736, chevalier St. Louis, De- 
cembers, 1781, forgallantry at Yorktown. DeSt. Leger, born 1736, captain 
chasseurs, March 19, 17S0. Du Palais, born 1741, chevalier St. Louis, 
August, 1 78 1. 

Captains en second (/o). — Le Bret; de Sinety (C. C), April 15, 17S0. 
De Bazin, October S, 1780. Jayet de Boudet (C. C. ), November 18, 1781; 
honorable mention December 5, 17S1, for gallantry at Yorktown. De 
Menon, brevetted major for Yorktown. Qe Moyria, P'ebruary, 1782, for 
good conduct at Yorktown. De Saint-Victor (C C), February 8, 17S2. 
DuBois de Saint Gemma de la Grange (C. C), 17S2. Du Gats de Voreilles, 
March 9, 17S0, chevalier St. Loui.s, .\pril 2, 1782. De la Caterie, March 
19, 1780. 

First lieutenants [w). — All these officers received promotion to cap- 
tains commandant or en second during their service in America. De Cal- 
dagues also a pension (December 5, 1781) for gallantry at Yorktown. 

Second lieutenants (j/). — Many of these subaltern officers received pro- 
motion during their service in America. Ponteves d'Evroux was men- 
tioned for gallantry at Yorktown. De Mollis was wounded at Yorktown 
and received a pension. Magusis, who was promoted from the ranks for 
heroic conduct in the wars against Frederick the Great was pre,sent at 
Yorktown, notwithstanding the numerous wounds he had" received in 
former wars. 



570 1 lir A I my of Rocliaviluait 

Companiei ynniiint after IJirir niphiiiis). 

Company: K.-mk an.l file. 

I)e Grenadiers, Mencau, captain 1113 

I)e Didier 121 

De Hien de Clievigny ... . ij; 

l>e Chasseurs, De Baudre i'. . 

De Marin 130 

De Gilbert 114 

Anselme de la (.'.ardette 1 24 

I,a Hoyere Ml 

De St. Leger .... 115 

I )u Palais 1 1 ,S 



Total rank and file 1 . i<S5 

Field officers, including paynia.ster 5 

Line officers: 

Captains commandant ; 9 

Captains en second ' 10 

Lieutenants — 

Kirst 1.1 

Second 31 



Total fielil. line, rank and file ■. 250 

REGIMENT DE SAINTONGE 

The first colonel of this regiment was the Mar(|uis de Bligny (Kran9ois- 
Germaine le Camus), 16S4. 

The eleventh, Le Comte de Custine (Adam Philippe, 1780). 

The twelfth, Le Vicorate de Rochambeau, son of the General, Count i)K 
RoCHAMBKAV (Donatien, JIarie Joseph de Vimeur) November u, 17S2. 

On April 26, 1775, when it was at Toul it was united to the older Regi- 
ment de Cambrisis which became its second battalion. Saintonge em- 
barked at Brest in April, 17S0, for the United .States. 

The regiment had as its head Viscount de Custine who was previously 
colonel of Rouergue. He asked and obtained orders to succeed to the 
head of Saintonge Viscount de Bdranger, having been promoted to briga- 
dier-general, January 3, 1780, at the time his regiment was designated to 
embark. Upon his return Custine resumed connnand of the Regiment 
Rouergue. 

The Vi.scount de Rochambeau succeeded Custine lo the conmiand of the 
Saintonge and obtained later the Regiment .\uvergne. The regiment of 
Saintonge took part in all the campaigns and distinguished itself at Vork- 
town. It passed the foUownig winter with the rest of the corps at Wil- 
liamsburg, Va, and departed in December, 17S2, with the rest of the 



llir .Iniiy of Rorliunilx'ait 571 

cuminaiiil for iIk- Antilles. In ijyi Saintonni- in the new reginiL-ntal 
nonieliclalurc bfcanic the ICiglity-sccond Rejjinieiit of Infantry and went 
into garrison at Monlargis. 

k);r.IMKNT.\I, OUCANl/.ATION 

The foUovvin.t; represents the field and eonipany organization, with the 
names of officers commandant and distinctions won in America: 

Colonel. — Le Conite de Cnstine de vSarreck (Adam Philippe), born in 
Metz, February 4, 1740; colonel, March 8, 17S0; Decembers, 1781, received 
recognition of merit and brevet froni the Government for conduct at York- 
town. Governor of Toulon, April ly, 1782, succeeded by Viconite de 
Rochambeau at that date. 

Colonel en second. — Le Comte de Castries de Charliis (.\rniand Charles- 
Augustin), born in Paris, May 3, 1756; since Decembers, 17S1, chargd as 
brigadier-general of cavalry, six months Ijcfore the age of 29 year.s, for his 
conduct at Yorktown. 

I.ieutenant-eolonel. — Le Chevalier Chaudron de Lavalette (Charles- 
Franyois), born June 5, 1731 ; brigadier December 5, 17S1, for distin- 
guished conduct in the capture of Yorktown. 

Major. — Teisseydre de Fleury (Franjois Louis), born August 20, 1749; 
gazetted in 17S1 as having distinguished himself at Yorktown. In the 
American service previously, on July 15, 1779, at the taking of Stony Point, 
Major I'leury was the first to reach the intrenchments and haul down the 
En.glish flag. On the conclusion of peace Congress bestowed upon this 
gallant officer a medal which was presented by Franklin. 

Pavniaster. — La Fage (Hernard), born January 6, 1734 (Coratede Foix). 

Captains commandant and en second (iS).^'De Farrette (Baron)', born 
1736; December 5, 1781, brevetted lieutenant-colonel for good conduct at 
Yorktown. Gorot de Beaumont, born 1735; December 5, 17S1, pensioned 
for conduct at Yorktown. De Mouves, born 1740. Daurien de Madronde 
Brie, born (Comte de Foix), 1737; December 5, 1781, honored by mention 
for his conduct at Yorktown. Duchesne, born 1734; chevalier of St. Louis, 
1781. De la Falnere, born 1743. De la Corbiere, born 1743; chevalier of St. 
Louis, December 5, for good conduct at Yorktown. De Bertrier des Forets, 
born 1743; captain March 19, 1780; died 1781. De Boisbras Bedee, born 
1742; chevalier St. Louis, December 5, 1781, for Yorktown. Des Roches, 
born 1742; chevalier St. Louis, December 5, 1781, for Yorktown. Denos or 
d'Enos or des Noes, born 1741; December 5; chevalier St. Louis for York- 
town. Scot de Coulanges, born 1742; chevalier St. Louis, December 5, 
1781 for Yorktown. De Courvol, born 1745; chevalier St. Louis, 1782. De 
Champagne (chevalier), born 1746; captain en second, March 12, 1780; 
conuuandant 1782. Bellemare de Saint-Cyr, born 1749; captain 1780; 
connnanilant 17S2. James de Longueville, born; captain en second, 1780; 



572 Tin- .Iriiiy of Roc/iamhran 

commandant 17S2. l)e Recussoii, born 1745; captain 17S0; commandant 
17S2. Dc Oratcl Doloniicn born; captain 1780. 

First liculiiiijiih (10). — All tlic officers of this rank received promo- 
tions to captain or from second to first lieutenant while in America. 

Second liculcnants (/o). — Many of these under officers received promo- 
tions to first lieutenants while in America. 

Ensigns (sous lieiileiiants, 2i). — Many of these younger officers, mostly 
from 18 to 22 years of age, were promote<l to lieutenant, Dupont D'.\u- 
bevoye de Lauberdiere, aid-de-camp to RocHAMHi:.\r, w.'is rewarded for 
good conduct at Yorktown. De Lon^^uevillc dc James (wounded) at York- 
town. I)es Rrieres, born 1738, captain March 12, 17.S0; Chevalier St. Louis, 
December 5, 1781, for Yorktown. De la Yergue du Tressan, born 1755; 
transferred from Regiment Beauvais to that of Saintonge 1778. De Trion 
de Montalembert, but 12 3-ears of age; marcou grenadier of Regiment 
Saintonge, made the whole campaign; was wounded on the frigate Z^le in 
boarding the capturc(] English frigate, Roiiiiilus, and received the prize. 

Coi>i/>aiiiis ( HuiiiCil ii/'/ir /luir laplaiiis) 

Rank and fik' 

(irenadiers, dc Beaumont, captain 160 

De Wouves 121 

Duchesne , 118 

De la Corbiere .- 1 25 

De Hed& 122 

Des Korets 122 

Baron de Ferrette 122 

De la Kolnere 1 23 

Lefebre de la I-alnere 1 20 

Chasseurs, de Brie, captain 1 24 

Total rank and file i, 257 

Field-and staff 5 

Captains 18 

First lieutenants '. _-. . . 10 

Second lieutenants 10 

I'jisigns 22 

Total officers and men i, 322 

REGIMENT DE ROYAL DEUX-PONTS 

The first colonel of this regiment was the Duke de Deux-Ponts I Chris- 
tian), 1757. 

The regiment was raised by the Duke de Deux-Ponts under a commission 
of April I, 1757. It was first called Regiment Palatinat, belonging to the 
Prince Palatine Deux-Ponts (Zweibriickenl. 



I'lic .-IriJ/v (>f /\or/i(vnbca!i 573 

It was reduced to two battiilions December 21, 1762, when serving in 
Germany, where on October 10 it garrisoned Wolfenbuttel. It was at 
Dunkirk in 1774; Met/., 177S; at Montivilliers and Harfleur, May, 1779; 
at Landerneau, at Saint Pol de Leon in December, 1779, and embarked 
on the Evcille at Brest in April, 17S0, for America, being one of the four 
regiments Count DE Rochambeau led to the United States. 

The Royal Deux-Ponts greatly distinguished itself in October, 1781, at 
the siege of Yorktown, especially the 400 men led by Guillaume Deux- 
Ponts in the attack on the British redoubts October 15, in cooperation with 
a similar movement by Lafayette on the right, and where it rivaled in valor 
with the Gatinais ( Royal Auvergne) . It formed the center of the column 
of attack, the Gatinais, in the van, commanded by Estrade, and rear by 
Rostaing. 

It was tlie colonel conmiandant, Comte de Forbach Royal Deux-Ponts, 
who, in the assault, had the glory to be the first to penetrate the intrench- 
ments of the English. After reaching the top of the parapet he extended 
his hand to a grenadier in order to assist him to mount the works. This 
grenadier fell at his feet, mortally wounded. The colonel extended his 
hand to another with the greatest composure. This brave officer, who had 
been slightly wounded, after the surrender arrived at Brest on the frigate 
Aiidroiiiaque., charged by the American Congress to bear as homage to 
the King some of the flags taken from the army of Lord Cornwallis. 

He was the nephew of the Duke de Deux-Ponts. He afterwards took 
the title Marquis de Deux-Ponts. 

The regiment Royal Deux-Ponts returned to Europe in July, 1783. In 
1791 it became the Ninety-ninth Regiment of Infantry, with headquarters 
at Bourgogne and Lyons. 

regimextai, organization 

The exact strength of this regiment in numbers is not known, as the 
muster rolls of the companies are not given. It consisted, doubtless, of 
the regulation 10 companies, grenadier right and chasseur left, and eight 
of infantry. 

Colonel. — Le Comte de Forbach de Deux-Ponts (Christian), born at 
Deux-Ponts in 1754. 

Colonel en second. — Le Vicomte de Deux-Ponts (Guillaume), succeeded 
by De Fersen in 1782. 

Lientenant-coloneh. — De Haden; Le Baron d'Esebeck, born Deux- 
Ponts, 1740. 

Major. — De Prez, born 1730. 

Paymaster. — Anciaux. 

Companies, captains commandant (ro). — Le Baron de Furstenwaerther, 
Le Baron Wisch, De Klock, De Flad, De Thuillieres, De Sunnahl, De Stack, 
Du Hainault, Ruble de Lilienstern, Charles de Cabannes, born 1742. 



574 J^''' ■ /'w "/ Rocliamhcait 

/in srcoHt/ (9). — '^la.K iK- CaUaiiiics, Le Baron tie Haacke, l)e l-'ircks, I,e 
Baron D'Ksebeck, I)c Mulilenffls. I)e Lmlxvij;, I,e Baron iK- Joliann, I.o 
Chevalier de Haacke, l,e Baron dc Closcn. 

First lieiilniaiits (7). — Anion^; tlieni l,e Baron ile Kail), son of the J{in- 
eral of this name. 

/.ieutenanis en second (10). Anionj; them Barons de Kathsiimhaiisen, 
De Gnntzer, and Galatin. 

Knsigns, 21. 

Rank and fde, approximately I , loo 

l-'ield and staff 6 

Captains 10 

Cai)tains en second . 9 

I-irst lieutenants 7 

Seco;id lieutenatits. 10 

Knsigns 21 



rield. line, and total rank and file .1, 163 

REGIMENT D'AUXONNE 

[Second haHalioii] 

The Resinienl il'Auxonne from the Invalid Brigade of the Royal Corps, 
bv virtue of the ordinance of August 13, 1765, had for its first colonel 
Philippe Louis de Verton de Richeval and the last Francois Braive, who 
became general of brigade. 

At the commencement of the .\nierican war the Second liattalion em- 
barked at Brest with the army of RoCHAMnK.U" and returned to l"rance 
in 1783, with its headquarters at Nice. 

RUr.IMENT.VI, OR("..\NIZ.\ril)N 

The following constituted the field and line personnel: 

/.ieult'iianl-ioloiit'l. — C.oulet de la Tour (Jean Pierre ), born at Metz, 1730. 

Rank of liculcnaut-coloiul . — De Nadal (Antoine Xavier), born 1733, at 
Colmarz; Cuirol de I.aziers (Guillaume), born 1729, at Mirgpoix; I,e 
Chevalier de Buzelet (Jacques Nicolas Catherine), born 1740, at Metz; De 
Capriol de Saint-Hilaire, born 1722, at Pechaudier. 

Captains (iS). — De Boisloge, born 1736; De Morcourt de Foy, born 
1740; De Neurisse, born 1736; De Rumigny, born 173S; Olivier D'Hemery, 
born 1742; Josserand, born 1736; Dupuy, born 1745 (all captains of can- 
noneers'!; Garret de Maisonneuve, born 1743; Bonnay de la Rouvrelle, 
born 1743 (both bombardiers); De Monginol de Noncourt, born 1746, died 
at Newport, October, 1779: Du Saussay de Greville, born 1743; Barthe- 
lemy, of sappers, born 1744; Boivin de la JIartiniere, born 1745; De Jume- 
cort, born 1749; De Rouj-er, born 1748; Daubert, born 1747; Pelotte de la 
Barolliere, born 1749; Decremilles, born 1754. 

Lieutenants (23). — De Sance, killed at Savannah, Septemlx-r 25, 1779. 

Captains and lieutenants. — Not as.signcd ( \-\. 



llif .Ini/v of Ror//aii//)/ii/i 

Companies ( takiiiv; the naiin-s of' Iheir aiplaiiis) 
Company: K„„k , 

De Koislege, Chevalier 

De Morcoart de l''ov . 

Du Runiigny 

OUivier d'Hetnery 

Josserand 

Dupuy, Chevalier 

Garret de Maisoiineuve 

Bonnay de la Rouvrelle . ; ^ . , . .' 

Barthehnv 



Field ofTicers:- 
Line officers. 
Captains . . . , 
Lieutenants . 
I'nassigned . 



575 



I "3 
57 
6o 

54 
5' 
6.1 

53 
56 
54 

54S 

5 
i8 

23 



Total 



601 



REGIMENT DE METZ 
[Second battalion] 

The regiment of Metz was formed froiTi the honorable brigade of the 
Royal Corps of Artillery under an ordinance of 1765. Its first colonel was 
Gideon le Duchat. Mathieu (Alexis) was its last. 

In 1777 the entire second battalion was sent to the West In<lies. Two 
of the first ten companies took their initial tour of service in America 
April, t/So, and two others followed in 1781. 

This corps had six companies in the army of Rochambeau, four of 
which formed part of his original force in 1780, and two having joined 
him in 17S1. The others v.-ere stationed in Santo Domingo and diflfereut 
isles of the Antilles. What remained of these companies returned to 
France and became the Nineteenth Regiment of Artillery, with headquar- 
ters at Nimes. 

REOIMENTAI, ORGANIZATION 

The following constitute the field and line: 

Lieiilriiaiil-cohiu'/.—hti Chevalier de Cituel | Pierre), born 1728 at 
Rudeil. 

Chiefs of brigade— "Le Chevalier Saint-INIichel de Missolz (Jacques), 
born 1724 at Annonay /Vivarais); Le Barre de Carroy (Charles Joseph 
Abel), born 1733, at Paris. 

Caplaitis, commandant and by commission (/^) .— Durand, born 1761; 
Rotalier, born 1738; Tordy de Montravel, born 1744; Le Febvre de Vul- 
mont, born 1741; Pelletier de Glatigny, born 1746; Dupay, born 1743; 



(^^6 ///'■ A run of' Roiiiainhraii 

IVUeticr il'Orgeiis, of sappers, bom 1749; MaUKin Houencc. Inirn 1746; 
lio Watry Ollivier, Ixirii 1746; ivnoiiay, born 1751: lUiraiul lU-C.eviniiey, 
Ikuii 1751', Ibe lasl live captains by comniissioii. 
I.ieulenants, jj; iiiiassijineil, 12. 

Com f>ii nil's t^naiiit-J, ;v.</>»'<//.-r/r, /<>/■ //ii-ir ,it/</ttiiis) 

Ci>nipanv: Rank mut file 

Dnr.m.l 29 

I >o Missol/ 36 

RoUilier j*^ 

Tanly Ae Montravel . .•. '. 34 

Pi' \'ulnioiit 3 ' 

IVUctier de 01atij;tiy 3- 

Uupuy 3^ 

Pelk-tier d'Orgetis 3*^' 

Houcnoe ^^ 

De Watrv J2 



Total !uiik anil file 3"^ 

I'ielil otTicers; 

Uine officers 3 

Captains ' - 

Lieutenants 22 

Unassignetl '* 

Total fieUl, line, rank and file ... 35' 

LEaON DE LAUZUN. LANCERS AND HUSSARS 

[UnnctTS V.' companies V Officers. 10; men. .ux>: total. 310. Hns.sars u companies): 
llfficcrs, 10; men. .jiw; total, yo] 

These served in all llie campaifins of Rocil.\MHi;\r. 

C.RKNOlU.l-: RlCr.lMKXT [I COMIWNV ) 

The Companv Savournin was detached for service with Rocil.vMBKAf in 
the Tnited States, 17H0-S1. 

Captain. — Siivournin. Second company of Re>;inient GrenoliW detachetl 
to join Kt>cn.\MBK.\V in America: 

S;\vonrnin (SJippers and miners, rank an<l tile) . . 60 

l.ine officers: 

Captain ' 

Lieutenants, first and second . 4 

Line, rank and file 65 

It is estimated upward of 2,5ix) reenforceuients in the fonn of recruits 

were sent to the French regiments during theirVperations in .\merica. 

These came largely from the Regiments De N'eustrie and d'Anhalt. 

The miners company of IHipsiich. captain in premier, came over in 1 7S0. 
The coinp.uiv which remained was .sent oVer; also the comiKiny of Le 

Chdze. 



THE ARMY OF SAINT -SIMON ( DE GRASSE'S FLEET) 

REGIMENT D'AG£N0IS 

The first colonel of this regiment was Mariiuis de Crilloii. 1776. 

Third, Comte d'Autichamp, 1779. 
^ The First and Second Battalions were in the West Indies in 1778-1783. 
A part of the regiment embarked on the squadron of Count d'Estaing and 
participated in the siege of Savannah. T^ieutenant Blandat was killed in 
a sortie of September 27. On October 9, in the unsuccessful attack on 
the intrenchnients, Captain du Barry and three subalterns were wounded. 

In 1781 the regiment was united and embarked cm the squadron of 
Comte de Grasse to reenforce the army under Comte de Roch.\mbe.\u on 
the American continent. It arrived August 15 with the Gatinais and 
Touraine in Chesapeake Bay at the moment General Cornwallis was 
driven into Yorktown by Marquis de Lafayette and soon after surrounded 
by Washington and RocH.iiiBE.^u. The Marquis Saint-Simon had com- 
mand of the reenforcements which debarked September 2 in James River 
and arrived at Williamsburg on the 4th, 4 leagues from Yorktown, where 
they formed a junction with Marquis de Lafayette, who commanded a 
corps of Americans. 

On October 3 two companies of grenadiers and chasseurs d'Agenois 
attacked the English pickets, forcing them back upon their defenses. 
The trenches were opened on the evening of the 6th. On the 15th 
Agenois repulsed a sortie, and on the 19th Lord Cornw^allis capitulated. 

The regiment reembarked November 5 and returned to Martinique. 

It will be interesting to know part of the Agenois in the closing days of 
1 781 took passage on the vessels of Count de Grasse and contributed to the 
capture of Briston Hill, February 12, 1782, where it captured the Roval 
Scotch, formerly Douglas Regiment, which had retired from the service of 
France in 176S. 

In 1791 d'.^genois became the .Sixteentli Infantry of France, with head- 
quarters at Jlontbuson and St. P^tienne. 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 37 577 



5/8 The Aruiv of Saiiit-Siiiion 

REGIMENTAV ORGANIZATION 

Tlic following repreSL-nls tlie tk-lil and line officers commandant and 
distinction won by them in service in America: 

Colonels. — Le Baron Cadignaii ( Cliarles Dupleux), born January 28, 1738; 
died June 22, 1779, at Sanlo I)ominj;o. Le Comte de Beaumont D'Auti- 
cUamp (Antoine Joseph Kulalie), horn December 10, 1744, at Angers. 

Colonels en second. — Le Comte de Crillon { Louis Alexandre Pierre 
Nolasque), born December 1 1, 1744, at Paris. Le Chevalier Dulau D'AUe- 
mans (Pierre JIarie), born at Champiers 

Lienlenanl-colonels.—Rayne de Cantis (Joseph), born March 15, 171S, at 
Mannard. Le Chevalier De Cadignan (Jean Baptiste Gerard Dupleux), 
born May 22, 173S, at Condom. 

.Viijors. — Picaull Desdorides (Jean Tranjois Louis); Le Chevalier de 
Sagnararigue (Jean Baptiste), boni October 30, 1742, at Perpignan; died 
1781 at Santo Douiingo. 

Paymaster. — De Barras (Jean (lerlaiii), born 1740 at San Antoine 
(Dauphine). > 

Captains and en second (fS). — Sequier de t'reson de Lustrac, distin- 
guished at Vorktown; De Behagle; La Roche Coquet; Richard de Lepes, 
died March 7, 17S2, of wounds received at the siege of St. Christopher; 
Chevalier de Saint-Germaine; D'.Xugussin de Bourguisson; Chevalier 
D'Ypres, died June 15, 17S0; D'Lambert Du Barry, pension in consiilera- 
tion of a wound at Savannah; Chevalier de Dianous; Des Marcetz; De 
Marans; De Caire; De la CorbiOre, chevalier of St. Louis, December 5, 
1 7S1, for Vorktown; Le S;uge de \'illehriMe; DeSoyres; DeCaumont; De 
Faydcau. 

Lieutenants, first and second (.?o). — Among them Blandet, killed at Sa- 
vannah, September 27, 1779; Broulhet de Sigalas, wounded at Yorktown, 
17S1; De Kamarec de Troroii, distingui.shed at Yorktown; Pocquet de 
Pavlery de Saint-Sauveur, wounded at Savannah, where he distinguished 
himself, and was wounded at Yorktown; D'Houdetot de Coloniby, wounded 
at Yorktown and mentioned for good conduct; Le Houx went to America in 
■755 '""l took part in all the campaigns; Pignol de Rocreuse received a 
commission for having by his courage and resolution saved 168 men out 
of 200, which he conmianded on the vessel Le Trois Hcnriettes in a storm 
on the .\ntioches near Oleron on the way to America, May, 1779. 

Ensigns (/p). — These under ofTicers from 19 years and upward of age 
exhibited all the traits of valor wOiich had ever been the fame of the anns 
of Prance. Berard de Mauriage had his left leg broken in the affair at 
Savannah, October 9, 17S0, was left on the field of battle and for four 
months was prisoner of war in the hospital of the enemy; Gouzie men- 
tioned for good conduct at Yorktown; De INIontlong mentioned for gal- 
lantry at Yorktown; Prevost made all the campaigns in .\nierica from 
1776 to 1783; De Laumont wounded at Yorktown 1781. 



The .liiiiv (>/ Sai)il-Sinioii 579 

Companies (/<>). — 'I'lu- rolls of Un' C()tii])aiiii-s nf lliis ri-j,MiiR'iit arc not at 
hand. The ro)4:iini-iit douhtlcss maiiitaiiiod Uk- avcraj^jf of its coiniiaiiioiis 
ill anus, the entire rej,'iiiient having; nnited, forniiiif; ])art of the reeiiforee- 
ments for Rikiia.mmi; \r under I)e (rrasse and Sainl-Sinion: 

Rank and lile 1, loo 

Field officers ^nd stall.,. y 

Captains i ,S 

Liientenants jo 

Ensigns 1 y 

Total fielil, line, rank and filr i, 166 

REGIMENT DE G.ATINAIS 
[Royal .\uvtT^nt-] 

Under an ordinance of March 25, 1776, the ReK'iinent d'Anver^ne was 
divi<led into two parts — the first and third battalions being retained .at 
.\nvcri;ne, the .second and fourth fonniiij; tlie Rejiiment Catinais. It was 
the latter which in 17.S1 received the name of Roval dWnverjiiie. 

The first colonel of this regiment was le Manjnis de Caupenne i l^ouis 
Henri), 1776. The third, le Marquis de Rostaing (Jean Antoine Marie 
Germain), 1778. I<e Comte de Roch.\mbkau { Donatien ), 17S3. 

In order to distinguish the Auvergne, Gatinais took the yellow collar 
and white buttons. Its flag was black and violet. Tlu-se colors were dis- 
posed as in the flag of the Regiment d'.Vuxerrois. 

The second battalion, which was at Martini<|ue from November 'o, I77,s, 
went in 1777 to Santo Domingo. The first battalion, which had gone to 
Calais in June, 1776, left toward the end of that year for Bordeaux, where 
it embarked September 25, 1777, to rejoin the .second battalion. The 
regiment remained in garri.son at the cajje until 1779. In that year it 
was put on board the squadron of Count d'Kstaing and from September 
15 to October 20 was at the siege of Savannah. The compaii v of cha.s.senrs 
covered itself with glory on October 9 in the attack on the intrenchments. 
They had taken for their watchword and rallying shout ".Vuvergne and 
d'A.ssas." Knsign Levert entered the intrenchments first. The ilefend- 
ers, astoni.shed by .so much daring, took to (light, throwing away their 
arms. The Knglish, however, returned at once in greater numbers. The 
brave comij.inies being without support, and having lost half their effective 
strength, were obliged to retire, yet did .so in good order, carrving with 
them their dead and wounded, among whom were the \'icomte de Bethi/.y, 
colonel en .second. Captains Sircuil and De l^'oncaiilt. Lieutenant Just 
Chevalier de la Roche Negly, and Chevalier fie Tonrvelle. Ensign Levert 
had his clothes ri<ldled with balls. 



58o 



Tlic .In//]' of Sai/zl-Si/z/o)/ 



At Uk- raisinj; of the siege, (latinais returned to the cajx-. In 17.S1 it 
fornieil jiarl of the corps which Marquis Saint-Simon kil to the I'nite<l 
Slates to reenforce the anny of RoCHAMBEAf. 

It took a glorious part at the siege of Yorktown, anil at the capituyalioii 
of CornvvalHs, October 14, with the Royal Deux-I'oiits, and under the 
orders of I.ieuteiiant-colonel de Lestrade it attacked with great bravery 
and carried with spirit all the redoubts on the left of the intrenchnients. 
Captain of chasseurs, I)e Sireuil, was again wounded, this time seriously, 
with two other officers. 

After the victorj', Washington, in exjiressiiig his recognition and admi- 
ration to the French generals, beggeil them to ofTer in his name to the 
regiments Gatinais and Royal Deux-Ponts the three pieces of cannon 
which they had taken. The Catinais reenibarked with the rest of the 
connnand an<l returned to Santo Domingo. 

An ordinance of July 11, 1782, changeil the name of the regiment and 
gave it in recompense for its excellent conduct in America the title Royal 
Auvergue. 

This favor was accorded to the regiment upon the request of Count DK 
RoCHAMBEAV, who at the siege of Yorktown at the moment of a decisive 
attack, addressing the Grenadiers de Gatinais said, "Children, show that 
Gatinais and Auvergue are one." The grenadiers swore to do to the death 
in onler to merit the return of their title .\uvergne. 

In 1791 the Roval Auvergue became the I'U.ghteentli Infantry withheail- 
tjuarters at Pau. 

RKniMENT.VL ORG.\NI/..\TI<)N 

The following represents the field and company organizations, with the 
names of the commanding officers and distinctions won in America: 

Colonel — Le JIarquisde Ro,staing ( Just Antoine Henry Marie Germain), 
brigadier-general, December 5, 17S1, for gallantry in the capture of 
Yorktown. 

Co/oitii t-n si-coiid. — Le Vicomte de liethisby (Jactjues Eleanor) born 
December 4, 174S at Calais; severely wounded at Savannah in i779. 

J.ieuU'iiaiil-colo>tcl. — D€ I'Kstrade (Claud), born at Puy ( Velay ), Aprils, 
1730; brigadier December 5, 17S1, for gallantry displayed at Yorktown, Va. 

Major. — Chapuis de Tourville (Charles Bertin Ga.ston) born at liettange 
la Grande, January 4, 1740; rendered efficient service in America, where he 
performed for nearly a year the functions of major-general. 

Paymaster. — Vaudrime (Francois), born at .\vauchoux, September 7, 
1735; rank of captain November 16, 17S3. 

Captains (.?./). — De Lalbengue, born 1730; made pri.souer .\pril 12, 17S2, 
on /.'Hector. De Rouverie de Cabrieres, born 1741 ; received the cross of 
chevalier of St. Louis for good conduct at Yorktown. De \'achon, born 
1742; received the cro.ss of chevalier of St. Louis Dccenil>er 5, 17S1. for 



The Armv of Saiiit-Siiuou 581 

participation in the capture- of Yorktoun, De Cliauniont, born 1740; 
retired 17S1. DeSireuil, born 1742; wounded at Savannah and Yorktown; 
died in the hospital at Williamsburg, December 20, 1781, on account of 
wounds. Dudrot, born January 16, 1743, chevalier of St. Louis, December 
5. 1781, for the taking of Yorktown. Domerquede St. Florent, born 1742; 
chevalier of St. Louis December 5, 1781, for good conduct at Yorktown. 
La Borde de Pecomme, born 1743; chevalier of St. Louis December 5, 17S1, 
for the capture of Yorktown. De Langdon, born 1737; chevalier of St. 
Louis Decembers, 1781, for good conduct at Yorktown. De Cu.ssot, Le 
Muet de Belombre de Ju.ssy, born 1744; died November 15, 1781. De 
Foucault, born 1741; wounded at Savannah. De Belcostel, born 1745; 
died at Santo Domingo, January 7, 1780. De Bordenave, born 1742; 
chevalier of St. Louis December 5, 17S1, for Yorktown. De Yillelongue 
de Saint-Morel, born 1748. D'Assas, born 1749. De Mascaron, born 
1744; mentioned for good conduct at Yorktown. De Molieres, born 1749; 
mentioned for good conduct at Yorktown. Carrere de Loubere, born 1750; 
good conduct at Yorktown. De Villeneuve de Berthelot, born 1750, died 
1781 of wounds received at the siege of Yorktown. De Fontbonne, Cha- 
lendor, born 1757; good conduct at Yorktown; taken prisoner in the action 
of April 12, 1782, on Lc Catoii. De la Morre de Ville aux Bois, born 1757. 
De la Rochenegh", born 1757; wounded at Savannah; taken prisoner in 
the action of April 12, 17S2, on Le Caton. 

Lieutenants (22). — Nearly all these officers received promotion during 
their service in America. De Chabot was killed September 30, 1780, on 
the merchant frigate L' Espera7!ce de Bordeaux, on returning to France. 
De la Fabregue, mentioned for meritorious conduct at Yorktown. Terrade, 
mentioned for good conduct at Yorktown. Levert de Grenville, men- 
tioned for good conduct at Yorktown; taken prisoner in the action of 
April 12, 1782, on I^'Hedor. De la Roche Negh', wounded at Savannah; 
taken prisoner in the action of April 12, 17S2, on Le Colon. La Pierre, 
good conduct at Y'orktown. Chapuis de Tourville, received a nuisket 
blow in crossing the breastworks at Savannah. De Durat, taken prisoner 
in the action of April 12, 1782, on L'Hector. Desillegue, wounded at 
Y'orktown, 1781. De Naveret de Caxon, taken prisoner in the engage- 
ment of April 12, 1782, on L'Hector. De Caignet, taken prisoner in 
action April 12, 1782, on Le Caton. De Leonardy, good conduct at 
Yorktown. 

Ensigns (is). — Many were promoted in America. Bonot was men- 
tioned for good conduct at Yorktown; De Barnaud de Villeneuve was 
taken prisoner in action April 12, 17S2, on L' Ardent. 



^* 



582 I lie .Iniiy of Saii/t-Simoit 

I \iiii/>ttiiies ( nattied n/lcr Ihrir captains') 
Comiiany: Knnk nii<l file 

( rrcnadiers I'ccoiniiK'. o;i|)taiii T07 

Caliricres ill 

Dudrol 115 

I.angdoii 114 

I.albengiie 114 

Chasseurs de Sireuil, captain 1 12 

\'acheron 86 

St. Florent 59 

I )e Coussol 80 

I )e Chauniont lOO 



Total rank and fill- 998 

I'icld (ifTiccrs 5 

Line officers: 

Ca])tains 24 

Lieutenants 22 

l{nsif;tis ' 12 



Total field, line, rank and file I, f>6l 

REGIMENT DE TOURAINE 

Tlie first colonel of this regiment was Karon du I'lessis-Joigny (TinioI(5oii 
de Congressan), 1625. 

It was reorganized 1775 after having been separated into two regiments, 
one preserving the name and flags of Touraine and the other took the title 
of Savoie-Carignan. 

The first colonel of the new Regiment Touraine was the Marquis de 
Laval (Anne Alexander Marie Sulpice Joseph de Montniorencie), 1775. 
His successors were: 

The third Le Vicomte de Poudens (Henri Francois Liamao) A])ril 13, 

1 780. 

In 1779 this regiment fought at Savannah under D'Estaing; in August, 

1 781, with Ag^nois and Gatinais it embarked on the fleet of Comte de 
Grasse to reenforce the army of Rochambeau around Yorktown. The 
Marquis de Saint-Simon commanded the reenforcenients. 

It arrived August 15 in Chesapeake Bay, and took part in the siege of 
Yorktown. After the surrender of Cornwallis it returned to the Antilles 
(Martinique). 

After a brief sojourn in Martiniijue, it reembarked on the fleet of Count 
de Grasse and arrived January II, 17S2, off the island of St. Christopher, 
and assi.sted in the capture of Bristone Hill. The Regiment Touraine 
returned to France in 1783. It became the Thirty-third Infantry in 1791 
with hendciuarters at Arras. 



Tlic Ar))iy of Saiii/Siviou 583 

KKGIMENTAI, DRr.ANIZATION 

The following represents the field and company organizations with the 
names and American distinctions of the officers commanding: 

Colonel.— he Vicomte de Poudenx (Henry Francois Liamart), horn in 
Paris, August I, 1748; Decembers, i?^'. received a letter of commenda- 
tion for good conduct at Yorktown. 

Colonels en second. — Le Comte de Flechin de Vamin (Charles Francois 
Joseph), received December 5, 17S1, a letter of connnendation for good 
conduct at Yorktown. Le Chevalier de Riquetti de Jlirabeau (Andre 
Boniface Louis), born in Paris, November 13, 1754; in 17S0 he figured in 
the actions under M, de Ouichen in the Antilles, being wounded. 

I^ieulenant-colonel . — Du Moulin de la Bartelle de Montlezun (Jean Fran- 
cois), born at Aire (Guienne) June 14, 1729; received a severe contusion 
in the actions of April 9 and 12, 1782, fought by Comte de Grasse. 

Major. — De Menonville (Louis Antoine Thebault), received a pension 
on account of services at Yorktown. 

Paymaster. — Reynaud (Pierre), born at Marseille, ,\pril 31, 1731; cap- 
tain, March 30, 1780. 

Captains (20). -La Coste de la Marque, born 1733. Paudin de Beaure- 
gard de Rommefort, born 1740; chevalier of St. Louis, June 24, 1780. 
Domergue de Beauregard, born 1735. De Launay, born 1739; good con- 
duct at Yorktown. Desbordes, born 1736. Chariot, born 1736; chevalier 
of St. Louis Decembers, '781, for good conduct at Yorktown. Savary, 
born 1738; died 1782. Ducasse, born 1736; chevalier of St. Louis Septem- 
ber 15, 1782. De Tardivy de Thonene, born 1743. Galtier D'Alose, 
captain commandant. May 22, 1780. Santes Despenant, born 174s. De 
Morey de Signy, born 1750; perished in 1780 on merchantman Le I'henix 
from Havre. Clamouze, born 17S2; died 1780. Raynault de Passeplane, 
born 1752; captain commandant, November 12, 17S2. Normanden, born 
1730; died April 2, 1780. Aron de Rebourquil, born 1749; on December 
5, 1781 received promise of a majorship of infantry on account of Zealand 
ability particularly displayed at Y'orktown. De Bedos de Campan, born 
1753: captain commandant 1783. De Vezsan, born 1753; died 1780 on the 
frigate Du Roy. Vijan .Ariol de Baudreuil, I7si. De Bonne, born 1750. 

IJeute7iants (14). — With one or two exceptions all these officers received 
promotions during their service in America. 

Enstgiis (rS). — All these officers received promotions during their 
.service in America; p'ranfois a retired pension .-^pril 4, 17S1. 



584 //''■ -■ii'iiv of Saiiit-Simo7t 

Coiiipaiiii-s (iiaiiitd, respcclii'fly, aftn their captains) 
C»»inpaiiv; Rank and file 

I )i.- La Costc 1 28 

I )c Thorcnc 1 23 

IH' Savery 126 

I )f Roinniefort '. 122 

I )ucasse " 1 23 

Cireiiadicrs de Launay, captain 1 24 

1 )e Hcauregard 122 

Chariot 121 

Desbordes 1 25 

Chasseurs, D'Artel de Viensberg, captain 125 



Total field and rank i. 239 

1' ield officers and staff 6 

Line officers: 

Ca])tains conniiandant and en second • 20 

Lieutenants, first and second .... 14 

Ensigns iS 



Total field, line, rank and file I, 297 



LAND ARMY OF D'ESTAING IN ADDITION TO REGI- 
MENTS AGENOIS. GATINAIS, AND TOURAINE 

REGIMENT D'HAINAULT 
[One battalion] 

This regiment was raised by virtue of a commission issued 1651 in the 
name of Vendome. It took the name of the province of Hainault in 1762, 
and became the Fiftieth Regiment of Infantry 1793. 

The first colonel was Cesar Due de Vendome. 

A battalion of D'Hainault embarked on the squadron of Comte d'Estaing 
in 1779, and distinguished itself at the taking of Grenada in that year. 
On July 6, .same year, it participated in the naval combat with the English 
Admiral Byron, and took part in the month of October following in the 
siege of Savannah, returning to Martinique, after raising the siege, and 
remained there until the peace. As the Fiftieth Regiment of Infantry it 
had its headquarters at Perigueux. 

B.XTTALION org.\niz.\tion 

The following represents the field and company organization with the 
names and American distinctions of officers: 

Licutenant-coloiui. — Laplin (Jean Baptiste) performed the functions of 
lieutenant-colonel; born June 24, 1734, at Moulins (Bourbonnais); danger- 
ously wounded July 4, 1779, at the capture of Grenada; died January. 28, 
1780. 

Captains (6). — Deschamps de Villaine, born 1733; Lombard et Roque- 
fort, born 1735; De Mareuil, born 1733; De Manoel, born 1740; De Monoel 
la Graveriede Vegobre, born 1746; D'Artus served through the entire war 
in America. 

Lieiitenanls (j).— Monterno du Chatelard des Brets, wounded at Savan- 
nah; Slarmier, killed September i, i78i,on the frigate La Magicicnnc in 
the action in which she was captured by the English. 

Ensign, 2. 

Cotiipanifs [iiaiiu-d, respectively, after ilicir captains) 
Company; Rank and file 

Des Champs 1 26 

Lombard _. 12 = 

Mareuil . j 23 

De Manoel 1 23 

Total rank and file ^o- 

585 



5S6 Land .Iruiy of 17 Eslahig. 

V\vV\ officers 1 

I.iiK- officers: 

Captains 6 

I.ieuU'iiaiits ' 5 

Knsigns 2 

5'i 
REGIMENT DE FOIX 

[< me liattalioii] 

The Regiment I'oix (infantry) was created 1684. the first colonel being 
Jules Annand Colbert, Marquis de Blainville. It became the l-"iglity-third 
Infantry in 1791. 

A battalion formed of detachments of sharpshooters from the Regiment 
de Foix was embarked on the squadron of D'Estaing in 1779 and was 
engaged in the naval attack July 6, 1779, of Admiral Kyron, and at the 
siege of Savannah in the month of September following, and later was on 
board Le 3fagnaitiine, in the affairs of 9th and 12th of August, 1782, 
against Admiral Rodney. The battalion returned to I'rance at the con- 
clusion of peace. 

H.\T'rALIO.\' ORGANIZ.\TION 

The following was the organization of this corps: 

Liculenant-colonel. — Du Chastelet (Marie Antoine), born 1739, at 
liouiognc-.-iur-Mer (acting lieutenant-colonel). 

Major. — De Trenonnay (Antoine), born February 14, 1735, at Voyron 
(Dauphind) (acting major), died September 10, 17S0. 

Caphiins (./). — Bernardy de Sigoyer, born 1748; Demorlon: Seissan de 
Marignan, born 1750; Dampi^rre de Milliancourt; De Biville, born 1756. 

Lieutenants, 2: ensigns, 3. 

Co I II pa nil's I imiiifd. respectively , /or their raptaiiis) 

Company: Rank and file 

Grenadiei-s, De Sigoyer, captain T. . 98 

De Biville 90 

Demarignan 91 

Dampi^rre 67 

346 

Field officers 2 

Line officers: 

Captains 4 

Lieutenants 2 

Knsigns , 3 

Total field, line, rank and file 357 



Laud Anur of D^ Estaing 587 

REGIMENT DE DILLON 
[Officers only] 

This regiment took part at Savannah, Ga. , under D'Kstaing, Septem- 
ber-October, 1779. It belonged to one of the famous Irish brigades of the 
French army. 

Colonel. — Le Comte Dillon (Arthur). > 

Colonel en seeoncl. — Le Chevalier Dillon (Theobald). 

Lieutenant-colonel. — Dillon ( Barthelemy ) . 

Major. — O ' Moran ( Jacques ) . 

Paymaster. — Moncarelly (Barthelemy). 

Captains (lo). — Moore (Gerard), Purdon, Bancks, Nugent, Swigny, 
Shee, Moore (Guillaume), O'Neill, O'Berin, Taaffe. 

Captains en second (/o).— The entire number had Irish names (some of 
them a trifle Frenchified) as Mandeville, MacGuire, Macdermot, the elder; 
O'Reilly; Kelly; Macdermot, the younger; Noolan; O'Doyer; Lynck and 
Coghlan. Their prtenomens also belonged to the nomenclature of the 
"Green Isle," particularlj' Dennis and "Terence." 

Lieutenants (/o). — The same characteristic is found throughout the en- 
tire number, there appearing another Dillon and O'KeefFe, O'Farel, and a 
Duggan. A French rendition of the wholesome orthography of the 
originals. 

Lieutenants en second (to). — In this li.st we find two O'Farrells, Swigny 
(Sweeny) and all the others of Irish nomenclature. 

Ensigns (/p). — This personnel is entirely Irish in names, notably Mac- 
Closky, MacSheehy, Shee, O'Reilly, O'Meara, Mahony, Murphy, with 
Christian names Patrick and Denis. 

.\lthough no rosters are available, the organization of officers represents 
the field and units of a full regulation regiment, which would make its 
strength approximately — 

Rank and file I, loo 

Field officers 5 

Line officers: 

Captains 10 

Captains en second 10 

Lieutenants 10 

Lieutenants en second lo 

Ensigns 19 

Total field, line, rank and file i, 164 



^SS Laud Army of D^ Estaing 

REGIMENT DE WALSH 
[Officers only] 

This was another of the l-"rfiioh-Irish n->riniental organizations wlrioh 
served with D'l^staing at Savannah in 1779. 

Colonel. — Thaddeus O' Urien. 

Paymaster. — Charles Hancelin . 

Captains (6). — De Fitzniaurii-, Chevalier de Walsh; (VNeil, I)e Xagle, 
O'Brien, and D'Orcy. 

Captains en second (j). — Anionj; them ( )'Cn)ly and < )'Connor. the latter 
chevalier. 

Lieutenants {4). — Among them I'huikett and (j'Kiordan. 

Lieutenants en second {^). — Anionj; them an O'C.ormaii and a Mac- 
Carthy. 

L'nsigns (/o). — Among them O'Crowly, O'Klynn, and O'Cahill. 

Rank and file, approximately 5"" 

Field and staff 2 

I.,ine officers: 

Captains 6 

Captains en second 5 

Lieutenants 4 

Lieutenants en second 5 

Knsigns 10 

Total field, line, rank and file 53^ 



IV. THE FRENCH SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI 

A subject which agitated the political alignments of both countries was 
the historic and patriotic Military Order of the Cincinnati. The excite- 
ment- in America and France ran high. Pamphlets pro and con were 
numerous and acrimonious, and partisan feeling intense. 

The subject is of value at this day as giving an inside vievi' of the drift 
of public opinion and showing the special affection of the Bourbon mon- 
arch toward his soldiers who had served in America, and between whom 
and Washington, Roch.\'mbe.\U was the intermediary and spokesman. 

The society, as the records show, was instituted by the American oflScers 
at the cantonments of the Continental Army, on the banks of the Hudson 
River, on May lo, 1783', "at the close of hostilities in the war of the Revo- 
lution for American independence." 

Its object "to perpetuate the events of the struggle and friend.ships 
formed under pressure of common danger, often cemented by the blood of 
the parties." 

The right to original membership, so far as concerned the allies, in- 
cluded - 

« * * « * 

".A.11 French officers who had served in the cooperating army under Count 
D'Estaing or auxiliary army under Count DE RocHAMBE.^u and held or 
attained the rank of colonel for such services or who had commanded a 
French fleet or ship of war on the American coast." 

In addition to 13 societies formed in the States, one was authorized in 
France under the direct patronage of the King. 

OPPOSITION 

The career of the French society, which was dispersed in the "Reign 
of Terror," 1793, is of peculiar interest. 

The cause of the excitement in both countries was the hereditary feature. 
France was hastening toward the caldron of a revolution of its own, and 
was therefore in no frame of mind favorable to hereditar)- institutions. 

Although no one in America at that time could rea.sonably feel sensible 
of any danger, some made a handle of it for partisan purposes. Gen. 
Nathanael Greene, one of the best officers of the Revolution, was opposed 
to a change from the original form. 

589 



590 The F J (III It Society of lite Cincitniali 

Washington favored tin- ilianj^c and submitted his views in writing to 
the first general meeting in I'hiladelphia. These may he summed up: 

Discontinuance of the herediUiry part absolutely; admission of no more 
honorarv members; the rejection of subscriptions or donations from'Smy 
person not a citizen of the United States. His amendments were adopted 
and the constitution amended. 

THK 1-RENCH SOCIKTY 

As the French society dispersed by the Terrorists, after u])\var<l of a 
century of abeyance, is being reestablished under the Republic of France, 
it is not without value to Americans as well as to Frenchmen to make the 
record to the extent of the participation of Counts DK RocH.\MBKAr and 
d'l\staing and the eligible officers of the .society in F'rance. 

The final articles of membership provided I -Art. It) as to French 
members * * * 

"Will be admitted in that society the la.st and the ])resent minister of 
His Most Christian Majesty to the United States, all tlie generals and 
colonels of regiments and legions of the land troops, all the admirals and 
captains of the navy having the rank of colonel who have cooperated 
with the armies of the X'nited States in their effort for liberty. 

■•(XII) The subjects of His Most Christian Majesty, members of this 
so^-ietv to hold their assemblies at their pleasure, and form rules of gov- 
ernment conformable to the object of the institution and spirit of their 
<^F()vernmeiit." 

.\ FRENCH VIKW 

M. le Baron dc Girardot, in his interesting publication entitled "L'Or- 
dre American de Cincinnatus en France," introduced the subject in this 
attractive form. 

[Translation! 

■' The desire for distinction is innate in the heart of man. Tlfere was a 
time in which societies of this character were repugnant. We recognize 
then; in all the republics of antiquity. They al.so exist in modern repub- 
lics. That of the I'nited States of America is no exception. Hardly had the 
struggle with England terminated than the officers of the victorious army 
began to think of creating a special order commemorative of the war, a 
visible sign of an association of friend.ship and good will which should 
sub.sisl between them and their de.scendants. 

"The society took the name ' Cincmnati,' the glorious patrician who 
<)uitted his plow to save Rome and resigned the dictatorship to return to 
the plow. 



The Froiiii Socirty of the Cimiiniali 591 

"In order to recognize and distinguish themselves the nieniljers of 
the association called the 'Cincinnati' wore a gold medal suspended by a 
blue ribbon bordered with white." 

It is said in the rules that tlie combination of colors is a mark of the 
union of America and France. 

" The society ' vividly recognizing the generous assistance which America 
received from France, and desiring to perpetuate the friendship which 
has been formed and has so happily subsisted between the officers of the 
allied forces in the prosecution of the war,' sent the insignias to the dip- 
lomats, commandants, and chief generals and colonels of the armies on 
land and sea whicli had fought during the eight years of the war of 
independence." 

SUSPICIONS AROUSED 

Girardot. — Republics are suspicious. The United States became alarmed 
over seeing an order constituted destined to perpetuation by hereditary 
succession; they feared in it the germ of an ari.stocracy. The Cincinnati, 
on the 17th of May, 17S4, reorganized and revised its by-laws of govern- 
ment in order to allay all suspicion among their citizens. 

CORRESPONDENCK 

The following correspondence between General Washington and Count 
DH RoCH.4MBE.\u, and Rochambk.\u with the King, through the minister 
of war, posses.ses special historical value, being practically new to the large 
number of men and women in the United States formed into societies with 
similar aims, and to the descendants of the actors in the great struggle 
and to citizens of the Republic of France. 

\V.\SHINGTON To ROCHAMBE.^U 

In a letter of October 29, 17S3, dated at Rock Hill, N. J., General Wash- 
ington writing to Count HE Rochambeau speaks of the institution of the 
" Cincinnati:" 

"Sir: The officers of the American Army, in order to perpetuate that 
mutual friendship which they contracted in the hour of common danger 
and distress, and for other purpo.ses which are mentioned in the in.stru- 
ment of their association, have united together in a society of friends 
under the name of Cincinnati, and having honored me with the office of 
president, it becomes a very agreeable part of my duty to inform yon that 
the society have done themselves the honor to consider you and the 
generals and officecs of the army which you commanded in America as 
members of the society. 

"Major L'Enfant, who will have the honor to deliver this to you, will 
execute the order of the society in France, amongst which he is directed 



592 The French Society of the Cincinnati 

to present you with one of tlie first orders that are made, and likewise willi 
orders for the other gentlemen of your army, which I take the liberty to 
request you to present to them in the name of the society. As .soon as the 
diploma is made out I will have the honor to transmit it to you." 

COUNT UK KOCH.\MBH.\l' TO THK MINI.STKR OK \V.\U 

The Count DE Roch.\mbp:.\U on the Mtli of September, 1783. wrote to 
the minister of war. 

[Translation] 

" MoNSEir.NEUR: I have the honor to convey to you the translation 
of a letter which I have received from General Washington and of the 
institution of the Society of the Cincinnati; I have translated it literally 
and in a manner, however, to be intelligible to His Majesty, respecting 
which I ask you to .give orders to regulate my course. 

SPEAKING EOR THE KINC. 

The minister of war replied in the following terms of api)robatiou of 

Ihf King: 

[Tr.Tiiskttiun] 

"December 19, 1783. 

"I have given an account to the King, Monsieur, of the letter which 
General Washington has written to you, and of the proposition which he 
has made to you in the name of the American Army, also to the general 
officers and colonels who have served in America under your orders, to 
join the association formed under the title 'The Cincinnati,' in order to 
consecrate the names of those who have cooperated most actively in the 
establishment of independence, and in order to perpetuate the memory of 
the alliance of France and the United States. 

"His Majesty has directed me to inform you that he permits you to 
accept this honorable invitation; he wishes himself that you shall assure, 
on his part. General Washington that he will watch always with extreme 
.satisfaction everything which will tend to maintain and bind together 
the bonds existing Ijetween France and the Vnited States. 

"The success which has been the outcome of this union and the glory 
which has been its fruit have been demonstrated by many advantages. 

"You inav therefore, Monsieur, say to the general officers and colonels 
who served in the army you commanded that the King will allow them 
to unite with the association of the 'Cincinnati.' 

" Vou will conveniently address to nie a copy of the list of the officers 
who are to participate in this association, as honorable by the .spirit of its 
institution as by the virtues and the talents of the 'celebrated general 
whom they have chosen for president. 

"I have the honor to be, with most perfect attachment, yom- very 
humble and obedient servant." 



The French Society of I he Ci)icniiiati 593 

ROCHAMBEAU'S REPLY 

To this letter Count dk RoChambea'J made reply: 

[Translation] 

"Paris, December 26, i/Sj. 

" MonsEIGNEUr: I have received the letter with which you honored 
me, of the iSth of this month, in which you kindly informed me of the per- 
mission the King gives me, also the general officers and colonv_ds who have 
served in America under my orders, and returning the invitation which 
we have received from General Washington as president-general of the 
association which has been formed under the name 'The Cincinnati.' 

" I have the honor to address to you a list of the general officers and 
colonels who may be admitted to the said society in following literally the 
resolution of the American Army, and the case of those who appear to me 
under favorable construction to be eligible, but as to whom I shall have a 
fuller explanation from the general society." 

LIST OV FRENCH ELIGIBLES 

The list of general officers and colonels of the French auxiliary corps in 
America whicli the Count DE Roch.ambE-^u admitted to the Society of 
the Cincinnati, conforming to the resolution of the American Army, 
follows : 

Lieutenant-generals. — Count DE Rochambeau, lieutenant-general, 
commandant; Baron de Viomenil, lievitenant-general; Chevalier de Chas- 
tellux. Count de Viomenil, Count de Saint-Simon, DeChoisy, De Beville. 

ISlajor-gcnerals . — Count de Custine, Dukede Lauzun, Duke de Laval, 
Count d'Autichamps, Marquis de Rostaing. 

Brigadier - generals adz'aneeci (were made brigadiers in America and 
major-generals upon their return to France). — De Sandrouins, d'Aboville, 
Lavalette. 

Brigadiers in America. — Marquis de Saint-Maime, Count Chretien des 
0eux-Ponts, Count de Poudens, Viscount d'Arrot, Viscount de Rocham- 
beau, Count Guillaume des Deux-Ponts, Viscount de NoaiUes, Count de 
Charlus, Count Flechin, Robert Dillon, Querenet de la Combe of the 
Engineers, Count de Segur, Count Fersen, Prince de Broglie, Scheldon, 
Count de Danias, Count de Vauban, Marquis de Champcenets. 

All ser\'ed in America, with the grade of colonel, in that part of the 
army of RocH.\MBE.4U included in the detachmeirt which came from Santo 
Domingo to the siege of Yorktown. 

Lafayette. — Marquis de Lafayette, not being an officer of the French 
but of the Continental army, was not a member of the French Society of 
the Cincinnati. 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 3S 



594 ^^"' f^fi'^'l' Society of t lie Cindnuati 

ROCHAMUKAl' REPORTS PERMISSION 

I'pon the receipt of authority Count DH RocHAMHKAi; called his former 
ofTiccrs in America together to inform them of the King's permission. This 
fact he conveyed to the minister of war. 

"Paris. January 7, 17S4. 

"Monseigneur: 1 have read to-day to the generals and colonels who 
served under my order in America the letter which you have done me the 
honor to write to me, conveying the permission of His IMajesty to uinte with 
the association which has been formed under the name 'Cincinnati.' 

"There has been raised a subscrijjtion, voluntary and unanimous, the 
condition of which I have the honor to .set before you. The aim which 
we have in view, being the perpetuation of the union which His JIajesty 
has formed between the two nations, by uniting in the relief of the dis- 
tressed officers of the American army with which we have served, I hope 
that he will not disapprove of a sum so moderate from his Kingdom for a 
])urpose so laudable." 

THE KINC. APPROVES 

He received a prompt and special rejily that the King approved of his 
course. 

SUBSCRIPTION OF TIIK I-RENCII .SOCIETY 

The following amounts were voluntarily subscribed by the French officers, 
to be deposited with M. de Baulny, former treasurer of the army, to be 
placed at the disposition of the general Society of the Cincinnati, in order 
to cooperate with the generous purposes of its institution : 

Kranc.-i 

M. M. Le Comte de RoCHAMBEAr, L. G. C 6, 000 

l,e Baron de Viomenil, L. G 3. «» 

Le Chevalier de Chastellux, M. D. C -. 2, 000 

Le Marquis de Saint-Simon, M. D. C 2, 000 

Le Comte de Viomenil, M. D. C .<^.. 2, 000 

I)e Choisy, M. D. C 2. «» 

De B<Jville, M. D. C 

Le Comte de Cu.stine, M. D. C • • ■ 2. 000 

Le Due de Lauzun, M. D. C 2, 000 

Le Due <le Laval, JL D. C 2, 000 

Le Comte D' Autichamps, M. I). C 

Le Marquis de Rostaing, M. D. C 2, 000 

Desaudrouins, B 

D'Aboville, B i. 5"° 

La Vallette, B 1. S^o 

Le Comte Saint-Maime, C '.000 



The Frcncli Society of the Chicniiniti 595 

I-'rancs 

Le Conite Chrestien de Deux-l'onts, C 

Le Comte de Poudens, C ; i . ouo 

Le Vicomte D' Arrot, C ' I, o<J<> 

Le Comte Guillaume de I )eux-l'<>iils, C — ' 

Le Vicomte de Rochambeau, C 1, ikk) 

Le Vicomte de Noaille.s, C 1 , ikkj 

Le Comte de Charlus, C i, ""ti 

Le Comte de Flechin , C 

Le Comte Robert Dillon, C I, ("oo 

Querenet de la Combe, C 

Le Comte de Segur, C i, txjo 

Le Comte de Kersen, C 

Le Prince de Broglie, C ■. 1 , "iiu 

Scheldon, C ' — 

L2 Comte de Damas, C i, 000 

Le Comte de Vauban i, 000 

Le Marquis de Champcenet.s i, ooo 

Note. — --Ml those against whom the amounts are lilank were ab.sent, but 
probably complied with the resolution. 

BOUGAINVII.I,K RECEIVES \ B.\DGK 

In the following communication Bougainville, commander of Le t'.iicnier, 
asks permission to accept a badge sent him in the name of the -American 

army. 

[Translation.] , 

" Hennebon", February 3, lySy. 
"I have the honor to inform you I have received by the last courier the 
badge of the association of the Cincinnati, w'hich has been sent to me in 
the name of the American army by M. M., the general and superior offi- 
cers of the United States, who are now in Paris. This decoration is in con- 
sideration of liaving served and commanded, in my rank of brigadier of 
infantry, a detachment composed of the troops of the two nations during 
the campaign, under the orders of Count D'Estaing. I ask you, Monseig- 
neur, to obtain from the King his ajjproval to wear a mark of esteem which 
flatters me beyond my merit, but which I desire to share with the rank of 
a general officer of the marine, and with the captains of the vessels with 
which I have participated in duty on the .\merican coa.st." 

PERMITTED 

The minister promptly responded to M. de Bougainville that the King 
had given general permission to associate themselves with the order of the 
"Cincinnati," that the Count D'Estaing and Count DE Roch.vmbeau had 
been charged to report admissions to the order and other objects of the 
organization, of which the King had taken cognizance. * * '•" 



596 I lif hiriiili Sociclv of the Cuiciiiiuili 

WASHINCTON AC.AIN WRITES TO RciCIIAMHKAr DI-XI.ININi; I'KKXCH 
SliBSCRIPTIONS 

111 tlif followiiifj letter General Washington covers all iiiforiiiation to 
date concerninj; tlie society: 

" I'Hii.ADKM'HiA, May 1$, 17S.1. 

" The letters with which you have honored the Society of the Cincinnati 
have been read with attention and the different subjects examined with 
the most respectful consideration. 

" It is an agreeable circumstance to the society that the Count DK 
RoCHAMHHAf has liecouie a nieinber and interested himself in its repu- 
tation. 

" The very generous .subscriptions made by the gentlemen of the French 
army merit our fullest recognition, but as that is incompatible with the 
spirit of the confederation and contrary to the original intention of this 
society to receive sums of money from foreign nations, although allied, 
we believe that these gentlemen will not consider it as a want of our 
affection for them if we are obliged to refuse. 

" The request of Count de Lilancourt will be fully accorded the exact 
.sense of the institution which admits all the officers of his rank who have 
cooperated with the annies of the United States, and the Count Lilan- 
court has nianifestly cooperated in .sending from Santo Domingo to the 
continent a considerable detachment, which was under his orders, at the 
risk of events which might have occurred. It is for that reason the opinion 
of the society that Count de Lilancourt is a member by right. 

" It is not in the power of this assembly of the society to determine the 
justice of all the demands which have been made. It is for that reason 
they are submitted to Uie assembly of the society in France in order to be 
taken into consideration. The different memoranda, requests, and letters 
relative to the demands will be transmitted to the society in France, with 
a copv of the in.stitution as it has been corrected and a letter communi- 
cating the reasons of these alterations. 

" Signed in the general assembly." 

D'EST.\IX('.'.S .\I'I'ROV.\L 

From Philadelphia, Jlay 15, 17S4, (ieneral Washington in reply to a letter 
dated the Christmas day preceding, from Count d'Estaing, after expres- 
sions of tender emotion for the kindness of mention for his " person and 
character," feels himself happy that the Count "countenances with so 
much cordiality the association (Cincinnati) formed by the officers of the 
American army, a bond of cement, * * * to render durable and 
permanent those mutual friend.ships and connections which have happily 
taken root between the officers of vour army and ours." 



The Fniicli Society of I he Ciiiciiniali 597 

Additiona:, List ok officers 

to bb proposkd for admission under the regulation of the 
generai, society on may i5, 17s4 

Le Baron de I'Estrade M. de MacMahoii 

Le Chevalier de Lameth Le Chevalier de Tarle 
Charles Malo Francois de.Laineth Le Comte de Loncenil 

M. de Tarle Le Comte de Chabaiines 

M. de Menouville Le Baron d'Esebeck 

Le Baron de Saint-Simou M. d'Ansel'me 

Le Chevalier de Mirabeau M. de Rickey 

Boniface Riguetti M. L.vnch 

M. de Montesquieu Le Viconite de \'aiidreuil 

Le Vicomte Dosmond Le Vicomte de Fleurv 

These two officers as well as M. M. de Rickey and De Macilahon took 
part in several actions of the frigate Eagle, and beha\ed with valor. 
This 23 August, I7>S4. 

Le Comte dk Rochambkai-. 

Supplement of two officers who have verified their right to join the order 
under the new rule of the general society August 15, 17S4: 

Goulet de la Jour Marquis de Jlontinort 

Count de Rochambeau. 

ROCHAMBEAU chief in EUROPE 

Then follows project of a letter which M. le Marshal de Castrie pro- 
posed to write to Count d'Estaing, in reply to one from the Marshal in 
reference to the determination of the officers for admission, intimating 
that Count Rochambeau is considered by General Washington as the chief 
of the association in Europe. 

additional admissions 
In the general assembly of the Cincinnati .Saturday, May 15, 1784— 
"Resolved, That the officers of the army of His Most Christian Majesty 
on land and sea who have served in America, and who have been prom- 
ised rank of colonel for their services in that country, be included in the 
institution of the Cincinnati as revised and amended. 

"General Washington. Presidenl " 
In the general assembly of the .society Monday, May 17, 17S4— 
"Resolved, That M. de Tarl^, intendant and second -officer of the 
French auxiliary army, and Chevalier de Lameth, colonel by brevet; 
also Count Sonneville, Count de la Touche, Count Kergariou, Clievalier de 



59>^ 1^"' ^'>'ri/c/i Soc/rtv of llir Ciiuiiniali 

rKguilk-, Chevalier ilu yuesiu-, Coiiiil lU- Trevalais, Clievalier Mauleviic-r, 
Clievalier <Ie Vallogne, Count Capellis, and Chevalier <le la Peroiis<;. 

"Captains and commandants of vessels anil frijjates of the I'rcnch 
marine employed in special service on the American coasts, and who are 
particularly mentioned by his excellency the minister of France, have a 
right and in the spirit and intention of the institution to become members 
of the Society of the Cincinnati. 

"CrKNKRAi. W'ASniNr.ToN, I'midenl." 

WASHtNGTON REPOKTS AI.TKKATIONS 

(leneral Washington, in a letter to Count D'Kstaing and Count HE 
RoCHAMBF.au, dated Philadelphia, May 17, 17S4, says, " We, the delegates 
of the Cincinnati, having judged it well to make several essential altera- 
tions and corrections in our institution, and having believed it our duty 
to communicate the reasons for them in a circular addressed to the State 
societies, we transmit to you for your information a copy of this letter 
with one of the constitution ae it has been altered and corrected. Con- 
vinced of having .icted with prudence dictated by love of country, we are 
persuaded that you will be satisfied of the justice of our course when you 
are infonncd our action was occasioned by the conviction that some things 
contained in our original system might be fortuitously productive of con- 
secjuences which we would not approve, also in keeping with sentiments 
which apparently prevail among our citizens. 

" Under these circumstances we considered it would not be a proof of 
magnanimity to per.si.st in a thing which might be onerous or contrary 
to the views of the community in which the .society exi.sts. 

-A- -A- ^ 'A- * 

"For us, then, it is enough that our beneficent designs to assist the unfor- 
tunate be not frustrated; that our friendships al.so be innumerable as 
they are .sincere, and of which you have received m.irks with so much 
.sensibility. 

"For yon Messieurs, it will suftice that your merits and services are 
inefTaceably impressed upon all the hearts of the entire nation, that your 
names and action can never be effaced from memory. 

" Cherisliiug.such sentiments and reciprocating your aflfectionate regard, 
we ask j'ou to have the goodness to believe that although nothing could 
be added to our friendship and veneration, nevertheless by your order and 
your association with us you have eflfectually established between us most 
strongly, indissoluble ties." 

TO .\CT FOR THKMSHLVK.S 

In a letter, Philadelphia, May 17, 17S7, General Washington transmits 
to Count DE RoCH.\MBE.\i' official letters and other proceedings of the 
general assembly of the society for his consideration. Tho.se who consti- 



The Frrmli Society of Ihr Ciiiciiuiati 599 

tute the society in France he tliought should decide for themselves upon 
the claims of their compatriots upon the principles of the institution as it 
has been revised. 

On July 26, 1784, Count de Rochambeat transmitted to the minister of 
war translations of the letters he had received from General Washington 
and the resolutions of the society at its meeting in the previous May, with 
an abstract of corrections made at the first institution relative to the attack 
received in the State legislatures, remarking, "There are two articles which 
interest the nation and merit your attention. 

"The first, which invites the French society- to assemble to elect members 
and form rules analagons to the principles of our government. 

"The second, which gives an extension to their first resolution in favor of 
the generals and colonels of the French corps and unite under it all the 
oflScers of the land and sea brevetted and having the rank of colonel who 
have received this grade on account of service in America. 

"The general society in consequence of this article refers to me all the 
claims which have been examined and allowed by the said French societv 
in -consequence of the new resolutions of the general societv. 

" 1 am of the opinion that General Washington has sent the requests of 
the marine to Count D'Estaing. 

" I do not presume His Majesty will wish to perpetuate a foreign society 
in his Kingdom, therefore I anticipate the reply to this article will be 
negative. 

" It appears, however, suitable that His Majesty permit Count D'Estaing 
and myself concurrently and separately to assemble for one time only the 
members of the society, in order to examine all the requests which have 
been sent by the General, and allow those which conform to the new rules 
and take such action as to include officers entitled to consideration in 
order to cut short all subsequent solicitation. 

"There are a number of such cases sent me, such as of Chevalier 
Lamette, Baron de I'Estrade, etc., which I shall have the honor to send 
to you upon my return, a list in exact accordance with the terms of the 
general society of May 15 last. 

" You will see, Monseigneur, that the general society politely refuses the 
subscriptions of the sums which we have believed our duty to offer, with 
the result that w-e had pleasure in making the offer and still better for 
them to refuse." 

The Count adds that he had .sent copies of the dispatch of a political 
character to Count de Vergennes, with whom he (the minister of war) had 
conferred. He expected his orders to regulate his conduct, and had no 
doubt that Count d'Estaing had taken those of Marshal de Castries. 



6oo The Froicli Soiirty of lli(- Cnirimiali 

D'KSTAINC. solicits AITIKlKITV 

Cimnt crF.staiiig, in a letter to RocHAMiiKAr for the Society of the Cin- 
cinnati, (latc<l I'aris, August 19, 17^4, asks the necessary authority to infonn 
Marquis d'Hervillv, Erlouard Dillon, JI. O. Jloran, Marquis de I'onlenil- 
les, am! Baron Choin, that the Count permit, in consequence of the decision 
of the King and resolve of the general assembly of May 15, 17S4, these 
officers to accept the decorations of the Society of the Cincinnati. He 
adds that Marshal Castries authorized him to inform Viscount de Ton- 
tagne, colonel at Santo Domingo, he might accept the decoration of the 
society. 

H'KSTAING'S LIST 

The decision asked by M. d'Kstaing, and submitted to the minister of 
war for the admission of the officers who had been decorated .uid wished 
authoriziition, included the following: 

M. le Marquis d'Hervilly M. le Count Edouard Dillon 

M. O. Jloran, colonel M. le Marquis Fontenilles, colonel 

M. le Baron de Choin, colonel 
Le Comte de Fontaghe. colonel com- 
mandant 

I'aris. August 19. 17S4. 

ESTAING. 

LIMIT To THK SOCIKTV 

Marshal de Castries, from Versailles, August 27, 1784. wrote to Marshal 
lie Segur that he adopted his opinion respecting putting limit to the 
Cincinnati Society and the proposed response of Counts D'Kstaing and 

RoCHAMBEAf. 

.MORK NAJIES 

On August 31, 1784, Count DE Rochamdeau wrote to the secretary of 
war announcing, after three verifications he had forgotten another candi- 
il.-tte for the society. Count Henry de Saint-Simon, who served at the siege 
of Vorktown in the Regiment de Touraine, forming ])art of the corps of his 
cousin (he was made colonel, Januarv i, 1783), and asked acceptance of 
hiuL 

Duke de Fleury, from Au Plessis aux Tournelles near Provins, Septem- 
ber, 1784, having been informed of the permission obtained by Count de 
RoCHAMBEAi' from the King for the Count Fleury, his son, to wear the 
decoration of the Society of the Cincinnati, expressed his thanks. 

Marshal de Castries requested Jlarshal de Segur to communicate the 
letter he received from Count DE RocHAMBEAV, in order to authorize 
the land officers to become members of the Association of the Cincinnati. 



The French Socictv of the Ciiici)iiiati 6ci 

OMITTED NAMES 

"We do not find," adds Girardot, " the name of M. de Tallyrand," and 
gives a letter from Viomenil, Boston, December 4, 17S2, rendering an 
account of services of Count Bozon de Talh-rand marching into Boston in 
the front rank of a company of chasseurs of the Regiment de vSoissonnais 
with a rifle on his shoulder, under the name Va de bon Coeur. Viomenil 
asks the marquis to request His Majestj' not to disapprove, that he had 
him as his aid-de-canip. 

CAMEO FOR WASHINGTON 

Girardot refers to the society having given to Washington as a Cincin- 
nati an antique cameo mounted on a ring 30 millimeters ( i j'j inches) wide 
and 25 high (i inch), representing two personages. Nevertheless the' 
American hero gave this ring, a souvenir of the Cincinnati, to Kosciusko, 
who had served as his aid-de-camp during the war for independence. 
Kosciusko in turn gave it as a present to Baron de Girardot, who served in 
the Polish Li.ght Cavalry of the Imperial Guard, and by him it was left t-) 
his son. 

SWEDEN'S KING OBJECTS 

The King of Sweden declined to permit his subjects who were officers in 
the French army, and who had served in America, to wear the Order 
of the "Cincinnati," regarding the institution as having a republican 
tendencv not suited to his Government. 

In a letter of August 20, 17S4, from Jlount Vernon to Count de Roch.^m- 
BEAU, Washington connnenting on this, wrote .sarcastically: " Considering 
how recently the King of Sweden has changed the form of government of 
that country', it is not so much to be wondered at that his fear should get the 
better of his liberality as to anything which might have the semblance of 
republicanism, but when it is further considered how few of his nation 
had or could have a right to the order I think he might have suffered 
his complaisance to overcome them." 

W.\SHINGTON DECOR.\TION 

The decoration worn by Washington was given to General Lafayette, 
according to Girardot, who says: 

"This decoration, in gold enamel, is encircled with a crown of laurel 
which sustains two cornucopias entwined, from which fruit is falling, and 
which are themselves suspended to a ribbon by an oblong ring formed of 
two braids joined together. 

"The .\merican eagle, wings spread, occupies the middle of the crown, 
and carries a shield on each side. The in.scription of tlie reverse: Soci. 
cin. rum. inst. k. D. 17S3, virt. prae. 



6o2 The Fniif/i Socicfv of t/ir Cimitiiiali 

"The figures of these shields" says he, "are in dull gold, the ground in 
enamel, and the lower ground in flesh-colored enamel, the rihbon is moire 
( watered silk ) . " 

THP: WASHINGTON "ORDER" 

The members of the French branch of the Society of the Cincinnati 
presented to AVashington an order, set with about 2(io gems, costing 
|3,ooo. The eagle and group of military trophies were covered with dia- 
monds. The olive leaves attached to the eagle were emeralds; the berries 
were rubies and the beak of the eagle an amethyst. 

Wa.shington, highly, appreciating tliis testimonial of friendship, pre- 
sented the order to the General Society of the Cincinnati. It has since 
been worn by the president-general at its meetings. 

With the order was sent a remembrance from the French officers for 
General Washington and his wife, consisting of two superb dinner sets of 
Sevres china, specially executed for them by the most skilled artisans 
and decorators. 

In the set for the general each piece displayed wreaths of leaves, 
.scrolls, and Fame .sounding a trumpet and holding in the other hand the 
order of the Cincinnati. 

That for Mrs. Washington was of more delicate lint. Each piece bore 
the initials M. W., the monogram of Martha Washington, surrounded by 
a wreath of olive and laurel. Beneath was a ribbon bearing the legend 
" Decus et tuta men abillo." From the wreath radiated rays of gold. 
.\round the outside of each cup and covered dish, and on the rim of each 
lilate, .saucer, and open vessel, in soft colors, was represented a chain of 13 
large and 13 small elliptical links, within each link was inscribed the 
name of a State of the Union. 

There exists in the files of the .secretary-general of the Society of the 
Cincinnati a large number of letters from Count UE Roch.\mbeau to Presi- 
dent-General Washington and to former Secretary-General Maj. Gen. 
Henry Knox, Secretary of War, al.so a complete record of Rochambeau's 
military career. 

.\t the Chateau de Rochambeau, Thore, Loir et Cher, France, in a gla.ss 
case are preserved Marshal RocHAMBEAf'.S eagle of the Order of the 
Cincinnati and his cross of the Royal and Military (Irder of St. Louis. 

THE "MIRABEAf CO.NSI DERATIONS" 

The " Considerations on the Order of the Cincinnatus, by the Count de 
.Mirabeau" (and Sebastian Roche Nicolas Chamfort) are comprised in 79 
octavo pages, with 27 pages of notes and illustrations referred to in the 
text. 



The Fiiinii Society of the C/iniin/at/ 603 

The work itself is interesting if not convincing. The notes and illustra- 
tions contain much striking but poorly applied information of historical 
and reminiscent value. 

A translation of the Mirabeau " Considerations," etc., made in London, 
1785, when the humiliation of the American war was .still a source of 
national and individual irritation, starts off with a brief introduction, quite 
in keeping with the tone and phrasing of the original. 

.\n American edition of this translation with a postscript was run off in 
Philadelphia in the same controversial spirit. 

The "Considerations" it was later shown were written at the sugges- 
tion of Doctor Franklin, still in Europe, after the negotiation of the defini- 
tive treaty of peace with Great Britain, and at the time ( 1784) concluding a 
treaty with Pru.ssia. Mirabeau at the moment was leading a stormy .sort 
of Bohemian life in France, Germany, and England, depending upon his 
wits in all sorts of schemes and a full score of intrigues. The work was 
unworthy of his undoubted gifts. 

.\s a reflex of the views of Franklin the "Considerations" were impoi- 
tant, sufficiently so for Mr. Jefferson, the American envoy at Paris, to .send 
a copy to General Washington, who referred to the subject in a letter. 

.\ few extracts from this fact may be interesting, particularly as they 
throw light on the republican tendencies and mode of reasoning, undoubt- 
edly stimulated by the return of the French troops after their experiences 
in America. 

"At the close of the eighteenth century," says the author, "at the very 
moment when .America seemed to open an a.sylum to mankind, and when 
a revolution, the most astonishing, and perhaps the first which philosophy 
can approve, fixes the attention of all nations upon the other hemi.sphere, 
the Society of the Cincinnati is established throughout the whole continent 
of America without the slightest opposition either on the part of the Con- 
gress, which j-epresents and rules the American Confederation, or on the 
part of any of the United States or any body of men in any one of those 
States, nay, without a single individual's daring to make the smallest ob- 
servation to his fellow citizens upon an order perfectly new in its kind and 
which must infallibly and speedily change the face of the country which 
gives it birth." 

* * -;r * ^ 

"Thus the man of the people and of the army. General Washington, is 
already an honorary member (president) of the order, which to guard its 
existence no doubt from attacks, solicits recruits and supporters in all the 
monarchies of Europe." 

* « * * -:f 

" Military force has been the sole object of their thoughts because it was 
the mighty instrument of their projects; with this in view it was that the 
inheritance was reserved to none but military men. 



6o4 I ln' I^i'ouli Smiily of I he Ciiiciiniati 

"Thus ilid Ihe palriocrate grow upon Rome, an iustiUilion as much in- 
ferior to the institution of the Cincinnati as the chiefs of banditti, living; 
upon phmder and buildinj; hovels upon the soil where Rome now stands, 
were inferior to a body of such illustrious commanders as Greene, Gates, 
Moultrie, Wayne and many others who have been intrusted with the de- 
fense and political interests of a migl;ty nation, well seen in all the arts of 
war and peace and maintaining? from the first hour of its political existence 
a distinguished rank amidst the powers of the earth." 

-s- ^:- * -x- * 

The Count Mirabeau tlien proceeds to elaborate his style of reasoning 
with much apjilied simile in pleasing diction from Roman media;val 
and modern sources, including the Constitution of the United States and 
the terms of the institution of the "Society of the Cincinnati." 

The Count's argument might have been straight had his hypotheses 
been parallel. At the time of its issue it created quite a stir in court and 
military circles and gave rise to speculation and correspondence generally. 
The objection which many saw in the hereditary features was eradicated. 
The institution, after many vicissitudes through upward of a century, 
thrives an honored remini.scence, stinndating the spirit of patriotism and 
\ieing in commemorative works. 

In a reply to a letter from Samuel Vaughan, November 9, 17S5, General 
Washington in acknowledging a copy of Count de Mirabeau's "Consider- 
ations on the Order of Cincinnati," had this to say: 

"I thought, as most others seemed to think, that all the exceptionable 
parts of that in.stitution had been done away with at the last general meet- 
ing, but with those who are di.spo.sed to cavil or who have the itch of 
writing strongly upon them, nothing can be made to suit their palates. 
The best way therefore to disconcert and defeat them is to take no notice 
of their publication. All else is but food for declaration. 

"There is not, I conceive, an unbiased mind that would refuse officers 
of the late army the right of as.sociation for the purpose of establishing a 
fund for the support of the poor and distressed of their fraternity, when 
many of them it is well known are reduced to their last shifts Ijy the un- 
generous conduct of their country' in not adopting more vigorous measures 
to render their certificates productive. That charity is all that remains of 
the original institution none who will be at the trouble of examining it 
can deny." 

M 1 K.\ l!i;.\f .\X.S\VKRED 

On May 15, 1787, General Washington mentions in his diary dining 
with the members of the General Society of Cincinnati in Philadelphia. 
Mr. Jefferson, then minister to France, had .sent to him an e.xtract from 
the " Kncyclop^die," purporting to give an account of the Society of the 
Cincinnati. 



The Fir lull Society of the Ciiuiiiiiati 



605 



In :i letter lu Mr. Jefferson, of May 30, 17S7, he pa}-.s his compliments 
in a general way to the comments in the " Encyclopedic, " observing, 
''Nothing can be more ridiculous than the supposition of the author 
that the society was instituted partly because the country could not then 
pay the army, except the assertion that the United States have now made 
full and competent provisions for paying not only the arrearages due to the 
officers, but the half pay or commutation at their option, whence the author 
ileduces an argument for its dissolution. Though I conceive this never 
had anything to do with the institution, yet the officers in most of the 
States, who never have received nor I believe expect to receive one farth- 
ing of the principal or interest, would be much obliged to the author to 
convince them how and when they received a con:pensation for their 
services." 

The General then gives an account of his connection with the society 
posterior to its first formation, and his acceptance of the presidency after 
the amendments of the finst general meeting in 1784, especially after the 
canceling of the hereditary' features had been approved by "the most 
respectable characters in the country," 

The following officers of foreign countries held general rank in the 
Continental army under commissions from Congress: 



MAJOR-GENERALS. 



Lafayette 

Ducoudray 

Jiaron de Kalb 

Thomas Conway . . . . 
Chevalier DupoVtail . 
Baron Stenben 



BRIGADIER-GENERALS. 



Baron Steuben 

M. A. Roche de Fernay 

Chevalier Deborre 

Thomas Conway 

Connt Pulaski 

Chevalier Duportail 

M. de la Neuville ( brevet ) 

Marquis de la Rouerie Arraand. 
Thaddeus Kosciusko (brevet) . . 



Date 




July 


■T. 


1777 


Aug. 


II, 


1777 


Sept 


IS, 


1777 


Dec. 


I.v 


177s 


Nov. 


16. 


I781 


May 


5. 


177S 


Mar. 


16, 


1776 


Nov. 


,■;, 


1776 


Apr. 


II, 


1777 


May 


i.v 


1777 


Sept. 


I,S. 


'777 


Nov. 


17, 


1777 


Oct. 


14, 


1778 


Mar. 


2h, 


I7S^ 


Oct. 


■3. 


I7«3 



Country, 



France. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Prussia. 



Prussia. 
P'rance. 

Do. 

Do. 
Poland. 
France. 

Do. 

Do. 
Poland. 



LIST OF WORKS RELATING TO THE FRENCH ALLIANCE IN THE 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



Compiled by A. P. C. Grifkin, Chief Bibliograplwr Library of Congress 

Affaires de I'Angleterre et de TAmerique. [t. 1-15.] 

.-J livers, i776-\^j<f\. /y ttols. in //. Tables. S°. 
Balch, Elise Willing. Marquis de Fleury, lieutenant-colonel in the 
Continental army. 

(/« Magazine of American history, vol. i, Dec, 1877, pp. 724-726.) 
Bai.ch, Thoma.s. Les Franjais en Am^rique pendant la guerre de I'inde- 
pendance des Etats-Unis, 1777-1783. 
Paris: A. Sauton ; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott [ctc.^, 1872. viii, 
^37 PP- Plates. Portraits. Folded map. 8°. 

The French in America during the war of independence of the 

United States, 1777-1783. A translation . . . of Les Fran^ais en 
Amdrique pendant la guerre de I'independance des Etats-Unis. 

Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, iSgi-iSg^. -2 vols. Portrait. Folded 
maps. S°. 

Vol. I translated by Tlionias Willing Balch; v. 2, by Edwin Swift Balch 
and Elise Willing Balch. 

Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de. M^moires. 

Paris: Fume, 1S26. 2 vols. S". {CEuvres computes de Beaumar- 
chais, vol. ./-J. ) 

BiRON, [Armand Louis de Gontaut] due de Lauzun, aftei-vards due de. 
Lettres sur les Etats gen^raux de 1789, ou Detail des seances de 
I'assemblee de la noblesse et des trois ordres, du 4 mai au 15 
novembre, par le due de Biron, due de Lauzun: pr^c^ddes d'une 
notice historique sur Biron et publi^es par Maistre de Roger de la 
Lande. 
Paris: Mm* Bachelin-Defloreune, 186$. .y.vii, [2), 68, (i\ pp. Por- 
trait. 12°. 

Memoires de M. le due de Lauzun. 

Paris: Chez Barrois, Taine, 1822. {2), .r.v, jgg pp. 12°. 

Same. 2. ^d. 



Paris: Chez Barrois, Vatne. 1S22. 2 vols. 2f 



607 



6o8 /-AV of Works Rilati)ig to Frcinli .llliaiicc 

BiKON, [Ariiiaiul Louis de C.oiitaiit] ducdf I.aiiziiii, af/fncards diif fie. 
Mdiiioires du due <le Lauzuii (1747-1783). Publife cnti^reiiK-nl 
conformes au inanuscrit, avec une ^tude .sur la vie de I'auteur. 
2. I'd. sans suppressions et augment^e d'une preface et de notes 
nouvelles par Louis Lacour. 
/'art's: PouM-Malassis el dc Jlroise, /SjS. (y), /xrii, 40<), (2) pp. 

12°. 

Narrative of the Duke de Lauzun. Translated for the magazine. 

) In Magazine of American history, vol. 6, Jan., i.sSi, pp. .si-53. ) 

Hi..\NCHARr), Claude. Guerre d'Anidrique, 1780-1783. Journal de cam- 
pagne. 
Paris: /.. Jiaudoin & cic, iSSi. 134 pp. S° . 

The journal of Claude Blanchard, commissary of the French aux- 
iliary army sent to the United States during the American revolu- 
tion. 17.80-17S3. Translated from a rrench manuscript, by 
William Duane, and edited by Thomas Balch. 

Albany: J. Muiisell, iSt6. .rvi,2oypp. S° . 

The journal of the campaign of Claude Blanchard, commissary- 
general to the auxiliary troops sent to America under the com- 
mand of Lieutenant-General the Count de Rochambeau. 1780- 

1783. 

{In Catholic world, vol. u, Sept.. 1S70, pp. 787-Soo.) 
Tran.slated from the Reviie militaire fran^aise. 

BrisSOT de W.^rvillk, J[ean] P[ierre]. .\ critical examination of the 
maniuis de Chatcllux's [.s/c] Travels, in North America, in a letter 
addressed to the marquis; principally intended as a refutation of 
his opinions concerning the (Quakers, the negroes, the people, and 
mankind. Tr. from the French, with additions and corrections 
of the author. 
Pliiladflp/iia:J.James \Ji-inlcr'], lySS. (2);Sg pp. S°- 

De la France et des Etat.s-Unis; ou, De I'importance de la revo- 
lution de I'Amerique pour le bonheur de la France ; des rapports 
de ce ro3-aume et des Etats-Unis, des avantages r^ciproquesqu'ils 
peuvent retirer de leurs liaisons de commerce, et enfin de la 
situation actuelle des Etats-Unis. Par E. Claviere, et J. P. Brissot 
(Warville). Nouv. dd. 

[Paris: Buissoii, 179/.'] (4), 44S pp. S°. {In his Nouveaii voyage 
dans les Etats-Unis. Paris, lygi. v. 3.) 

Half-title. 

E.xamen critique des voyages dans I'Amerique Septentrionale, de 

M. le marquis deChatellux [.S'V]; ou, Lcttre . , . dans laquelle on 
refute principalenient ses opinions sur les Quakers, sur les negres, 
sur le peuple, et siir riidimiie. 

A I.ondres, /7S6. (4). /43 pp. S°. 



List of Works Relating to French Alliaucc 609 

BroGi.ik, Victor-Clamle, prime de. Journal du voyage du Prince de 
Broglie, Colonel en second du Regiment de Saintonge aux Etats- 
Unis d'Am^rique et dans TAm^rique du Sud, 1782-17S3. 

(/« Soci6t# des bibliophiles fraii5ois. Melanges. 2. partie. pp. 13-148, 
Paris, 1903. 8°. ) 

Narrative of the Prince de Broglie, 1782. Translated from the 

original MS., by E. W. Ealch. 

(/« Magazine of American hislorj-, vol. i, Mar., 1877, pp. 1S0-186; Apr., 
1877, pp. 231-235; May, 1S77, pp. 306-309: June, 1S77, pp. 374-3S0.) 

Tran.slation of "Journal du voyage du Prince de Broglie." published 
in Melanges publics par la Soci6t^ des bibliophiles fraufois (deuxiSme 
partie), 1903. 

A pen portait of Washington. Fragments from the journal of 

Prince de Broglie. Tr. by Horatio King. 

(/« Magazine of American histor>-. vol. 26, Dec, 1.S91. pp. 439-442.) 

BvRN, Edward \V. The unveiling of the Rochambeau statue. 

{In Scientific American, n. s., vol. 86, May 31, 1902, pp. 378-379.) 
Cambon, Jules Martin. France and the United States; essays and 
addresses. 
New )'ork: I). Appletoii and company^ igoj. vi, 90 pp. S°. 

"France and American independence,"' pp. 74-79; "I'uveiling of the 
statue of Marshal de Rochambeau," pp. 80-83. 
Campbell, Charles A. Rochanibeau's headquarters in Westchester 
county, N. Y., 1781. 

(/« Magazine of American history, vol. 4, Jan., 1880, pp. 45-48.) 

Celeste, Raymond. Un petit-fils de Montesquieu en Amerique. 

Bordeaux: Impr. C. Gouiwuilhou, igo2. jo, {2) pp Portraii. S". 
" Hxtrail de la Revue philomathique de Bordeaux et du Sud-Ouest, 5" 
ann^e, n*" 12, i-^' d^cembre 1902." 

Letter of Baron Montesquieu to M. Latapie, dated from Newport. 29 
January 1781, p. 18-24. 
ChasTELLUX, [Francois Jean], marquis de. Travels in North-.\merica, 
in the years 17S0, 1781, and 1782, by themarquisdeChastellu.M . . . 
Tr. from the French by an English gentleman, who resided in 
.\merica at that period. With notes by the translator. 
London: (,'. C. J. and J. Kobiiisoii, ifSj. 2 vols. Folded plate. 
Folded maps. S° . 

Travels in North-America, in the years 1780-S1-S2 by the mar- 
quis de Chastellu.x . . . Tr. from the French, by an English gen- 
tleman, who resided in .\merica at that period. With notes by 
the translator. Also a biographical sketch of the author; letters 
from Gen. Washington to the marquis de Chastellux, and notes 
and corrections by the .•\nierican editor. 

New York, 182S. 416 pp. S° . 

Voyage de Newport a Philadelphie, .\lbany, etc. 

Newport, R. 1.: De Vimprimerie Royale de I' Eseadre, I'/Si . 18S pp. 
S°. 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 39 



6io List of Works Relallui^ to Frnicli Alliance 

CuASTELLl'x, [I"ran(;ois Jcaii], inan/iiis i\e. Voyage de Mr. Ic chevalier 
de Chastellux en Atn^rique. 
ICassef], J7S5. 22S pp. 16°. 

Voyages de M. le marquis de Chastellux dans r.\ni(Jri<(ue Septeu- 

trioiialc dans les anuses 1780, 17.S1 & 17S2. 

Paris: Praitlt, /7S6. 2 vols. Folded maps. 12° . 

C»()TTi;Af, Leon. I,a guerre de I'indC^'pendance ( 1775-17H3); les l-ran^ais 
en Ani^rique; avec une preface par M. Edouard I.aboulaye. 
Paris: Charpeiilicr t't tie, /Sy6. ./, .x\ (2), 43S pp. 12". 

CiRCOURT, Adolphe, <('"//(' de. France an<l the United States. Historical 
review. 
Boston: Press of J. Wilson and son, 1S77. 55 pp. 12°. 

Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Massachtisetts historical society, 
vol. 15. 

The French original was pnhltshed as an appendix to vol. 2 of "Histoire 
de Taction commune de la I-'rance ft de rAm^rictnc pour Tind^-pendance 
des Etats-Unis, par (ieorge 1-taucroft." Paris. 1K76. 

Clark, Richard H. France's aid to .\nierica in llu- War of In(k-i)end- 

eiice. 

(/« American Catholic quarterly review, vol. 22, Apr., 1897, pp. 399-423.) 

CoNTiNKNTAi, CONGRESS, Journals of Congress: containing their pro- 
ceedings from .September 5, 1774, to [Novembers, 178S]. Pub- 
lished by authority. 
From Fol-uvll's press, Philadelphia, iSoo-iSoi. /j lols. S° . 

Journals of Congress, containing the proceedings from Sept. 5, 

1774, to Nov. 3, 1788. 2d ed. 

IVashington: Way & Gideon, 1S2J. 4 vols. 8°. 

An edition of the Journals printed trom the original MSS. is in course of 
publication tiy the Library of Congress. Six volumes have been pub- 
lished, covering the years 1774-1776. 

Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the 

first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation by 
the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. [1775- 
178S.] 

Boston: T. B. Wait,jS2t. 4 vols. S" . 

Conway, Moncurc I). I'rencli aid to .\incrica in the War of Indepe- d- 

ence. 

(/« The AtheniEum, London. Mar. 10, 1900, pp. 305-307.) 

Cornwaulis, Charles [Cornwallis] isl marquis. Correspondence of 
Charles, first marquis Cornwallis. Ed. with notes, by Charles 
RO.SS. 
London: J. Murray, iS5<). j -vols. Porlrail. j/olded maps. Folded 
genealogical table. S°. 

The French alliance with America, vol. i. pp. 32, 34, .so, 87, 115, 117, 121, 
122, 123, 125, 132, 133, 512. 



List of Works Rclaliuo- u> Frnicli .11 liana' 6ir 

CROMdT DiiiorKi'., Marie-Krangois-Joseph-Maxinie, haroii. Diary of a 

French officer 17.S1. (Presumed to be that of Baron Cromot IJu 

Bourg, aid to RoCHAMBEAU.) From an unpublished manuscript. 

(In Magazine of American history, vol. 4, March, 18S0, pp. 205-214; April 

18S0, pp. 293-308: May, IS^;o, pp. 376-.v'^,s; Jnne, i.SSo. pp. 441-449; vol. 7, Oct, 

1 88 1, pp. 283-295.) 

CUMMING, W. J. French hill and the trailition of the French in North- 
ern Westchester. 

{In Magazine of American history, vol. 5, Dec, 1.S80. pp. 442-445. Charts.) 

Deane, Silas. An address to the United States of North-America. To 
which is added, a letter to the Hon. Robert Morris, esq. with 
notes and observation.s. 
London, yrintde: New-London [Cf;;;/.] Reprinted and sold by T. 
Green, 17S4. jS pp. 12°. 

A defence of the author's conduct during his mission to I-'rance. Dated. 
IjOndon, August 10, 1783. 

Also published the same year in abridged form, without the appended 
documents, under title: An address to the free and independent citizens 
of the United States of North-America. 

An address to the United States of North America. To which is 

added, a letter to the Hon. Robert Morris, esq., with notes and 
observations. 

London; Printed for J. Dehrett, 1JS4. (/), 95 pp. S°. 

A defence of the author's conduct during his mission to France. Dated, 
London, August 10, 1783. 

Also published the same year in abridged form, without the appended 
documents, mider title: An address to the free and independent citizens 
of the United States of North America. 

An address to the free and independent citizens of the United 

States of North-America. 

Hartford: Printed by Hudson & Hoodivin, 1JS4. $0 pp. 12°. 

Relates to his conduct while commissioner of the United States in 
France. Dated, London, ."^ngust 10, 17S3. Appendix dated, London, 
Oct. 12, 17S3. 

Also published the same year in more extended form, with appended 
documents, under title: An address to the United .States of North America. 

The Deane papers . . . i774-[i7bi]. 

\_New York: Printed for the Society, li^Sy-jSgo.'l ^ z'ols. Portrait. 
S°. (New y'orii historical society. Collections . . . Publication 
fund series, t. xix-.rxiii.) 

Contents. — v. i. Biographical notice of S. Deane. By C. Isham. The 
Deane papers. 1774-1777. — v. 2. 1777-177S. — v. 3. 1778-1779.— v. 4. 1779- 
17S1. — v. 5. 17S2-1790. 

Deux-Ponts, Guillaume, co;«/f de. My campaigns in America: a journal 

kept by Count William de Deux-Ponts, 1780-S1. Translated from 

the French manuscript, with an introduction and notes, by 

Samuel Abbott Green. 

Boston: J. A'. Wiggin (2f II'. P. Luut, 1S6S. .vvi, (2), 176 pp. S° . 

I-rench text followed by English translation. 



6l2 List ol ]\'(uks I\(l(ili)io Id /■'ii)/i//.U//(ni(C 

DiiNiiii., Iliiiri. /. (■. Jiaii 1 liiiri Aiitoiiu-. Ilistoire de l;i jiartitipatioii <lc 
la I'rance a IVtablisM-meiit di-s Ivtals-T'iii-. d'Aiiu'riiiiR-. Corri-- 
s))(iiiilaiice ilii)l()inali(|ui- ot ilocumeiits. 
/'iiris: liiipriiiurii- ini/iiiiiii/r, ;SS(>-iSt)j. f rw/.v. /'/n/ts /'ar/r'ai/s. 

■ Coiiiplcnieiit (111 tome 5, 

/'(iris: /mpniiitrii- lui/ioiiatf. iSQg. (7I, ", <?9-.?97/'/>. /''^ 
DrRANii. John, tit. ami tr. New materials for the history of the Anieri- 
can revolution; tr. from docnments in the French archives. 
.V(7(' York: U. Holt & co., iXS,i). vi . {i),ji//pp. 12°. 
I'l'.i.TMAN, William. The journal of Lieut. William Keltman, of the I'irsl 
Pennsylvania regiment, 1781-82. Including; the march into Vir- 
ginia and tl>e siege of Yorktown. 
IVtiladctpliia: I ub. for the Historical aoiitty rf I'tiiHsylvania. by II. ( '. 
lurinf, /S^^. 4!^ pp. S". 

I'KKKiiiKK. James L. The Prince de Broglie in America. 

I /« I.ippincott's inapaziiu-. vol. 2fi. Nov.. iK.Si, pp. 462-472.) 

I'HRSKN, Count. 

I /// Tcnipk- l»ar. vol, <s.s. Jan.. 1S79, pp. 76-90.) 

Sitini:. I^ivinjj Ajje. vol. 140, I'eb. 8, 1879, pp. 3(17-375. 

I'"i;k.S);.n, [HansJ .\xel von, ffrffiv. Diary and correspondence of Count 
.\.\el P'ersen, Grand marshal of Sweden, relating to the c(nirt 
of Trance. Translated by Katharine P. Wormeley. 

Ho.sloii: /tardy, /'rait iJrr" lOiiipaiiy, /t^o^. 2'ii, (j), jy pp. /'oi- 
I rails. S°. 

Letters to his fatluT, i7Si>-i7S2, (luring the French war in North .Amer- 
ica in aid of the Independence of the I'nited States." pp. 21-64. 

?"krsi;n, [Hans] .\xel \on, grcfiv. The French army in the Revolu- 
tionary war. Count de Fer.sen's private letters to his father, 
rySo-Si. Translated from the I'rench by Cteorgine Holmes. 

\/n Magazine of .Vrm-rican histor\-. vol. 2.s. Jan., 1S91, pp. .s.s-To; l-et>., 
IS91, pp. 156-173. 1 

l^etters of De Ferseii, aid-de-camp to Rochanibeau, written to his 

father in Sweden 1 780-1 782. Translated for the magazine. 

(In Magazine of American history, vol. 3, April. 1S79. pp. 300-309: Jinu. 
iS7ii, pp. .369-376; July, 1879. pp. 437-448.) 

1'(>I..S()M, .\ Hurt A. Camp of the French army, Dcdham, 1782. 

( /« Dedham historical register, vol. 12, Jan.. 1901. pp. H-io, Plan (fac- 
siiniki. Dedham. 1901. S°. ) 

I'OSUICK, Lucieii J. The French blood in .America. 

.Wrr )>);•/•, C/iitago. [<'/r.].- /■ti-i>iiii}^ //. Firviil toiiipaiiy, [/9«6]. 
I/-'^PP- I'lalis. /hrtraits. S" . 

■'.\nierica"s debt to I-"rance dnring the Revolntion." pp. 377-.3fi2. 
l'R.\xi.'i:. .Uiiiistirc drs affaires itraiigirrs. I,es combattants franyais 
de la guerre americaine, I77S-I7,S3. I.i.stes ctablies d'a])res les 



LisI of Works /\r/(i//)/o lo Fni/c// .Uhdi/rc 613 

ilociiiiients aiitlieiitifjiies deposes aux Arcliives iiationales el aux 
Archives <hi Miuistere ile la guerre. Publiees par les soins du 
Ministere des affaires etrangeres. 
Paris: Aiicienne maisoii Ouaiitiii, Librairii-s-iiii/'riiiurics niinii'S, 
Motteroz, Martiiict, i<)oj. [^), -i//, (./), ji"/ />/>. /'/ulrs. Por- 
traits. F°. 

Introduction signed: H. M^ron. consul de France i\ Chicago, tntrnibrc 
honoraire de la Socitt^ des Fils de la R^volntion aniOricaine d'lllinois. 

Includes a resolntion of thanks bj' the society of the Sons of the Ameri- 
can Revolution for the " exceedingly advantageous and effective work . . . 
accomplished in France in ascertaining the names and services of. . , 
French .sailors and soldiers who assisted the colonists in the war of the 
American Revolution." 

Contents. —Introduction. -I^istes. Marine: Kscadre du comtc tl'Ks- 
taing. E.scadre du comte de Grasse. Escadre des comtes de Gnichen et 
de Grasse. Kscadre du comte de Ternay ( arm^e de Rochamheau — ) Arm^e 
de terre: Regiment tie Uourhonnais. Regiment de .Sois.sonnais. Regi- 
ment de Saintonge. Regiment de Koyal-Deux-Ponts (oflficiersseulement ). 
Regiment d'.Ag^nois {officiers senlement). Regiment de Gatinais. Re- 
giment de Touraine, Regiment d'Hainanlt (un bataillon). Regiment de 
Foix(un bataillon). Regiment de Dillon (officiers senlement). Regiment 
de Walsh (officiers senlement). Regiment d'Auxonne (2"^ bataillon ). Re- 
giment de Metz (3^ bataillonj. 

France. .Miuisihe des affaires Hrangires. Les combattants franjais 
de la guerre ainericaine, 1778-17S3. Listes etablies d'apres les 
documents authentiques d^pos^s aux Archives nationales et aux 
Archives du Ministere de la guerre. Publiees par les soins du 
ministere des affaires ^trangeres. 
Washington: Imprimerie nationale, 190$. ii, yjj pp. Plates. Por- 
traits. F°. (\^I\S.'\ jSt/i Congress, ^d session. .Senate dor/i- 
iiient Jj). 

Paris edition ]mb. mn^. 

Frankuin, Benjamin. The complete works of Benjamin Franklin, 
including his . . . correspondence, and . . . letters and docu- 
ments . . . now for the first time printed . . . also, the unmuti- 
lated and correct version of his autobiography. Compiled and 
edited by John Bigelow. 
New York and London: C. J'. Putnam's sons. /SSy-/.'iSS. id Tots. 
Plates. Portraits. S°. 

Works. Containing several political and historical tracts not in- 

cluded in any former edition, and many letters, official and private, 
not hitherto published; with notes and life, by Jared Sparks. 
Bos/on: Hilliai d Cray, and eoinpany, iS.^o. 10 vols. ^° . 

The writings of Benjamin Franklin; collected and ed., with a 

life and introduction, by Albert Henry Smyth. Vols. 1-7. 

Neiv York, London: The Maonillan company, igos-igo6. j vols. 
Portrait. S°. 



6i4 l^-i^t <^f Workx RchUiiio lo /'^nur/i .llliome 

1'"K.' NKi.iN, Benjainiii. I"r:iiikliii in l''raiicc. A sfltctiiiTi fnnii l-Vaiikliti's 
letters, written duriiif; his stay in Paris. 
Hosloii : Old So 1(1 h iiiitliiii^ /ioiisi\ /SSg. i^ pf>. '^'- (Old Smi/li 
Ica/U-ls, /III sirirs, no. ,5. ) 

Captioii-titlc. 

I'rKNCH aiil ill American Independence. 

I /w .\Uantic monthly, vol. 74. July. 1S94. pp. 128-133.) 
Review of IJoniors " Histoirc dc la participation rlc la l-rancc & I'^ta- 
blissement dcs fitats-t'nis d'Ani6ri<|iie." 

Tile I-'RHNXH in Newport, 1781, 18S1. 

( /« Newport historical magazine, vol. 2, Jan., iSHj. pp. i7*>-i78.) 

Ci AiiKiKi., [Charles Nicolas]. Le inar^chal de camp De.sandrouins, 1729- 
1792; guerre du Canada 1756-1760; guerre de rin(K-pendance 
americaine, 1 780-1 782. 
I'erduii: Iiiipr. Renve-I.allemant, iSSy. {4), inii, .fi6, (j) pp. 8". 

C.^RDNER, Asa Bird, coinp. Disposition and order of battle of the 
allied armies on the march fnmi Williamsburgh to the siege of 
York, 27111 September, 1781. 

I III Alagazine of American history, vol. 7. Oct., 18.S1, pp. 267- 26S.) 

ClAUi.oT, Paul. A friend of the queen (Marie- Antoinette — Count de I"er- 
.sen). From the French, by Mrs. Cashel Hoe\-. 
London: W. Hcincmann, iSg.f. 2 vols. Portraits. S". 

Compiled from extracts from the papers of Count John .-Vxel I-'ersen. 
grand marshal of Sweden. 

fiRKENK, George Washington. Historical view of the .\merican revolu- 
tion. 
/><>ston: V'icAnor df /■iftds, /S6j. i.v, {2}, ^jp pp. 12°. 

" The diplomacy of the Revolution." pp. 173-209; "The foreign element 
of tile Revolution." pp. 2S2-^ig. 

(li'RNKi.i., Rachel. The Comte de Fensen. 

{ill (ientleman's magazine, n. s., vol. 4S, Mar., iSg2, pp. 295-306.) 
Same. Living Age, vol. 193, May 7, iS92, pp. 368-374. 

Hai.k, Fdward V..,tind Hdward V.. HAi.K.yV. I'ranklin in France. F'rom 
original ilocinnents, most of which are now published for the first 
time. 
/>osto>i: /\oheiis brothers. iSSj-iSSS. 2 vols. Portraits. S° . 
Hai.i., William. Junction of the French and American armies at Dobbs 
Ferry, 17S1. From the MSS. of General William Hall. 
(/« The Spirit of "7(1. vol. 4, Ang., iSgS, i>age 353.) 

Heath, William. Memoirs of Major-ticneral Heath. Containing anec- 
dotes, details of skirmishes, l)attles, and other military events, 
during the American war. Written by him.self. 
Boston: Printed by I. Thomas and li. T. .Andrews, i/>^S. jSSpp. S°. 

Heath's memoirs of the American war. Reprinted from the orig- 
inal edition of 179S. With an iiitroducliiiu and notes by Rufus 
Rockwell Wilson. 



List of JJ^flrks Rclatitig to Frri/f/i .•Ut/ciiirr 615 

AVrc Vork: .1. ]l'esscls roinpany, igo^. IjtS ft- ^° ■ {Souirf books 
of American history.) 

Marquis de Chastellux, p. 278; Count D'Estaing. pp. 200-202, 204. 205, 
207, 20S, 213, 231, 235, 236, 237, 3S0, 412, 413; Count Deiix-Ponts, p. 285: Count 
de Grasse, pp. 305, 311, 315, 319, 320, 327, 332, 343, 362; Marquis de I.a Fayette, 
pp. 208-212, 248, 259, 279, 285, 286, 288, 290; Duke de Lauzuii, pp. 287, 310, 343; 
Marshal de Rocharabeau, pp. 257, 258, 266, 267, 270, 309, 364, 368, 369, 376; 
Chevalier de Ternay, pp. 257, 2.sS, 266, 267, 281. 

Hii,Li.-\Rn D'AuBERTEUll,, [Michel Ren^]. Essais hi.storiques et poli- 
tiques sur les Anglo-Americaiiip. 
Bruxelles, iySi-ijS2. 4 pis. in 2 vols. Plate. I'ortrait. Maps. 
iz°. 

Vol. 2 has title; Essai.s historiques et politiques sur la revolution de 
rAra^rique Septeutrionale . . . Bruxelles et se trouve it Paris, chez Tau- 
teur. 17S2. 

Essais historiques et politiques sur les .Anglo-Aiu^ricains. 

Pru. wiles, lySz. 4 pis. in 2 vols. Plate. Portrait. Maps. 4°. 

Vol. 2 has title: Essais historiques et politiques sur la revolution de 
rAnierique Septentrionale . . . Bruxelles et se trouve ^ Paris, chez 
I'auteur, 17S2. 

List of French officers who served in the American armies with 

commissions from Congress prior to the treaties made between 
France and the thirteen United States of America. Reprinted 
from Essais historiques el [et] politiques sur la revolution de 
IWmerique, by Hilliard d'Auberteuil, Paris, 1782. 

{ /h Magazitie of American history-, vol. 3. June, 1879, pp. 364-369. ) 

HvDE, JI. C. Murray. The treaty of alliance with France. 

(/« The Spirit of '76, vol. 4, Mar., 1S9S, pp. 195-197.) 

I.SHAM, Charles. A .short account of the life and times of Silas Deane. . 

(/« American historical association. Papers, vol. 3, pp. 40-47. New 
Vork and Loudon, 1S89. 8°) 

JOBEZ, Alphonse. La France sous Louis XVI. II. Necker et la guerre 
d'Am^rique (1777-1784). 
Paris: nidier et cie, iSSr. viiA '), 600 pp. S° . 

[Johnston, H. P.] The Franklin, Rochambeau, and Force papers. 
(/« Magazine of American history, vol. 8, May, 18S2, pp. 346-350.) 

La Luzerne, Anne-C6sarde. Correspondence. [Sept., I779-Ma3% 1784.] 
{In Sparks, Jared. Diplomatic correspondence of the .-American revolu- 
tion, vol. 10. pp. 361-500. Boston, 1830. 8°. ) 

Laugei., a. Count Fersen. 

{In Nation, vol. 27, Aug. 29. 1878, pp. 128-129; Sept. 5. 187S, pp. 142-143.) 

Laurens, John. The army correspondence of Colonel John Laurens in 
the years 1 777-8, now first printed from original letters to his father, 
Henry Laurens, president of Congre.ss; with a memoir by \Vm. 
Gilmore Simms. 
New York, i86j. viii,[g'\-2sn pp. Portrait. 7°. ([Bradford club 
series, no 7.]) 



6i6 List of JVor/cs I\(hiti>iv[ /<> /'rriir/i Alliaurr 

LAUZITN, Due (le. 

See BiRON, [Ariiiaiid Louis du (".oiitaut] due tie Lauzuii, 
afterwards due de. 

I.AVERGNE, Ldonce de. Le marquis de Cliastellux. 

yin Le Correspoiidant. vol. 63, DfC, 1864, pp. 766-800. Paris, 1864. .'<°.) 

The Marquis de Chastellux. 

(/« Catholic world, vol. I. May, 1865, pp. 1S1-194.) 
.\l>ridgfd from Le Correspoiidant. 

LinTilhac, Eu)»ene [I'raii^ois]. Beauniarcliais et ses reuvres, precis de 
sa vie et liistoire de son esprit, d'apri^s des documents inddits. 
Paris: Itaehette & eie, /SSy. ?■, 117 ft'- I'orlrail. /uu si mile. S°. 

Ll.ST of l'"rench officers that served with the American armv-. 

(/m Heitnian, Francis B. Historical register of officers of the Conti- 
nental army during the War of the Kevoliition. .\pril, 177,^. to December. 
1 783. pp. -lys-S^. Washington. 1893. 8°. ) 

Lodge, Henry Cabot. Rochamheau. Addre.ss delivered at the unveiling 
of the statue of ihe Comte de Rochanibeau, Washington, May 24, 
1902. 

I /« his Higliting frigate and other essays and addresses, pp. 291-304, 
New York, 1902. 8°) 

LOMENIE, Louis Leonard de. Beaumarchais and his times. Sketches of 
French society in the eighteenth century from unpublished doc- 
uments. 
London: Abbey and eo., iS$6. ^X'ols. 12". 

LOSSINC, li. J. Our French allies. 

I /h Harper's new monthly magazine, vol. 42, Apr., 1871, pp. 75,3-763.) 

McMastkr, John Bach. With the (athers; studies in the history of the 
United States. 
Netv York: D. .Ipplelon and company, /lig6. i.i-.jj./pp. /2°. 
Contains a chapter on Franklin in France. 

MASSACHrsETTS. General coHil. Commillee on libraries. [Report rela- 
tive to a memorial of the Chevalier de St. Sauveur."] 
[/^Oi/(J«, /905.] 24pp. S". {\^3/assaeliusells. Genera! court, /^^] 
.Senate no. jj6. ) 

.Mathkr, 1-". J., Jr. Rochambean. 

{/h The Nation, vol. 74, May 29, 1902, pp. 4l8-4ig. ) 

May, Max B[enjatniii]. France, her influence and aid in our revolution- 
ary struggle. 
[Cincinnati: I'nuersily press. /90J.] jj pp. ,V°. [L'niversity oj 
Cincinnati, bulletin no. ij . . . Publiealions of the Vnii'ersity 
of Cincinnati, ser. 11. I'ol. 11.) 
Bibliography, p. 23. 



Lis.! of J forks Rclathii^ to Frnic/i Alliaucr 617 

Mayek, [Cluirles Joseph]. \'i(.- imblique el jirivee de Charles (iravier, 
cointe <le Vergeniu's, miiiistre d'etat; discuurs couronn^ par 
TAcadeinie d'Aiiiiens, le 25 aout 17SS. 
Paris: Chez Rfaradaii, '7^9- <■■/). ^^6. (^)/>/>. I'otiiait. S°. 

Mkllick, Andrew D. The story of an old farm, or I<ife in New Jersey in 
the eighteenth century . . . with a genealogical appendix. 
Somen'ille, N. J.: I'liioiiisl ga~fl/i', /SSg. xxiv. {2), y^j, ( i) pp. 
Plates. S°. 

Arrival of PVencIi army, p. 526. 

The allied armies in New Jersey, pp. 531-541. 

METz-Xohi.aT, a. de. Washington et Lafayette. 

( /'/ r.e Correspondaiit, vol. ,^7, Feb. 25, 1S56, pp. 707-731.) 

Michel, Jules. .Mbuni & livre d'or des fetes franco-anidricaines de [900. 
Pan's: Lihrairie des " Table! tcs dit .r.V siede," /goo. (./), 60 pp. 
I II list rat ions including portraits. .f°. 

Contents. — I. Calibration dii Decoration day. snr la tomhe de Lafay- 
ette, au Cimeti^re Picpns, ^ Paris, le 30 mai. — II. Inaugnration de la statue 
du Mar^chal de Rochanibeau, place Saint Martin, it Vendonie ( Loir-et- 
Cheri le 4 juin. — III. Inauguration de la statue ^questre de fleorge Wash- 
ington, ofTerte k la France par les' dames am^ricaines, place d'l^na, il 
Paris, le 3 jnillet. — IV. Inauguration de !a statue ^questre dn g^n^ral de 
Lafayette, ofTerte a la France par la jeunesse scolaire des I5tats-Unis, 
square du Carrousel, A Paris, le 4 jmllet. 

Monument de Rochambeau a Washington. 

(/« Revue univer.selle. vol, 2,Chronique universelle, Mai, 1902, pp. 19, 20.) 

The Monument to the alliance, i. Reprint of the Proceedings of Con- 
gress, 1 78 1 and 1880-S1, and of the correspondence of Livingston 
and Franklin, and of Livingston and Luzerne. 2. Description of 
the Franklin medal, Libertas Americana. 

(/;/ Magazine of .American history, vol. 7, Oct., i8Si, pp. 3"'J-307. ^ 

More, Charles Albert, chevalier de Pontgibaud, cointe de. M^moires. 
(175S-1S37.) Publies pour la Society d'histoire conteinporaine 
par Geoffroy de Crandmaison & le cte. de Pontgibaud. 
Paris: Alphonse Picard et fits. iKgS. (4), 343 pp. Portraits. Plates. 
S°. 

A French volunteer of the war of Independence, Translated and 

edited by Robert B. Douglas. 
Paris: Charles Carrington, jSgS. .\i,[i),2og,\ 4) pp. Portrait. S°. 
NesmiTh. George W. Journal of Abbe Robin, chaplain of Count 
Rochambeau's army, relating to the R^evolution, 
( /« (Iranite monthly, vol. 4, July, iS.S[, pp. 424-428.) 

NOAILLES, [Amblard Marie Raymond Amed^e] vicoiiite de. Marins et 
soldats frangais en Amerique pendant la guerre de I'ind^pendance 
des Etats-lfnis ( 177-^-1783). 
Paris: Perrin et tie, 1^03. vii,43g pp. Portraits, j folded maps. S° . 



6i8 FJst of lf}>/-/cs Rrhtlifii^ to Frriu/i .11 I lance 

North, Frances Pierrepoiit. Newport a huiitlred years ago. 
(/« L,ippincotfs magazine, vol. 26. Sept.. iSSo, pp. 3.U-362.) 

Oi'R French allies. 

t/w L,iterary world ^Ho^to"). vol. 15, Jan. 12. 1884, pi). 3-4.) 
Review of Edwin M. Stone's "Our French Allies." 

l".\'rTON, Jacob Harris. The canipaijjn of the allies. 

(/« Magazine of .\nierican history, vol. 7. Oct.. 1881, pp. 241-266.) 
roRTia*. Rohert P. The national loans of the I'nited States from July 4, , 
1776, to June 30, iSSo. Foreign subsidies. French loan. 

(/n tiniled stales. Tenth census. 18.S0, vol.7. Report on valuation, tax- 
ation, and public indebtedness in the L'nitcd States, as returned at the 
tenth census (June i. 1S80). pp. 299-3^8. Washington. 1SK4. 40.) 

Pi'MPKi.l.Y, J. C. Our French allies in the Revolution, and other ad- 
dresses. 
Morristown, A'.y., \^iSSg\. 64pp. 12". 

Our French allies in the Revolution. 

(/m New Jersey historical society. Proceedings. 2d ser., vol. 10, pp. 145- 
169. Newark, N. J., 1890. 8°) 

Revel, [Gabriel] Joachim du Perron, cyf/z/cde. Journal particiilier d'une 
campagne aux Indes Occidentalcs (1781-1782). 
Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle \^i&g8/'\. 2Sj pp. iiicL maps. S". 
Rhode Island. Records of the State of Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations in New England. F.d. by John Russell Bartlett. 
Vol. IX. 1780-17S3. 
Providence: Alfred Anthony, piitiUr lo the Slate. iS6.f. S° . 

.\ddre.'is of the ('.eneral .\ssenibly <jf Rhode Island to tieneral Rocham- 
beau. page 158; Reply of General Rochani beau to the address of the General 
Assembly of Rhode Island, note. pp. 1.S8-159; .\ddress of the Ceneral .^s- 
senibly of Rhode Island to Chevalier De Ternay, page 160. 

Robin, [Claude C], abbe. New travels through North-.\merica: in 
a .series of letters; exhibiting, the history of the victorious cam- 
paign of the allied armies, under . . . General Washington, and 
the Count de Rochanibcau, in the year 17.S1. Translated from 
the original of the Abbe Robin. 
Philadelphia: Printed and sold by l\. Hell. lyS^. mpp. 12°. 

Translated by rhilip I-"reneau. 

Same. 

Boston: Printed for F. liatielle, //S./. 95 pp. 12°. 

Translated by Philip Frenean. 

Nouveau voyage dans rAni(5rique Septentrionale, en I'ann^e 1781; 

et campagne de I'arni^e de M. le comte de Rochambeau. 

Philadelphie et Pans: Moiitard, 1782. ix, 222 pp. S°. 

A Frenchman's estimate of Washington in 1781. F;xtract of a 

letter from Claude C. Robin. 

(/n Magazine of American history, vol. 20, Aug.. 1S88, pp. 137-139.) 



List of IJ^oiks Rclaiuiff to Frrin/i Alliance 619 

RoCHAMBEAU, Jean Kaptiste Donatien de Viineur, toiii/r de. M^moires 
militaires, historiques et politiques de Rochambeau, aiicien iiiare- 
clial de France. 
Paris: Fain & Magrinel, iSog. 2 vols. Plates. S°. 

Memoirs relative to the war of independence of the United States. 

Extracted and translated from the French by M. W. p.. Wright. 

Paris: A( ttie French, English, anil Aineriea/i library, iSjS. (4), 
114 pp. Portraits. S°. 

An account of the operations of the French army in the United 

States of America, during the war of their independence. Trans- 
lated from the F'rench. 

( In American register, ed. by R. Walsh, vol. 2, pp. 156-182. ) 

'■ — Correspondance du Comte de Rochambeau depuis le d^but de son 

comniandenient aux Etats-Unis jusqu' a la fin de la campagne de 
Virginie. 

(/« Doniol, H. Hisloire de la participation de la France, vol. 5. pp. 30^ 
590. Paris, 1892. F"^.) 

Operations of Rochambeau's corps. Substance of a French jour- 
nal [by Rochatnbeau]. 

{In Magazine of .\mericati history, vol. 7, Sept.. 1S81. pp. 224-226.) 

RoSENG.\RTEN, Jo.seph G[eorge]. The Chateau de Rochambeau. Read 
before the American philosophical society, December 21, 1894. 
[Philadelphia], iSgs. 333-361 pp. Portrait. S°. 
Cover-title. 

" Reprinted from the Proceedings of llie American philosophical society, 
vol. xx.Klll. January 16, 1895." 

General Conite de Rochambeau. 

( /« American historical register, vol. 3, Oct., 1895, pp. 195-208. F'ortraits.) 

RUSSKLI., Charles Howland. The French alliance, address delivered be- 
fore the Rhode Island State .society of the Cincinnati, at the State 
hou.se, at Newport, Rhode Island, on Jul\- 4, 1904. 
iV«<' )'or^: {The De i'iniie press'\, /go^. 32pp. S°. 

Sackville, George Sackville Germain, ist viscount. Correspondance du 
Lord G. Germain, avec les Generaux Clinton, Cornwallis et les 
aniiraux dans la station de IWmerique, avec plusieurs lettres 
mterceptees du General Washington, du Marquis de la Fayette & 
de M. de Barras, chef d'Escadre. Traduit de I'Anglais .sur les 
originaux publics par ordre de la Chambre des pairs. 
Berne: Chez la Noiivelle socii'te typographique, 1JS2. .xvi, 304 pp. 
2 folded sheets. S° . 

SainTE-Kki'VE, C. a. Le due de Lauzun. 

(In /;» Causenes dn I,nndi, vol. 4, pp. 21.S-233. Paris, 1851. 12°) 



620 f.ist of Works Rrlali)io to Frciicli .llliancr 

Segi'R. Philippc-Ucnri, iiiaic/iiis ili-. Ivxtrails (k- lettrt-s (perils d'AiiKJri- 
que par le coiiite de S(-gur, coloiifl i-n secoiul du r<!-j(iiiiLiil de 
Soissoiinais a la Cointesse de S(!>;i"'. <lanR' de Madame Victoire, 
1782-1783. 

( /w Soci^t^ ties bililiopliilfs fr:iii(;nis M^-IailKt-s, 1. \r.\T\'\v. \y\i. 149-200. 
I'aris. 1903. K°.1 

Shki.ik)N, Laura CharlotU-. I-'ratu-r ami llu- Annriraii rt-xolutioii, 1763- 

1778. 

Ithaca. A'. )'..■ Andriis & Church, ii^oo. [f>KSj/>/>. S°. 
" \ list of the authorities cited: " p. [77)-79. 
Society oi' thk Cincinnati, .Wzf )'ork. Dinner in honor of the offi- 
cial delegates from France to the United States, on the occasion of 
the dedication, at Washinj^ton, of the statue of Count de Rochani- 
beau . , and of the representatives uf the families of Rocliam- 
beau and Lafayette, given by members of the order of the Cincin- 
nati residing in New York, May twenty-seventh, 1902. 
[A/en' York: Printed by T. /). Rich, /goi.] {S),pf>. S° . 
Contents. — Menu. — Toasts. — official guests. 
Society ok thk Friendly Sons ok Saint Patrick in the city of New 
York. Proceedings at the dinner to the Rochanibeau special 
mission given by the Friendly sons of St. Patrick at Delnionico's 
May 29, 1902. 
yNnv York: Press of II'. /'. Mitchell & sons, /yoj.''] (./), 79 pp. 
Illustrations. Plates. Portraits. 12°. 
SOULES, Fran9ois. Histoire des troubles de I'Am^rique anglaise. 
Paris: liiiisson, ijSj. 4 I'ols. Folded maps. 12° . 

Vollstandige Cieschichte der Revolution in Xord-Anierika. Aus 

dem Franzosischen iles I'Vanz Soules, von Karl Hammerdorfer. 
/Ciinck: Orell, Cessiier, I'lissli i^-^ coiiip., //.s'.V. 2 i'ols. Folded map. 

/2°. 

Sparks, Jared, ed. Corres])oiidence of the American revolution; being 
letters of eminent men to Cieorge Washington from the time of 
his taking command of the army to the end of his presidency. 
Ed. from the original manuscripts. 
Boston: Little. Brown and company, /Sjj. j ivls. S°. 

Stevens, John Austin. The F'rench in Rhode Island; with appendix. 

( /« Magazine of American history, vol. ,^, July, 1S79, pp. 3S5-436.) 
Appendix: I.ist of the I'rench fleet at Rhode Ishmd under Admiral de 
Ternay and M. Destouches. Officersof the French r.rmy in America under 
the Count de Rochanibeau. (Quarters occupied within the town of Newport 
by the army under the command of the Count de Kochambeau in winter 
quarters. 17S0-17S1. Regiments (iviartered 111 the town. Quarters assigned 
within the town of Providence to the army under the command of the Count 
de Rochanibeau, 1782. Resolutions of the inhabitants of Newport in town 
meeting and replies of Rocliambeau, Inscription over the moiuinieiit to 
Admiral de Ternay erected in the Trinity church-yard. Newport, by order 
of the King of France. 1783. 



List of Jl^orks Relatiiio- to Fniirl/ .Mliaiire 621 

Stevens, John Austin. The operations of the allied armies before New- 
York, 1781; witli appendix. Maps. 

(/w Magazine of American history, vol. ,|. Jan., iHSo, pp. 1-45.) 
The appendix, pp. 32-45 contain.s The niarcli of the l-rench. The attempt 
on the British posts at Kingsbridge Jnly 3. i/Si, including orders of Wash- 
ington, Washington's official report, Washington's account in his diary, 
From Doctor Thacker's diary. Narrative of the Duke de I^auzun, and the 
British account. The reconnoissance in force of the New York defense.s, 
July 22, 1781. The march of the allies to King's Ferry, and Almanac for 
New York, 1781. 

The return of the French, 17S2-83; with an appendix. 

(/« Magazine of American history, vol. 7, July, isSi, pp. 1-35.) 
The appendix contains the following documents: i. Correspondence of 
Washington and Count de Grasse; 2. Washington and I,afayette; 3. Wash- 
ington and Count de Rochambeau; 4. Washington and the French officer.s; 
5. Addressesto the French officers: 6. Miscellaneous documents. Illustrated 
by a steel etched portrait of the Chevalier de Chastellux; three maps 
showing the march and encampments of the French; a table of the 
marches and eticampments, with distances traveled by the French, and 
an emblematic view of the national standards of the United States and 
France in 17.S1. 

The route of the allies from King's Ferry to the Head of V-.W. 

{In Magazine of .American history, vol. 3. Jul\-, isso, pp. 1-20. Maps. ) 

Stili.E, Charles J[aneway]. Beauniarchais and "the lost million." A 
chapter of'the secret history of the American revolution. 
Philadelphia: Privately printed, /Sgo. 51pp. S°. 

Comte de Broglie the proposed stadtholder of America. 

(/k Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography, vol. 11, Jan., 1888, 
pp. 369-405. ) 

Stone, Edwin Martin. Our French allies. Rochambeau and his army, 
Lafayette and his devotion, D'Estaing, De Ternay, Barras, De 
Grasse, and their fleets, in the great war of the American revolu- 
tion, from 1778 to 1782, including military operations in Rhode 
Island, the surrender of Yorktown, sketches of French and Ameri- 
can officers,. and incidents nf social life in Newport, Providence, 
and elsewhere. 
Providenee: Printed hv /he Providence press Co., /SS4 \_iSSj'\. xxxi, 
6^2 pp. Illustrations. Plates. Portraits. Maps. &" . 

StJMNER, Charles. Benjamin Franklin and John Slidell, at Paris. 

{In. his Complete works. Statesman ed., vol. 10, pp, 221-258. Boston. 
1900, 8°.) 

Trescot, William Henry. Tlie diploniac\- of the revolution': an historical 
study. 
NewYork: D. Appleton & Co., /S^2. z'i^i, (^), i6g pp. 12°. 
" Negotiation with France." pp. 15-.S8. 

Van Rensselaer, [May (King)], "Mrs. J. K. Van Rensselaer." New- 
port: our social capital. 



622 Lisl of U^orks Rclatiui; to French Alliance 

Philadelphia and I.oiuloii: J. I'. I.it>pincott company, /905. 17, (/), 
ly-^oi, (/) pp. Colored frontispiece. Ilhishations. $i J'lales. 
.f maps [2 folded in pocket). 4°. 

" Newport (luring the war," pp. 173-201; " Ilrilisli niul Krc-nch occupation 
of Newport," pp. 203-220. 
Washincvton, George. The writings of George Washington; being his 
correspondence, atiilresses, messages, and other papers, official and 
private, selected and pul)Iished from the original niann,scrii)Ls; with 
a life of the author, notes and illustrations. By Jared .Sparks. 
Boston: American stationers' company;,!. B. Russell [Wc], 1S34-1S37. 
I J 'vols. Plates. ^ portraits (including frontispieces v. 1-3,12). 
25 maps and plans, j facsimiles. 4°. 

Contain.s the correspondence of Washington and KafAyettc, Rocham- 
beau. Count de (Irasse, etc. 

Vol. 7, appendix, pp. 477-506, Frelfch army in .\racrica under the com- 
mand of Count de Rochambcau '; pp. 509-510, " Memorandum for concert- 
ing a planof operations with the French army"; pp. 511-512, " Letter from 
Count de Kocliatnheau to Ceneral Washington, on tlie arrival of tiie 
h'rench arinyat Newport"; pp. 515-520, " lnter\'iew between the French 
commanders and the Marquis de Lafayette at Newport." 

The writings of George Washington; collected and ed. by Worth- 

ington Chatiucey Kord. 
Xezu York iif London: G. J'. Putnam's sons, /SSg-iS(^j. i4i'ols. S°. 

Lettres inedites du G^n^ral Washington au Marquis de Chastellux. 

(/n Le Correspondant, vol. 65, June, 1X65, pp. 426-443.) 

Washington's journal. From the Library of the Department of 

State at Washington. May to Nov., 1781. 

(/« Magazine of .•American history, vol. 6, Feb., iSSi, pp. ioS-125; vol. 7 
.\ug., 18S1, pp. 122-133; vol. 2o, July, iSSS, pp. 56-60.) 

Whakton, Francis. The revolutionary diplomatic correspondence of the 
I'uited States. Ed. under direction of Congress by Francis 
Wharton, with preliminary index, and notes historical and legal. 
Pub. in conformity with act of Congress of August 13, i888. 
Washington: Governinent printing office, /SSg. 6 vols. 8°. (50th 
Congress, ist session. House tniscellaneous document'603.) 

WooDBtiRN, James Albert. France in the American revolution, 
(/n Chautauquaii, vol. 25, June, 1S97. pp. 247-252.) 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOCl MENTS 

[The numerals at the end of the titles are the serial nuralwrs used in the clieck list 
of documents, published by the Superintendent of Documents.] 

1818, Message from the President, transmitting sundrj- documents in 
relation to the claim of representatives of Caron de Beaumar- 
chais, January 16, 181S. 14 pp. S°. 
/y//; Congress, ist session. State papers, no. S3. 



List of If'or/cs Relati)ig to Frriicli Alliaiicr 623 

1818. Petition and documents in the case of Mons. Poirey. Referred to 

the Coniniittee on pensions and revolutionary claims. January 

14, 181S. Bill reported making provision for the claim of M. 

Poirey. March 28, iSiS. 6 pp. 8°. 

15th Cotigress, /st session. Slate papers, no. rjS. 

II 
Secretary- and aid-de-canip to (ieiieral I^afayette. 

1.S25. Resolution of the general assembly of the State of Indiana in refer- 
ence to Major-General Lafa3'ette. February 15, 1825. 5 pp. 8°. 

iSili Congress, 2d session. State papers, no. iVy. 

117 

1S34. Message from the President, annoimcing the death of Lafayette. 
June 21, 1834.. 2 pp. 8°. 
2jd Congress, rst session. Senate doemnent no. .f66. 

24.1 

1S34. Count de Rochambean — granddaughters of. Mes.sage from the 

President, transmitting a memorial from the granddaughters of 

the Count de Rochambeau. June 21, 1834. 7 pp. 8°. 

2jd Congress, /st se.<;sion. House e.ve(uti~ee dnrntnent no. .fg.f. 

259 

1S34. Death of Lafayette. Mes.sage from the President, transmitting in- 
formation of the deatli of General Lafayette, iS:c. June 21, 1834. 
2 pp. 8°. 

2jd Congress, /st session. House e.veeiiti-ee document no. ^95. 

259 

1S34. Oration on the life and character of Gilbert Motier de La Fayette: 

Delivere<l at the request of both Hou.ses of the Congress of the 

United States, before them, in the House of Representatives at 

Washington, on the 31st of December, 1834. By John Quincy 

Adams. 

2jd Congress, 2d vcc;Viv Journal of the House, /Sj./-/,'!jj, pp. 657- 

6S9. 

270 

1834. Beque.st of Lafayette. Message from the President, tran.smitting an 
engraved copy of the Declaration of Independence, bequeathed 
b\-the late General Lafayette to the Congress of the United States. 
December 4, 1834. 2 pp. 8°. 
2j!d Congress, 2d session. House eveeiiti-i-e doemnent no. 7. 

271 

1834. Lafayette. Message from the President, transmitting the repU- of 
George W. Lafayette on the subject of the resolution of Congress 
in relation to the decease of liis father, General Lafayette. De- 
cember 15, 1S34. 2 pp. 8°. 
>j(/ Congress, 2d .'session . House f.veeutiTi' doemnent no. 26. 



624 /./.v/ of ]\'i>)'ks Rrhiliiii^ lo /•'rtiir/i .lllunicr 

i.S)5. Rocliainlieau — graiul-iiauj^liUrs of Marshal ilc. .Mi.-s.sagc from the 
I'rcsiilint, traiisinitling (locunKMits in rilatioii to the claim of tlic 
graiul-ilaufjhters of the Marshal ilc Rochainhcau. January 31. 

■835- 7PP- 8°- 
i^d Congress, id session. House executive doeuineiit 110. ii./. 

J73 

iS.v>. Marshal Rochainbeau — Heirs of. Report from the Committee on 
revolutionary clauns. I'cbruary 10, 1K36. 2 ]>]>. >S°. 
j./lli Congress, /si session, //oii.se ie/>ori no. fi>^. 

1S37. Report from the Committee of claims, to whom wa.s referred the 
petition of Francis .\Uyn. January 13, 1837. 3 pp. 8°. 
j///i Congress, id .session. .Senci/e docniiieni no. 6/. 

■' Recotninends partial alluwanct: uf claim for i>aynieiit for use of his 
vessel in the transportation to this country of (ieneral Lafayette." 

i.H.!7. I'rancis .\llyn. Report from the Committee of claims, to which was 
referred the bill from the Senate for the relief of Francis Ally 11. 
March 3, 1837. 2 pp. 8°. 

i^lii Congress, id session. House report no. -iib. 

300 
The bill pro\ides "tllat there be paid, . . . to l-rancis Allyn. of theship 
Cadmus, in full compensation for bringing (ieneral I.afayette and his 
family from France to the I'tiiled .States, in the year 1K24, the sum of one 
thousand dollars, in full for his time, scr\'iccs. and expenses, as master of 
the same ship." 

1838. Memorial of the granddaughters of Marshal Rochambeau, in rela- 
tion to their claim for remuneration for his services during the 
war of the revolution. July 7, 183S. 4 pp. 8°. 
i^tlt Congress, id session. Senate doennien/ no. 505. 

.119 

1838, Marshal Rochambeau. Report from the Committee on revolution- 
ary claims. January 11, 1S3S. 6 pp. 8°. 
i^t/i Congress, id session. House report no. j6j. 

" Memorial of the granddaughters of the Marshal Rochaml)eau." 
1S42. Capt. Francis Allyn. Report from the Committee of claims, to 
whom was referred the petition of Captain Francis Allyn, in be- 
half of himself and the owners of the ship Cadmus. February- 9, 
1842. 3 pp. 8°, 
i^t/t Congress, id session. House report no. 56. 

407 
1842. Manjuis de la Gorce and the Countess d'Ambrtigeac, grand-<laugh- 
ters of Count Rochambeau. Report from the Committee on rev- 
olutionary claims. August 20, 1842. lo pp. 8°. 
i/t/i Congress, id session. House report no. lojt. 



List of Works Relating to French Alliance 625 

184b. Heirs of Marshal Rocliambeau. Report from the Committee on 
revolutionary claims. February lo, 1S46. 7 pp. S°. 
2gth Congress, ist session. House report no. 201. 

1849. Francis Ally n— Lafayette's passage to America. Report from the 
Committee on claims. January 3, 1849. 10 pp. 8°. 
?«M Congress, 2d session. House report no. 12. 

1858. Report from the Committee on private land claims, to whom was 
referred the "memorial of Joseph Jl^nard, praying to be allowed 
to relocate certain warrants for land granted to the late JIarquis 
de Lafayette, of which he is the assignee." January 20, 1858. 2 

pp. 8°: 

3Sth Congress, ist session. .Senate report no. 14. 

1858. Relocation of land warrants granted to General Lafayette. Report 
from the Committee on public lands. May 29, 185S. 2 pp. 8°. 
J5/A Congress, ist session. House report no. 436. 

Report referringto " memorial of Joseph M6nard. pra>-ing to be aUowed 
lo relocate certain narrants for land granted to the late Marquis de La- 
fayette, of which he is the assignee. " 

Sbo. Report from the Committee on private land claims, to whom was 

referred the petition of Joseph Menard, pra_ving to be allowed to 

relocate certain land warrants. April 5, i860. 2 pp. 8°. 

}6th Cone-ress, ist session. Senate report no. 174. 

" 1039 

1882. Report from the Joint committee on the library. February 20, 
1S82. 3 pp. 8°. 
47th Congress, ist session. Senate repo?i no. 1S7. 

Report on the Senate resolution of Oct. 25. 1S81, relative to the purchase 

of the Rochambeau papers. 

i8go. Report from the Committee on the librarv". June 5, 1890. 3 

pp. S°. 

■;/?/ Coup-ress, ist session. Senate report no. 1301. 

-^ 2709 

Report on the Senate resolution "to ascertain and report to the Senate 
by what authority the public square north of the Executive Mansion has 
been selected for the site of the proposed monument to General 
Lafayette." 
1890. La Fayette monument. A communication from the Secretary of 
war "and Chairman of the commission on the erection of a monu- 
ment to General La Fayette, requesting that an appropriation be 
made to enable the commission to carry into effect the provisions 
of the concurrent resolution of Congress, passed August 28, 189c, 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 4" 



626 I^i^t of Works Rc/atiui^ Id French Alliance 

changing the site of saiil ni<inui"ent. September lo, 1890. i 
page. 8°. 
J/.?/ Congress, jst sf. siott. House executive documrnt no. 465. 

i8p2. Dedication of Lafayette statue. Rejmrt from the Committee on the 

library. June 15, 1892. i page. 8°. 

S2d Congress, ist session. House report no. 1644. 

3048 

iQoo. Woman commissioner at the Exposition in Paris, France, in 1900. 
Report from the Committee on foreign affairs. February 2i, 
1900. I page. 8°. 
S6lh Congress, 1st session. House report no. ^fi.f. 

4022 

1900. Compensation of woman commissioner to Paris E.vposition, 1900. 
Letter from the Secretary of the treasury, transmitting an esti- 
mate of appropriation for compensation of woman commissioner 
to unveiling of statue of Lafayette at Paris Exposition. April 
17, 1900. I page. 8°. 

56th Congress, ist session. House Jociiinent no. 6/4. 

.1Q0; 

1900. Statue of Lafayette at Paris, France. Report from the Committee 

on foreign affairs. May 28, 1900. i p. 8°. 

^6tl! Congress, ist session. House report no. /Sag. 

4027 

1900. Statue of Lafayette at Paris. Message from the President, trans- 
mitting a report respecting the unveiling, at Paris, France, on 
July 4, 1900, of the .statue of Lafayette, provided by the contribu- 
tions of school children of the United Stales. December 12. 
1900. 6 pp. 8°. 

S6th Congress, 2d session. House doruvieul no. iSj. 

414K 

1001. lironze replica of a statue to General Rochambeau. Report from 
the Committee on the library. February 20, 1901. 3 pp. 8°. 
$6th Congress, 2d session. House leport no. 2928. 

42'4 
Favorable report that $7,500 be appropriated for the purchase of a statue 
of Rochambeau. 

1902. Statue of Rochambeau. Letter from the Secretary of the treasury, 
transmitting a copy of a connnunication from the Secretary of 
war, submitting an estimate of apjiropriation for the preparation 
of a site, etc., for a statue of Rochambeau. January 9, 1902. 
Syth Congress, ist session. House document no. 21 j. 

4J.1- 

1902 Unveiling of the Rochambeau moiunnenl in Washington. Report 
from the Committee on appropriations. March 13, 1902. i page, 
8°. 



List of ]]'orks Rclati)ig lo French .llliance 627 

57//; Congress, is/ session. House report no. g^o. 

4402 
Favorable report on the resolution authorizing and requesting the Presi- 
dent to extend to the Government and people of France and the family of 
(Veneral de Rochanibeau an im-itation to join in the dedication of the 
monument of General de Rochanibeau. 

11JO2. Statue of Rochambeau. Report from the Coiiimittee on ways and 
means. April 21, 1902. 2 pp. 8°. 
57//; Congress, ist session. House report no. /yoS. 

44"4 
"This resolution proposes to admit free of duty the replica ot the 
bronze statue of Rochambeau." 

11)02. Dedication of the statue of Rochambeau. Letter from the Secre- 
tary of the treasury, transmitting a copy of a communication 
from the Secretary of state submitting an additional estimate of 
appropriation for dedication of statue of Rochambeau. .-^pril 29, 
1902. 2 pp. 8°. 
^yt/i Congress, 1st session. House document no. jSj. 

1377 

1002. Selection of a site and erection of a statue of Marshal de Rocham- 
beau. Letter transmitting the report of the Committee to whom 
was committed . . . the selection of a site and the supervision 
of the erection thereon of a statue of Marshal de Rochambeau, 
and of the unveiling of said statue. May 21, 1902. 2 pp. 8°. 
Syt/i Congress, isl session. Senate document no. 362. 

igo3. Marble bust of General Lafayette. Report from the Committee on 

the library. Januar}- 20, 1903. 5 pp. 8°. 

57/// Congress, jd session. .Senci/e report no. 2544. 

4410 

ii)ov Proceedings upon the unveiling of statue of Count de Rochambeau. 

Report from the Committee on printing. February 26, 1903. 

I page. 8°. 

57th Congress, 2d session. House report no. jSg^. 

44"5 

11)04. Report of proceedings on the unveiling of .statue of Count de 
Rochambeau. Report from the Committee on printing. January 
26, 1904. I page. 8°. 
^Stli Congress, 2d session. House report no. jj ?, 

45-n 
I (104. Translation of " Les combattants franjais de la guerre americaine, 
1 778-1783." Report from the Committee on printing. April 26, 
1904. I page. 8°. 
^St/i Coni;ress, 2d .tession. //ou.se report no. 2g./o. 

45*4 

1905. Les combattants frangais de la guerre americaine, 1778-1783. Li.stes 
etal)lies (I'apres les docvnuents authentiques deposes aux Archives 
nationales et aux .Vrchives du Ministere des alTaires etrangeres. 



628 List of JForks Ri-laliiio- to Fjtiii// Alliovrr 

Washington: /»if>rii>itri,- luilioiialc, /go^. (^)^-f5Jpp- Plates. 4°. 
SSth Congress, id session. Senate document no. yy. 

4505 
loo.s. Proct'fdings in connectidii with the formal presentation of a rf pro- 
duction of a bust of Washinj^ton liy certain citizens of the Republic 
of France. 
Washington: Go-eerninent printing office, igoj. tspp- opiates. S°. 
^8lh Congress, 3d session. Senate report no. 431)7. 

MARQUIS DK I.AKAVI/rnC — WRITINGS 

LaI'Avkttk, Marie Joseph I'aul Roch Yves Gilbert de Motier, Marquis An. 
Corrcspondance in^dile de La I''a_vette. Lettres dcrites au Comte 
D'Kstaing pendant la cauipagne du vice-amiral de la Delaware a 
Boston dn 14 juillet au 20 octobre 1778. [R^di};(5 par Henri 
Doniol.] 

{In Soci^t^ (I'histoire diploinaticjiu- Kevvit- d'histoirt- tiiploinatiqiu-, 6, 
anii^e, pp. 395-44S. Paris. 1S92. .S°. ) 

General Lafayette's correspondence. 

(/« Sparks. Jared. Diplomatic correspuiidt-iice of the .\iiKTicaii Kcvolii- 
lion, vol. 10. pp. 1-71. Boston, 1S30. 8^^. ) 

Lafayette in the American Revolution from [his] memoirs. 

lioston: Old South meeting house. iSgS. 24 pp. S°. { Old South 

leaflets, vol. 4, no. 97. ) 

I,etters of George Washington and Lafayette. 

/ioston: Old South meeting house. /SgS. 24 pp. S". ( Old South 
leaflets, vol. 4, no. gS.) 

Mdmoires, corrcspondance, et manuscrits du G^n^ral Lafayette. 

Publics par .sa faniille. 

/'nris. 1837. 6 vols, in 4. S". 

Memoirs, correspondence, and manuscripts of General Lafavelte. 

Published by his family. 

London, 1S37. 3 vols. S° . 

Same. Vol. i. 

Xc7i> York: Saunders & Olley, 1837. xiv, 332 pp. I'tale. .S'". 

Memoirs of the military career of the Marquis de La I'avette, . . . 

including his reception in New York, Boston, and the principal 
towns in New P'ngland. 
Boston: Published by Allen and Watts, 1S24. 36 pp. ,s°. 
Bontid in Miscellaneous pamphlet, vol. 22. 

Tran,slation. Lafayette's letters from prison. Magdeburg, 1793. 

From the originals in the possession of Jeremiah Colburn. 

(/« Magaztiif of .American histoni-. vol. 6. May. 18-Si. pp. 360-J76. Fac 
simile.) 



List of Uun-ks Relating to French Alliance 629 

MARQUIS DK I.AI-AVPnTE— WRITINGS REI^ATINC, TO 

An Account of the reception of General Lafayette in Savannah, on Sat- 
urday, Marcli 19th, 1S25, of the entertainments given him [etc.]- 
Savannah: IV. T. ll-illiams, 1S25. So'pp. S". 

Adams, Jolin Quincy. Oration on the life and character of Gilbert 
Mottier de Lafayette, delivered at the request of both houses of 
the Congress of the United States, before them, in the House of 
representatives at Washington, on the thirty-first of December, 

1834- 
NnvYorl;: D. K. Minor, 1S3S. 35 PP- Portrait. 8°. 

Same. 

Washington: Printed by Gales and Scaton, 1835. 94 pp. 8°. 

American military biography; containing the lives and characters of the 
officers of the revolution, who were most distinguished in achiev- 
ing our national independence. Also, the life of Gilbert Motier 
La Fayette. Pub. for E. S. Johnson. 
Cincinnati: Printed at the Chronicle office, 1S34. 613. (/) pp. 
Plates. S°. 

Ai,LEN, E. M. La Fayette's second expedition to Virginia in 1781. A 
paper read before the Maryland hi.storical society, June 14th, 1886. 
Baltimore: {J. Murphy & Co.'], iSgr. 30 pp. S°. (Maryland hiK 
torical society. Fund-publication, no. 32.) 

Allen, Z. Lafayette's account of affairs in Rhode Island, in 1778 

(/« Historical magazine, vol. 5, Aug., 1861, pp. 247-24,S. ) 
[Barbaroux, Charles Oge, and J. A. Lardier.] Voyage du general 
Lafayette aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique en 1824 [anon.] 
Bru.velles: P.J. De Mat, 1825. 3 vols. 24°. 

Voyage du general Lafayette aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique, 

en 1824 et 1S25 . . . [anon.] 
Paris: L'Hinllier, 1S26. (2), 364, (2) pp. Portrait. 12°. 
Bardoux, A[genor], /. e. Joseph Agenor. Etudes sociales et politiques. 
La jeunesse de La Fayette, 1757-1792. 
Paris: C. LHy, i8g2. (4), xii, 409 pp. S°. 

Etudes sociales et politiques. Les dernieres anndes de La Fayette, 

1792-1S34. 
Paris: C. Uvy, 1893. {4). Hi, 43'. (2) pp. 8°. 
BiGELOW, John. La Fayette. 

Boston: Little, Bro-,vn& CO.. 1SS2. 11 pp. 12°. 
Brooks, Elbridge S[treeter]. The true story of Lafayette, called the 
friend of America; illustrated by V. .K. .Searles.' 
Boston: Lolhrop pub. CO., {^iSgg']. 260 pp. flliistratiotis. 8°. (Chil- 
dren's lives 0/ great men. ) 



6,^o Liit of Jl 'orks Rctatnic[ to FroicJi Alliance 

Browning, Charles H. Lafayette's visit to tlie I'nited States in 1824-25. 

(/m American historical register, vol. 2, July, iRgs, pp. ii5i-ii'>2; .\uk.. 
1895, pp. 1363-1384; vol. 3, Sept., 1895, pp. 1-27; Oct., 1S95. pp. 151-194; Nov.. 
1S95, pp. 287-307; Dec. 1S95, pp. 44"-45,<; Jan., 1896, pp. .>i21-544; Pel)., 1S96, 
pp. 621-643; vol. 4, Mar., 1896, pp. l-l,s; Apr., 1S96, pp. 133-146; May^ 1896. 
pp. 239-246; June, 1.S96, pp. 341-351. Philadelphia, 1895-96. 8^.) 

"An illustrated account of tile entire tour of C.eiieral Lafayette in the 
I'nited States in 1S24-25, compiled from contemiioraneous accounts and 
reminiscences sent to us by members of the patriotic hereditary societies 
all alon^ the routes traveled by 'the Nation's Guest.'" 

lU'inNGER, Ma.\. Lafayette. Kin LebensbikL 

Lripzifi: B. (.'. Tcuhncr. 1S70. lis, {1) pp. S° . 
HiRToN, .\liiia Ilolniaii. Lafayette, the friend of .\iiierican liberty; with 
,111 introduction by J. Baldwin. ( I'rance and the .\nierican revo- 
lution. 1 
Sew York, Chicai^o \ctc.'\: Wi'iin-r school book Co., \_!S^S'\. S^ pp. 
Uluslralioiis. i6° . {Friends of .American liberty. Lafayette.') 
lU ri,KR, Frederick. Menioirs of the Marquis de La Fayette, major-gen- 
eral in the Revolutionary .-\rniy of the United States of .\merica. 
Together with his tour through the United States, 
U'ethersficlci [Conn.'\: I'liblishcil by Denting & Francis, 1S25. 41J, 
{I) pp. Port mil. 12°. 
BiTTKRWORTH, Hezekiali. The knight "f liberty; a tale of the fortunes 
of La Fayette. 
NeivYork: P. .Applclon and company, ifi()S. vi, (2), 225 pp. Plates. 

12°. 

Carrington, Henry B. Lafayette's Virginia campaign, 17S1. 

\In Magazine of .\inericnii history, vol. 6. May, tS-*<i. \>\i. 340-352.) 

Carson, Hampton L[awrence]. The Hampton L. Carson collection of 
engraved portraits of Jeffer.soii, Franklin, and Lafayette. Cata- 
logue compiled and sale conducted by ,Stan. V. Henkels . . . 
\ Philadelphia, Press 0/ W. /•'. /■'rl! company. igo4.'\ 6, 1^7 pp. Por- 
traits. Plates. 4°. 

ViUe-page reads: Th-- unique collection of engraved portraits of Thomas 
Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and Gilbert Mottier de La Kayette ... to 
be sold .4pril 20th and . . , .^pril 21st . . [1904]. 

CastillE, [Charles] Hippolyle. Lafayette. 

Paris: Ferdinand Sartorius, iS^S. 6j pp. Portrait. Facsimile. 
24°. {Portraits historiques an di.\-nenvih>ie siifcle. y?.) 
CasTonneT des Fosses, H. La Fayette et ses compagnons en .Anidrique. 
.ingers: Lachheet Dolbeaii, iSSS. 35pp. S". 

Kxtrait des M^moires de la .Soci6t£ nationale d'agriculture, sciences et 
arts d'Angers. 

Ckcil, K. Life of Lafayette. Written for iliildren. 

Boston: Crosby, Nichols and company, /S60. {6), 2/S pp. Plates . 
(colored), fd". 



List of U^orks Rclatiiig to Frcncli Alliance 631 

Charavav, Etienne. Le gdn^ral La Fayette, 1757-1.S34. Notice biogra- 
phique. 
Paris: Au siige de la socu'tc, /S9S. viii, 65J, ( j) pp. Portraits. 
Facsimiles. S°. 

" Bibliographic." pp. 600-612. 
"Iconographie.'' pp. 613-620. 

ChAteaunEUF, a. Le g^n^ral Lafayette. M^moires autheutiques. 
Paris: Chez Dumoiit, iS^i. {6), So pp. S° . 

Church, Ella Rodman. Lafayette's last visit to America. 

(/« Magazint of American history, vol. 6, May, 1881, pp. 322-^39.) 

CLOyUET, Jules. Recollections of the private life of General Lafayette. 
A'eiv )'ork: Published by Leavitt, Lord & eo., iSj6. 2 vols, in i. 
Illustrations (zvoodciits). Facsimiles. 12°. 

ConD, Margaret Jane. The story of Lafayette. 

Chicago: A. Flanagan, [i8gS'\. 1/2 pp. Illustrations. 12°. (The 
teacher's helper, vol. 5, no. 4. ) 

A Complete history of the Marquis de Lafayette, major-general in the 
army of the United States of America, in the war of the Revolu- 
tion; embracing an account of his late tour through the United 
States to the time of his departure, September, 1825. By an officer 
in the late army. 
New York: Printed for, and published by, Robert Lowry, 1S26. ^04 
pp. Portrait. 8°. 

Gushing, Caleb. A eulogy on La Fayette, pronounced at the request of the 
young men of Dover, September 6, 1834. 
Dover, N. H.: Geo. U'adleigh, 1SJ4. 2j pp. S" . 

Cutter, William. The life of General Lafayette. 

New York: George F. Cooledge & brother [/cf/9]. 40S pp. Plates. 
Portraits [cvoodcuts). is° . 

Dialogue entre le D'. Quickly et M. Amen, patriote impartial de la 
garde nationale parisienne, touchant M. Motier de la Fayette, 
mar&hal -de-camp des ci-devant armees du roi, actuellement com- 
mandant des gardes nationales parisiennes. 
Londres, ijgo. 2.^ pp. Plate. 12°. ( With Les Actcs des apotres. 
Paris [/790:'], version 61.) 

DoNIOL, Henri, /. e. Jean Henri Antoine. Correspondance in^dite de 
La Fayette. Lettre.s ecrites au Comte d'Estaing pendant la cam- 
pagne du vice-amiral de la Delaware a Boston du 14 juillet au 

20 octobre 1778. 

{In Revue d'histoire diplomatique, vol. 6, 1892, pp. 395-448.) 

La F'ayette avant I'ann^e 1800. 

(/k Revue d'histoire diplomatique, vol. 17. Oct.. 1903, pp. 489-532.) 



632 List of Workfi Rrlali)io- to Fninii Alliance 

DoNloi,, Henii, i. e. Jean Iltiiri Aiitoiiie. La Fayette dans la revolution. 
Anndes d'Am^rique. Annies dc pouvoir ct ann<5cs do geok'. I,a 
veille du consulat 1775- 1799. 
Palis: Anuaiid Co/hi, /go/. {4), 139 pp. i^°. I'oiiliqiies d'an/rr- 
fois. ) 
ESPINCHAI,, Co;«^<' d' . Lafayette. 

(/« Revue retrospective, vol. 26. iS94,.pp. 2R9-320.) 

Everett, Edward. Eulogy on Lafayette, delivered in Faneuil Hall, at 
the request of the young men of Bo.ston, September 6, 1834. 
Boston: A'a/Ziait Hale; and Allrn & Ticknor. 1S34. 104 pp. S°. 
F,\RMHR, Lydia Hoyt. The life of La Fayette, the knight of liberty in 
two worlds and two centurie.s. 
New York: T/iomas V. Croiuell & co.,[/88S'\. x,4T.'pp. ///itsl ra- 
tions. Plates. Portraits. i3°. 
FosTp:k, John. A sketch of the tour of (leneral Lafayette on his late visit 
to the United States, 1S24; comprising the addresses of the town 
and city authorities, with the an.swers of the general. 
Portland: Printed at tlie Statesman office, by A. II'. Thayer, 1S24. 
22$,\3)pp. 8°. 

[•■rothingham, N[athaniel] L[angdon]. A sermon on the death of Gen- 
eral Lafayette, preached to the First church in Boston, on Sunday, 
the 29th of June, 1834. 
Boston: Munroe & Francis, /S34. 16 pp. 8°. 

General La Fayette's arrival in the United States. 

(/m American sketches; by a native of llie United State.s, pp. 58-94. 
London, 1827. 12°.) 

Gregg, Jarvis. Eulogy on Lafayette, delivered in the chapel of Dart- 
mouth college, July 4, 1834. 
Hanover, N. H.: Thomas Mann, 183/. 28pp. 8°. 
H.\i,K, E[dward] J[oseph]. Monsieur le marquis de La I'ayette. 

A'aleigh : Capital printing company, /goi. 3/ pp. 12°. (North 
Carolina hoo/clel, vol. i, no. 8.) 

[Hassam, Frederick F.] Liberty tree: Liberty hall . . . 1775. Lafayette 
and loyalty! 
\_Boston, j8g/.\ 16 pp. 12°. 
Cover-title. 

Hkadley, P[hinea.s] C[amp]. The life of the JIarquis de Lafayette, 
major general in the United States army in the war of the Revolu- 
tion, . . . with notes by Henry Ketcham. 
New York: A. L. Burt company, {/go3'\. iv, iii-vii, 364 pp. Plates. 
Portrait. 12°. 

Historical sketches illu.str.ativc of the life of M. de Lafayette; and the 
leading events of the .\merican revolution. By an American. 
Neiv York: Printed for the author, 1824. 22- pp. 12°. 



List o/ IVorks Rcla/it/o- to Frouli .Ul/ainr 633 

[Knapi', Samuel L.] Memoirs of (General Lafayette. With an account 
of his visit to America, and of his reception by the people of the 
United States; from his arrival August \^\.h, to the celehration at 
Yorktown, October 19th, 1.S24. 
Boston: Printed and [published by E. il. Houu\ 1S34. jb4 [>p. /'or- 
tnxit. 12°. 

Lafayette in the American revolution; from his Autobioj,'rapliy. 

Boston: Old South meeting house, /SSj. S pp. 12°. (Old Soiitli 
leaflets, ist series, no. 7. ) 

Captioll-title. 

Lafayette's visit to Indiana. 

{In Hniokville inquirer and Franklin republican, vol. 7, June 17, 1S25. ) 
Same as in Eouisville public advertiser, noted below. 

Lamb, Martha J. Our country fifty years ago; some incidents in connec- 
tion with Lafayette' j visit. 

(/« Magazine of American history, vol. i.*^, Dec. 1S87, pp. 457-477. 1 

Letters of Washington and Lafayette. [1777-1792.] 

Boston: Old South meeting house, iSSg. 20 pp. 12°. {Old South 
leaflets, yth series, no. 6. ) 

Caption-title 

Levasseur, a. General Lafayette in America, oder dessen letzte Reise 
durch Amerika in den Jahren 1S24 und 1S25. Beschrieben von 
A. Levasseur, und aus dem franzosischen ubersetzt von A. Levas- 
seur, geb. Zeis. 
Nauinburg: Wild, /S2p. 2 vols, in i. Portrait. S°. 

Levasseur, A. Lafayette en Amerique, en 1S24 et 1825, ou Journal d'uii 
voyage aux Etats-LTnis. 
Paris: Baudouin, iS2g. 2 vols. Plates. Portraits. Folded map. S°. 

Lafayette in America in 1.S24 and 1S25; or. Journal of a voyage 

to the United States; by A. Levasseur ... Tr. by J. I). God- 
man, M. D. 

Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, /S2g. 2 vols. 12°. 

Reis door de Vereenigde Staten van Noord-Amerika, in de jaren 

1824 en 1S25, door den generaal Lafayette. Naar het Fransch 
van zijnen secretarLs A. Levasseur . . . 

Zutphen: W. J. Thieme, 1S31. 2 vols. Portrait. 8°. 

LoMENiE, Louis Leonard de. M. de Lafayette. 

{In his Galerie descontemporains il lust res. par un homme de rien. vol.5, 
pp. 9-120. Paris. 1S42. 16°. ) 

Long, John D[avis]. Lafayette in America. 

^Boston: The Youth^s eoinpanion, i<)02.'\ is pp- Illustrations. Por- 
traits. 12°. 

I-'roin the Youth's companion. July 3. 1902. 



634 I-i^t of Works Relating to French Alliance 

Mack, Kbeiiezer. The life of Gilbert Motier de Lafayette. 

Ithaca, N. Y.: Mack, Aiiilnis i2f Woodruff, iS.//. Jji pp. Illustra- 
tions (wood cuts). 12° . 
MAKliRS of American history: Patrick Henry, by Alexander H.Everett; 
General Greene, General Lafayette, General Marion, by William 
[!] T Headley. 
Nnv York: The University society, incorporated, 190^. 336 pp. Por- 
trait. 12°. 
Memoirs of General La Kayelte, embracing details of his public and pri- 
vate life, sketches of the American revolution, . . . with bio- 
graphical notices of individuals who have been distinguished 
actors in these events. 
New York: Piihlishrd by h'lis.scll Robins, /,SVj. ./jj pp. Portraits. 
12°. 
Mkmoirs of General Lafayette, with an account of his tour through the 
United States, and a description of the ceremonies in laying the 
corner stone of the Bunker Hiy monument. 
^1825.'] 24 pp. Portrait. 12°. 

Cover-title. 

Nkw York (City) Coininon council. Description of the l)ook presented 
to General La Fayette by the Common council of New York, with 
explanations of the designs, etc. 
Published by order of the committee, J. &J. Harper, printers, 182^. 
27 pp. ,6°. 

Parker, A. A. Recollections of General Lafayette on his visit to the United 
States, in 1S24 and 1S25; with the most remarkable incidents of 
his life, from his birth to the day of his death. 
Keene, N. H.: Sentinel printing company, /Syg. 14S pp. Por- 
trait. S°. 

Pelut UK i.A LozijRE, Privat Joseph Claramond. cointe. Lafayette en 
.\nieri<)ue et en France. 
Paris: (/ras.tait, /S6/. (2), 2/0, (/)pp. 12°. 
[Post, LydiaMintum]. Personal recollections of the American revolution. 
.\ private journal. Prepared from authentic domestic records. 
Together with reminiscences of Washington & Lafayette. 
Edited by Sidney Barclay [pseud.]. 
New York: Rudd & Carleton, iS^g. 2^1 pp. P'acsimile. 12°. 
RegnaulT-Warin, Jean Baptiste Joseph I nnocentPliiladelphe. M^moires 
pour servir a la vie du G^ndral La Fayette, et a I'hisloire dc I'As- 
semblee constituante. 
A Paris: Chez Hesse el cie., 1S24. 2 I'ols. 8°. 

SainTE-Beuve, C. A. M^moires de G^n^ral La Fayette (1838). 

(/« Am Portraits litli^raires, vol. 2, pp. 157-202. Paris. 1853. 12°.) 



List of llutrks Rclathig to FrencJi Alliance 635 

Sarrans, Bernard. Memoirs of General Lafayette anil of the French 
revolution of 1830. 
London: Richard Bentley, iSj2. 2 vols. Poiiniits. S° . 

SCHOULER, James. Lafayette's tour in 1824. 

f/« Magazine of American histor>*. vol. 10, Sept., 1S83, pp. 243-250.) 

Sketch of the life and military services of CTen. La Fayette during the 
' American revolution. 

New-York: Printed and published for llie editor, 1S2.1. 24pl>. S°. 

SpraGUE, William B[uell]. An oration commemorative of the late Gen- 
eral Lafayette, pronounced before the military and civic societies 
of the city of Albany, in the South Dutch church, July 24, 1834. 
Albany: Packard and Van Benihuysen , iSj-f- 34 PP- S°. 

Statement of the attempted rescue of General Lafayette from " Olmutz." 
^Charleston, S. C: Walker, Evans & Cogsivell, iSS-f\ 49 pp. S° . 
"The following account is prepared from the personal narrative and 
conversations of Col. F. K. Huger, by one of his family." 

Stevens, John Austin. The expedition of Lafayette again.st Arnold. 

Baltimore: [/. Murphy'^, iSyS. 36 pp. S° . (Maryland historical 
society. Fund-publication, no. 13.) 

Lafayette's letters from prison, Magdeburg, 1793. 

{In Magazine of American history-, vol. 6, May, 18S1, pp. 353-359. ) 

Visit of Lafayette to the United States, 1784. 

( /'/ Magazine of .\nierican historv. vol. 2, Dec, 1S78, pp. 724-733.) 

STIllE [Charles Janeway]. A review of Mr. Tower's "The Marquis de 
La Fayette in the American revolution." 
Philadelphia, I S()5. 23 pp. 8°. 

" Reprinted from 'The Pennsylvania magazine of hi.story and biogra- 
phy.' April, 1895." 

Sumner, Charles. Lafayette; the faithful one. Lecture. 
Boston: Wright & Potter, iSjo. 35 pp. S° . 

SweTT, Lucia Gray. The visit of Lafayette, the old housekeeper's storj'. 
Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1903. 3S numbered leaves. Portrait. 12°. 
[TiCKNOR, George.] Outlines of the principal events in the life of Gen- 
eral Lafayette. 
Boston: Published by Cuinmings, Hilliard >2f CO., 182^. 64pp. 8°. 
Reprinted from the North American review, Jan.. 1825, "with a few 
alterations and a considerable luiniber of additions." 

Tower, Charlemagne, jr. The Marquis de La Fayette in the American 
revolution. With some account of the attitude of F'rance toward 
the War of Independence. 
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott co., 1893. 2 vols. Portraits. Maps. 

8°. 



636 List of Jlor/cs Rf/at/iii;' /o Frnirli Alliance 

TUCKKK, Jolui S. The I'rtiKh in our Revolution. The Maniuis 
I.afa.vette. 
^Washington, iSSi."[ 10 fp- S°. 
Cover-title. 

Tl^CKliRMAN, Bayard. Life of General Lafayette, with a critical estimate 
of his character and public acts. 
New y'ork: />odd, J/fad >£^ toi)i/>anj\ /SS</. 2 vols. J'orlrai/s. 12°. 
Upham, Nathaniel G. Eulogy on Lafayette, delivered at Concord, agree- 
ably to a resolve of the New-IIampshire legislature, on the 17th 
of June 1835. 
Concord: Printed by Cyrus liarton, iS^^. 36 pp. S°. 
Vie priv^'e, inipartiale, politique, niilitaire et doniestique, du Marquis de 
La Fayette, gdndral des Bleuets, pour servir de suppldmeiit d la 
ndcrologie des hommes cdlebres du dix-huitieme siecle, & de clef 
aux revolutions franfaises & aniericaincs. 
A Paris: De I'imprimeric particulierc dc .1/. de Bastide en //^o. 
SSpp. Portrait. S°. 

ViK publifiue et privec de M. le marquis de I.^fayette, avec des details 
sur 1 'affaire du 6 octobre, etc. 
{Potts'], lygi. 6gpp. 12°. (iVifh Vie privee, impartiale, politique, 
militaire et domestique, du Marquis de La Fayette. Paris, i7<fo. ) 

Visit of the Nation's Guest to Indiana. 

(/m Louisville public advertiser, vol, 7. May 18, 1823.) 
Address to General Lafayette. 
Answer of General I.afayette. 
Account of dinner and toasts. 

.Same. 

[In Kvansvillc jiazette. vol. 4. June 11. 1825.) 

Saute. 

{In Indiana journal, vol. .^, June 7, 1S25.) 
Waln, Robert, y'r. Life of the Marquis de La Fayette; Major-general in 
the service of the United States of America, in the war of the 
Revolution. 
Philadelphia: Published by J. P. Ayres, 1825. 505 pp. Portrait. 8°. 
Ward, Robert D. An account of General La Fayette's visit to Virginia in 
the )-ears l824-'25. 
H'est, Johnston & CO., h'ichiiiond, I'a., /SS/. 's6 pp. Portiait. S" . 
WinTM.\N, Walt. Lafayette in Brooklyn, with an introduction by John 
Burroughs. 
Ne2u York: C. D. Smith, 1905. (25) i pp. 2 portraits (^including 
frontispiece). Folded facsimile. S°. 

"The following unproinptu reminiscence of I^afayette's visit to this 
country- in 1825 , , . was given some time snice at a meeting of the New 
England historic genealogical society in . . . Boston." 

"The following paper is i>rihted literally from an undated MS. prepared 
by Whitman for the printer, but never published." 



List of Works Relating to Frcuch Alliance 637 

Wood, William A. Lafayette's visit to Missouri, [1825]. 

(In Magazine of American history, vol. 18, Aug., 1887, PI). 154-156-) 
WyliE Andrew. An eulogy on Lafayette, delivered in Bloomington, 
' Indiana, on the ninth of May, 1835, at the request of the citizens 
and students. 
Cincinnati: Taylor and Tracy, 1S35. 32 pp. 12°. 

MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE— ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS 

,M5. Interesting notices of the life of the :Marquis de La Fayette. 
The Portfolio, vol. 13 (June, 1S13]: 499-5'3- 

1824. Lafayette. 

The Portfolio, vol.32 (Oct., 1S24): 261-264. 

1824. The visit of General Lafayette. 

The Portfolio, vol. 32 (Oct., 1S24): 32^-339.- [Nov., 1S24): 4'5-4'7- 

1825. Lafayette. George Ticknor. 

' North American rcviciv, vol. 20 (Jan., /S23): 147-1S0. 
1825. Memoirs of General La Fayette. 

United States literary gazette, vol. i (Jan. i, 1823): 27S-279. 
1825. Outlines of the principal events in the life of General Lafayette. 
[Review.] 
United States literary gazette, vol. 2 (Apr. i, 1S25): 9-15. 

i,S2q. Lafayette in America. 

American quarterly review, vol. 6 {Dec., 1829): 4^7-494- 
Review of Levasseur's "Lafayette en Am6rique." 
1830. Lafavette in America. E. Everett. 

North American review, vol.30 (Jan., /S30): 216-237. 
Review of Levasseur's "Lafayette en AuiSrique." 

1832. Memoirs of Lafayette. 

Monthly review, vol. i2g {Oct., J832): 224-24S. 

Review of the Memoirs by B. Sarrans. 
,833. Sketch of the life of General Lafayette. A. D. Paterson. 

American monthly magazine, vol. / (June 1, 1833): 243-250; (July 
I, 1S33): 293-303. 
i8u. La Fayette. [A poem.] L. H. Sigourney. 

New England magazine, -vol. 7 {Aug., 1S34): 124-123. 
,834. Glimpses of I^afayette, and of a few of his friends. 
Ne-w monthly magazine, -vol. 41 (July, 1S34): 315-321. 

1834. La Fayette. Eulogy. Alexandre de Boinville. 
Southern literary messenger, vol. 1 (Nov., 1S34): 93-94- 

1835. Lafayette. Eulogies by John Quincy Adams and Edward Everett 

reviewed. 
.Southern literary messenger, vol. i {Feb.. 1S35): 307-3'^- 



638 List of Works Relating to French Alliance 

1836. Recollections of tleneral Lafayette. 
Monthly revini\ vol. /?9 (Jan., /Sj6): 56-65. 

Review of Jules Cloquet's Recollections. 

1837. Memoirs of Lafayette. 

Monthly review, vol. 14^ (July, iS^j): 392-31)7. 

1843. Reminiscences of men and things. Lafayette. 

Eraser's magazine, vol. 28 (July, 1S43): 60-72; (Aug., 1843): i6g-i82. 

1848. Recollections of Lafayette. Rose Standish. 

The Knickerbocker, vol. 32 (Sept., 184S): 215-21S. 

1855. Reminiscences of a tempest-tossed life. Lafayette. 
I'lilnam's monthly, vol. 6 (Oct., /S55): ./16-/2/. 

1859. Reminiscences of La Fayette's visit to Boston — Governor Eustis— 
Governor Brooks and others. W. H. Sumner. 

New England historical and genealogical register, vol. /j ^.{pr. 
1859): 99-107. 
1861. The home of Lafa\'elte. 

Atlantic monthly, vol. S (Dec, /S6/}: 649-663. 
1867. Lafayette as a patriot and soldier. 

National quarterly reinezv, vol. /6 (.Dee., /S67): 7/-95, 
1870. Last letter of General Lafayette, as an American officer. 

Historical magazine, vol. /8 (Dec, /S70): 353. 
1873. Lafayette's last visit to America. Thurlow Weed. 

The Galaxy, vol. 16 (July, 1873): 73-7S. 

1873. Lafayette: The creator of the National guard. 
Temple bar, -vol. 39 (Nov., 1S73): 479-493. 
Eclectic magazine, vol. 82 (Jan., 1S74): 90-99. 

1874. The gold medal presented to Lafayette [by the Seventh regiment, 

National guards, of the city of New York]. 
American historical record, "vol. 3 (Nov., 1S74): 492-495. 
187O. Lafayette — The nature of his Velations to .America. Esther Reed 

Vernet. 
Potter's American monthly, I'ot. 6 (Apr., /S76): 270-274. 

1885. General Lafayette's visit to Pittsburgh in 1825. 
Pennsylvania's magazine of history and biography, vol. 9 ( Oct., /S85): 

272-277. 

From the Pittsburg Mercury. June i. awd Pittst>urg ('.azette of June .^, 
1825- 

1886. The enlistment of Lafayette, 1776. Bayard Tuckerman. 
Netc Princeton review, vol. 2 (Nov., /SS6): 376-3SS. 

1880. Tuckerman 's Lafayette. A. G. Sedgwick. 
Nation, vol. 48 (May 23, 1S89): 431-432. 



List of Works Relating to French Alliance 639 

1S92. Kardoux's Lafayette. A. Laugel. 

Nation, vo!.^^ (•-'«?'• ^S, i8g2): 12^-124; {Sept. i, iSgs): 164. 

1803. Silas Deane and the coining of Lafayette. Georgia nna A. BoutwelL 
Neiii England magazine, n. s., vol. S {Apr.f iSgj): 167-1^4. 

1805. Tower's Lafayette. Panl L. Ford. 

Xaiion, vol. 60 {Mar. 21, iSgs): 222-22^. 

1895. Lafayette in the American Revolution. D. L. Shorey. 
. Dial (Chicago), vol. iS {Apr. /, iSgs): 20S-2/0. 
Review of Charlemagne Tower's Lafayette. 

]8o<). Lafayette as a Freenia.son. .Abraham Jordan. 

American historical register, vol. 4 {Apr., iSg6): 147-150. 

1807. The Marquis de Lafayette and President Monroe. Murat Halstead. 
Cosmopolitan, vol. 23 (Oct., iSgj): 6Si-6go. 

1898. Charavay's Lafayette. A. Laugel. 

Nation, vol. 66 {Mar. //, iSgS): 203-204; {Mar. 24, /SgS): 221-222; 
{Apr. 7, iSgS): 261-262. 

1899. La Fayette's departure from this country. (Sept. 7, 1825.) 
The Spirit of -6, vol. 3 {Aug., iSgg): 23S. 

1000. The statue of General Lafayette at Washington. Bessie Josephine 
Lynch. 
The Spirit of y6, vol. 6 {Apr., igoo): 131-132. 

1900. America's gift to France [Lafayette statue]. Edward Insley. 
Harper's zveekly, vol. 45 {June g, igoo): 527. 

1900. In memory of T.,afayette. 

The Independent, vol.32 (July 12, igoo): 1646-1647. 

1900. The statue of Lafayette at Paris. 

Scicntijic American, vol. S3 {July 21, igoo): 43. 

1900. Musings without method. Figureheads of emotion — Homage to 

Lafayette . . . France and America. 
Blackivood' s Edinburgh magazine, vol. 16S (Sept., igoo): 3g4-404. 

1901. Lafayette's carriage. 

Scientific American supplement, vol.31 (Mar. 16, igoi): 2108-1. 

1901. The Lafayette monument. Richard Ladegast. 
The Outlook, vol. 6g {Sept. 7, igoi): 56-57. 

1902. A letter of Marquis de La Fayette, 1781. 
American historical review, vol. S (Oct., igo2): Sg-gi. 

1003. Lafayette's last visit to America. Theodore Stanton-. 

Lippincott's monthly magazine, vol. 71 (April, igo3): 544-54g. 

1903. Lafayette's letters. A. Laugel. 
Nation, vol: 76 (June 25, igos): 5 13-5' 4- 



640 List of ]]'orks Rclaliiio to I'lri/c/i Allia)ice 

ii)<i,(. Lafayette. George Hare Ford. 

/"/re Spiril 0/ '/■(>, vol. 10 (Oc/., /yoj).- J^; (A'or'., /Jjqy ).• 46-47. 
H)<i3. America's tribute to Lafayette. Augustu.s K. Ingram. 

Miinsn's magazine, z'o/. jo (A'oi'., tgoj): 225-228. 



I-RKNCH KI.EET IN THK .^MKRICA.N KKVDI.ITION 

C.-VMBi.s, <"o;«/<' lie. Extraits du journal tenu par k- c ' Cambi.sa Iwrd iln 
Lanquedoc. 

(/« Doniol. H. Histoirc dc la participation dc- la Kralicc, vol, },, ]>p. 374- 
,lS2. Paris, 1S88. F".) 

ChkvawKR, E[douard]. Histoirc dc la marine franjaise pendant la guerre 
de I'ind^pendance am^ricaine, pr^c^dde d'unedtude sur la marine 
inilitaire de la France et sur ses institutions depuis le commence- 
ment du .XVII" siecle jusqu'a I'ann^e 1S77. 
Pans; Hacliette et cie., iSyy. [4), 517, (2) pp. S° . 

EsT.\iNi;, Charles Hector, comte d'. Extrait du journal d'un officier de la 
marine de I'escadre de M. le comte d'Estaing. 
Sji. p.'\ 1782. 126 pp. Portrait. 12°. 

A declaration addressed in the name of the King of France to all 

the ancient French in North America. 

[In Documents relative to the colonial history of the State of New'York, 
vol. 10, pp. 1165-1167. Albany, 1858. 4°.) 

A declaration addressed in the name of the King of France to all 

the ancient French in North America. 

(/n Magazine of .American history, vol. 22, Nov., 18S9, pp. 427-429.) 
A translation of a docnment which was printed in French on board the 
Lanquedoc for the Count d'Estaing, October 28, 1778. 

Siege of Savannah, 1779. General orders of the Count d'lvstaing 

for the attack by the allied forces, 8lh and gth (October. Tr. from 
the original MS. in the possession of Frank Jloore. 

(/« Magazine of .\nierican history, vol. 2, Sept.. 1S78, pp. 548-551.) 

Everett, Sidney. The Chevalier de Teniay. 

(/« New England historical and genealogical register, vol. 27, Oct., 1S73, 
pp. 404-41S. ) 

France. Ministire des affaires Hrangires. Les conibaltants franjais de 
la guerre am^ricaine 1 778-1873. Listes ^tablies d'apres les documents 
authentiques d^posds aux Archives nationales et aux Archives du 
Ministere de la guerre. Publides par les soins du Minist^re des 
affaires dtrangeres. 
Paris: Ancieniie maison Quaniin, Librairies-inipritneries riutiies, 
Motleroz, Martinet, 1903. {./), .rii, (.4), 327 pp. Plates. Por- 
traits. F°. 

I.,istes. Marine: Escadre du comte d'Estaing. Escadre du comte de 
Grasse. Escadre des comtes de (iuichen et de Grasse. Escadre du comte 
de Ternay (arm^e de Rochambeau). 



List of Jf'or/cs Rclatiiii^ to French Alliance 641 

France. Same. 

IVasliingloii: Iiiipriiiicrie' iial;oi!ale, jgo^. H, 453 pp. Pialts. Por- 
traits. F' . [\_t-?. .S'.] ^Stk Congress, 2d session. Senate docu- 
ment yy. ) 

Paris edition pub. 1903. 
GousSENCOURT, CItevalier de. A journal of the cruise of the fleet of His 
Most Christian Majesty,^ umler the coniniand of the Count de 
Grasse-Tilly, in 1781 and 1782. 

{/« The operations of the French fleet under tlie C(uint de Grasse. in 
1781-2, pp. 25-133. New York, 1S64. S°. ) 
The name "Chevalier de Goussencourt " appears to lie a ])seudonyni. 

JOURN.M, of an officer in the naval army in .America, in 17S1 and 17S2. 
Amstersdani, 17S3. 

(/« The operations of the French fleet under the Count de Gra.sse in 
17S1-2, pp. 136-185. New York, 1864. 8°.) 

This j(nn-nal was written " by a friendh- liand, if not his [De Grasse's] 
own ' 

IvERGUELEN-[Trem.\rEC], Y[ves] J[oseph de]. Relation des combats et 
des.evenements de la guerre maritime de i77Sentre la France et 
r Angleterre, uielee de refie.Kions sur les manoeuvres des generaux; 
prdc^d^e d'lme adresse aux marins, sur la dispo.sition des vais- 
seaux pour le combat; et terminee par un precis de la guerre pr6- 
sente, des cause.s de la destruction de la marine, et des moyens de 
la r^tablir. 
\_Paris'\: Impr. de Patris, 171)6. (2), .foj pp. 12°. 
[LoST.\NGES, Arnaud Louis Charles Rose de.] Relation du combat de la 
fregate fran^aise la Surveillante, contre la fregate anglaise le 
Quebec. 
Paris: F. Didot, imprinietir du roi, iSiy. 68 pp. Plates. S° . 
N().\ii.i.ES, [.^mblard Marie Raymond Atn^d^e] vicomte de. Marins et 
soldats franfais en.Amerique pendant la guerre de I'ind^pendance 
des Etats-Unis (i 778-1 783). 
Paris: Perrin et cie, 11)03. vii,4S9pp. Portraits. 2 folded maps. 8°. 
The OPER.\TIONS of the F'rench fleet under the Count de Gra.s.se in 17S1-2, 
as described in two contemporaneous journals; 
New Vorli, 1S64. .v, [111-2/6 pp. Portraits. Plates. Plan. 4°. 
( [Bradford club series, no.j].} 

Edited by John Dawson Gilniary Shea. 

The name*" Chevalier de Goussencourt," under which the first journal 
was issued, appears to be a pseudonym, c/. Pref. 

The second journal was written " by a friendly hand, if not his [de 
Grasse's] own.", c/. p. 21. 

Contents. — Introduction, — Francis Joseph Paul de Grasse-Rouville, 
count de Grasse. marquis de Tilly. — A journal of the cruise of the fleet of 
His Most Christian Majesty, under the command of the Count de Grasse- 
Tilly, in 17S1 and 17S2. liy the chevalier de Goussencourt [tr. from the 
Ms.]. — Journal of an officer in the naval army in .\merica, in 17S1 and 

S. Doc. 537, 59-1 41 



•<», 



642 List of Works Rcld/iiii;- to P'rciuli .Mliance 

1782 . . . Amsterdam. 1783. — Apptndix. Lftter from Count de Crasse lo 
Oemral Washington 23 September, 1781,— l,ctter of C.cneral Washington 
22 September, 17H1. — Account of De Grasse's conquest of Tobagb, from ttie 
(iazette de France, Aug. 10. 1781.— Journal of the oix-rations of the fleet, 
abridged from the Cazette de France, .^ug. 10, 17S1. — Journal of the Opera- 
tions of the fleet, abridged from the Gazette de France, zo Novemlx-r. — 
Actions of April 9tll and 12th [extr.-icted from " Voyage d'un Suisse dans 
dilTerenUs colonies d'.\in(riciuc " l)y Girod-Chantrans).— Rodney's ac- 
count of the actions of .\l)ril 9th and 12th. 

Stone, Edwin Martin. Our I'rench allies. Rocliainbeau and his army, 
LafavfUc and hi.s devotion, D'Kstainji, De Ternaj-, Barras, De 
Grasse, and their fleel.s, in the great war of the American revolu- 
tion, from 177S to 1782, 
Providence: Printed by the Providence press co., JSS4 [/^5j]. xxxi, 
632 pp. Illustrations. Plates. Portraits. Maps. 4°. 

SIEGK OF VORKTOWN 

[Bl'TliCR, Richard.] tJciieral Richard Eutler'.s Journal of the siege of 
Yorklown. 

(/« Historical magazine, vol. 8, Mar., 1864, pp. 102-112.) 

CuRRV, J[abez] L[amar] M[onroc]. Lessons of the Yorktown centen- 
nial. .\ddress delivered in Riclnnond, on 22d October, iSSi, by 
request of the City council. 
Richmond: Dispatch steam printing house. iSS/. 24 pp. S° . 
Du H.VMEI.' [William James C] An address read before the Maryland 
historical society on the centennial of the siege of Yorktown, Va. 
1781-1881. 
\^New York: American hank iioteco., /SSo.-'l y pp. S°. 

A history of the surrender of the British forces to the Americans 

and French at Yorktown, \'a, 
[Washington, jSS/.'\ ii,\,i'\pp. Map. S°. 

Reprint of his "Address read before the Marjdand historical .society on 
the centennial of the siege of Yorktown." 

[Evans, Chaplain.~\ Journal of the siege of York in Virginia, bj- a chap- 
lain of the American army. 

(/« Mas.sachusetts historical society. Collections, vol. 9, pp. 102-10S. 
Boston, 1804. 8°.) 

FiSKE, Nathan. An oration delivered at Brookfield, Nov. 14, 1781. In 
celebration of the capture of Lord Cornwaljis and his whole army 
at York -Town and Glouce.stcr, in Virginia, by the combined army 
under the command of his cNcellency Genervtl Washington, on 
the 19th of October, 17S1. 
Boston: Printed by P. &J. Fleet, [//.SV]. S pp. S°. 

The Guests of the nation. 

(/« Magazine of Americanhistory. vol. 7, Dec., 1S81, pp. 463-467.) 
Concerning the delegation sent by the French Government to partici- 
pate in the Yorktown celebration. 



List of Works Rrlali>iif to Prcnch Alliance 643 

A History of the luoiuiineiit erected by the IT. s. }>ovfniiiieut to 
commemorate the close of the Revolutionary war at Yorktown, 
October 19th, 1781. Being a narrative of its inception, construc- 
tion, completion, and official examination. 
Philadelpliia: Dccvcy & EaJuns, printers, iSgo. 26pp. Plates. Pho- 
tograplis. S°. 
Johnston, Henry P[helps]. The Yorktown campaign and the surrender 
uf Cornwallis, lySi. 
vVfFC }'or^: Harper & lyrotlicrs, jSS/. 206 pp. Portraits. Maps. 
Paesiiiiite. S°. 
Journal of the siege of Y'ork in Virginia. [By a French engineer.] 
September-October, T7S1. 

(/« Magazine of American history, vol. 4, June, 1.S.S0, pp. 449-432.) 
[Marsh, Luther R.] A slight souvenir of a visit to the Y'orktown cen- 
tennial celebration in October, 18S1, on board the steam yacht 
Yosemite. 
[Nezv York.'' iSSi ?^, (2), 2/, {i) pp. S°. 
MENONVILLE, Francois Louis Arthur Thibaut, eoiiite de. Journal of the 
siege of York. 

i/n Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Oct., lS8l, pp. 2S3-28,S. ) 

New Y'ork. CItamber of commerce of tlie .State of New York. Banquet 
given by the Chamber of commerce of the State of New York in 
honor of the guests of the nation to the centennial celebration of 
the victory at Yorktown. New Y'ork, November 5, 18S1. 
[.Ve-cO y'ork: /SS/.] {2), a, {2),j/pp. Plate. S°. 

P.\TTON, Jacob Harris. Yorktown: A compendiou.s account of the cam- 
paign of the allied French and American forces, resulting in the 
surrender of Cornwallis and the close of the American revolution; 
the succeeding events, to the treaty of peace; and the celebration 
of the centennial anniversary of the surrender at Yorktown. 
New Yorii: Foj-ds, Hozuard, and Hulbert, 1SS2. 62pp. Plates. Por- 
traits. .Vaps. S°. 

RoCHAMBEAtT, [Eugene Achille Lacroix de Vimeur] comte de. York- 
town. Centenairede I'independance des Etats-Unis d'Amerique; 
1781-1881. 
Paris: H. Champion, 1SS6. 3.^0, (i) pp. Plates. S°. 

Stevens, Benjamin Franklin, coinp. and ed. The campaign in Virginia, 
1781. An exact reprint of six rare pamphlets on the Clinton- 
Cornwallis controversy, with very numerous important unpub- 
lished manuscript notes by Sir Henr)- Clinton, K. B., and the 
omitted and hitherto unpublished portions of the letters in their 
appendixes added from the original manuscripts. With a .sup- 
plement containing extracts from the journals of the House of 
lords, a French translation of papers laid before the House, and a 



644 ^-'^^ ^/ Works Rrlaliiii^ lo Froult Alliance 

catalogue of the additional correspondence of Clinlou and Corn- 
wallis, in 1780-81. 
London, /SSS. 2 vols. 4°. 

STEVENS, John .•Vustin. The allies at Yorktown, 1781; with an appendix, 
(/w Magazine of American histon,*, vol. 6, Jan., 1881, pp. 1-53; vol. 7, Dec., 
l88l, pp. 445-453.. Maps.) 

The appendix contains: 1st. News from the front, from the journals 
of the day; and 2d. Letters from the field. 

French officers at the siege of York. 

{In Magazine of American history, vol. 7, Oct., iSSi, page 269.) 

Yorktown centennial handbook; historical and topographical 

guide to the Yorktown peninsula, Richmond, James river and 
Norfolk. 

New )'ork : For the aitllwr, by C. -■/. Coffin i2f Rogers, /SS/. 124 pp. 
Illustrations. Portraits. Maps. S°. 

UniTki) States. Yorktown centennial commission . General jir^gramine 
of ceremonies at the dedication of the Yorktown monument. 
Washington: Government printing office, iSSi. [3] pp. S°. 

Official programme of the Yorktown centennial celebra- 
tion, October 18, 19, 20, 21, 1881. Under the joint resolution of 
Congress of June 7, 18S0. Published by authority of the York- 
town centennial commission. 
Washington, D. C: F. T. Wilson, iSSr. xiv,{?), 1^4, (1) pp. S°. 

UniTIvI) States. Report of the commission created in accordance with 
a joint resolution of Congress, approved March 3, 1881, pro- 
viding for the erection of a monument at Yorktown, Ya., com- 
memorative of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. 
Washington: Government printing office, /SSj. i6()pp. S". 

Another issue of same date lias at head of title: 47th Congress, 2d ses- 
sion, Senate. Report no. 1003. 

[\V.\SHlNGTON, George.] Orderh- book of the siege of Yorktown, from 
September 26, 17S1, to November 2nd, 17S1. (Now first printed 
from the original MSS. ) 
Philadelphia: [Antique press], /S6j. {4), 66 pp. sy. S°. {/ievottt- 
tionary series, no. i. ) 

Washington's orderly books. [Oct. 6, i7Si-Oct. 31, 1781.] 

{/n The American historical record, vol. 3, pp. 403-406, 457-462. 496-4^, 
Philadelphia. 1874. So.) 

WiNTHROP, Robert C[harles]. Oration on the hundredth anniversary of 
the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to the combined forces of 
.Vmcrica and France at Yorktown, \'irginia, 19 October, 1781: de- 
livered at Yorktovvn, 19 October, iSSi, 
Boston: Little, Brown & CO., jSSi. {4), 73 pp. S°. 



List of IVorks Relating to French Alliance 645 

The YORKTOWN centennial. Acts of legislatures and societies, with regard 
to the October celebration. 

(/« Magaziue of American history, \-ol. 7, Oct.. 18S1, pp. 30S-314.} 

YoRKTowN Cexten-ni.a.1, Associ.\Tion. The centennial anniversary of 
the surrender of Lord Cornwallis and the British forces under his 
command on the 19th day of October, 1781, virtually the closing 
of the struggle for American independence, to be appropriately 
celebrated on the field of Yorktown, Va., in October, 1881. 
(^Ncxv York: American banknote CO., iSSo. 10 pp. 8°. { ll'tt/t Du 
Hamel, IV. J. C. An address read before i/ie Maryland his- 
torical society on the centennial 0/ the siege of 'i'orktozcn. New 
York, jSSo.) 

— ^^— The centennial anniversary of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis 
and the British forces under his command on the 19th day of 
October, 1781, virtually the closing of the struggle for American 
independence, to be appropriately celebrated on the field of York- 
town, Va., in October, iSSi. 
New York: American bank note co., /SSo. //pp. S°. 



K 



INDEX. 



[Places — Events — Subjects — Persons in authority. 

.Acknowledgments; 535. 
Addresses (unveiling); 

Invocation ( Doctor Stafford ) ; 87. 

The President; SS. 

Ambassador Canibon ; (l"rencli) 90, (English) 92. 

Ambassador Porter: 94. 

Senator Lodge (oration); 96. 

General Brugere; (French) !03, (English) 105. 

Benediction (Bishop Satterlee); I07. 
After return of veterans to France; 512. 
,\fter Yorktown (Williamsburg, Boston, Annapolis, Wibiiington, 17S1- 

1783); 469-510. 
Agenois, Regiment de; 230, 256, 577-579. (.fe' a/io .Services, Events.) 
Aiguesparsse, M. (See Key to group, 165; Rochambeau mission events. 1 
Alaha)na, battle ship; 49, 66, 132-140. 
.\lliance, French, anniversary; 253, 254. 
Alliance, French, capitulations of; 226. 
Alliance, French, in coin; 509-510. 
.Alliance, French, flag of the: 77. 
Alliance, French, in material of war: 506-508. 
.Alliance, French, terms of: 228. 
Alliance, French, works relating to: 607. 
.Alliance, L'Francaise de Brooklyn: 119. 
.Allied army at Yorktown, Va.; 434, 438. 
Allied armies, strength of: 411. 
.Allies, courtesies to; 403. 
.America, orders for; 282. 
American forces, disposition of, 17S0; 271. 
American forces, disposition of, after Yorktown: 473. 
American lines at Yorktown, Va.; 444. 
American scout ships; 330. 

.American troops, disposition of, after Yorktown: 473. 
-Andre, capture of; 349. 
.Andromacjue, narrow escape of; 475. 
.Angely, Baron de, against Huntington Bay; 407. 
.Annapolis: 426. 

Annapolis, naval fete at: 65, 66. 
Annapolis, naval vessels at: 53. 

647 



648 I lid ex 

Annapolis, United States Naval Academy: 53. 

Appropriations: 19, 24, 28. 

Appropriations, room of House Committee on, visited: ii^. 

Arlinji;ton National Cemetery, visited: 131. 

Arms, a feat of: 459. 

Anns of De Rochambeau: 13. 

Army, allied, before Yorktown: 434-43.S. 

Army, American, before Yorktown; 434-436, 437. 

Army, Uritish: 

In America: 286. 

At Yorktown: 442. 
Army, I-'rench, before Yorktown: 436-437. 

.\rmy, land, of D'Estaing: 5X5-588. (Ar rt/.50 Services, Events.) 
.\rmy of Rochambeau, rejjinients of: 565-5S8. 
Army of Rochambeau sails from Trance: 276. 
.\riny of .Saint .Simon (De Grasse's fleet): 577. 
A:niy, Virginia militia before Yorktown: 438. 
.\rmy formations (Yorktown): 434. 
.\rmy, I'rench: 

In America: 262, 277, 27.S, 366, 421, 436. 

Hcfore Yorktown: 438. 

Leaves Baltimore for the Hud.son: 487. 
.\rmy, French, effectives September, 17.S2: 489. 
Army, Trench, return of, to France: 514. 
-Vrnold, Benedict: 2SS, 342, 346, 351, 363. 
Arrangements, order of, at unveiling: 80. 
Artillery Company, Newport: 179. 
Artillery ( French ) : 277, 307, 436, 437. 
.\rtillery Corps : 253. 
.\ssembly of troops: 78.' 
.\ssenibly, Rhode Island: 306. 
.Authorities: 5, 6. 
.\uthority to print: 2. 
.\uxiliary operations: 265. 

Auxonne, Regiment d': 574-575. {Sec aho Military events.) 
Baffling winds: 280. 
Balch, Thomas: 6. 
Baltimore: 

Trench in camp at: 485. 

March for the Hudson: 4S7. 
Band, Trench, marine concert, Boston: 204. 
Band of the (,'aiilois: 73, 102. 
Banquet, Trench embassy: 72. 
Banquet, Rochambeau day at Paris: 125. 
Barras de: 261, 375 (in command), 37S, 379 (reports), 3S6, 405,407,414, 

415. 4'7 (to join DeGrasse), 427,428,429,441 (fleet). 
Bates, Lieutenant-Governor, address, "The Commonwealth ": 206. 
Battle order of Yorktown: 433. 
Benediction: 107. 
Berthelot, Major: 54. {See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events.) 



Index 649 

Bibliography: 607. 

Billy, Robert de: 43. {See Key to group; Rochanibeau Mission events.) 

Bingham, Col. Theodore A.: g, 25, 26, 27, 29, 53, 55, 61. {Sec Key to 
group; Rocliambeau Mis.sion events, 217.) 

Bliss, Cornelius N., entertains at the Union League: 46. 

Boeuve, Jules: 15, 16, 19, 20, 27, 2S, 43, 50. {See Key to group; Rochani- 
beau Mission events. ) 

Book plate of De Rochambeau: 13. 

Boston : 

French army marches to: 490. 
French army arrives at: 494. 
French fleet arrives at: 4S7. 
Rochambeau Mission arrives at: 189. 

Boston's greeting: 1S9, 

Boston's hospitality: 193. 

Bostoii's reception to the ladies: 190, 216. 

Bourbonnais, Regiment de: 277, 280, 307, 394, 565-56.S. {See also Military 
events. ) 

Bourgogne, La: 50. 

Boyle, P. J.: ;8o, 1S4. 

Breakfast to the President on board Le Gaulois: 67. 

Breda, M. de, Ensign. {See Key to group.) 

Brest: 275, 276, 2S5. 

British army in Yorktown, Va. : 442. 

British blockade Narragansett Baj': 319. 

British counter projects: 315. 

British defenses at Newport, R. I. : 244. 

British defenses at Yorktown: 442. 

British designs: 490. 

British diversion southward; 353. 

British embark to attack Newport: 324. 

British fall back: 445. 

British fleet off the capes of the Chesapeake: 475. 

British ground arms and give up standards: 455. 

British naval forces and defeat: 427-428. 

British occupation of Rhode Island: 242. 

British recruits: 411. 

British squadron: 362. 

British strength: 271. 

British works at Yorktown, investment of: 439. 

Brugere, Gen. H. J.: 26, 54, 55, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70 {see Key to group; 
Rochanibeau Mi-ssion events), 103 (address at unveiling — • 
French, 105; English, no), 113, 114, 115, 144-147, 176, iSo, 185, 
186, 187, 199, 211, 220, 223 (to the President). 

Briigere to Varnum: 177. 

Testimonial to the CiHiiiiiiati. , 

Bruwaert, 51. : 43. 

Byron, Admiral: 240. 

Cadet Review: 143. 

Cadillac, Chevalier de (painting): 120. 



650 Index 

Cambon, M. Jules (Ambassador): 15, 20, 26, 50, 56 (sw Key to group), 66, 
67, 68, 70, 90 (address at uuveiliuR, French and Rnj(lish), go, 
92, 80, 148, 149, 167, 174, 2(>6, 208. {See Rochanibeau Mission 
events. ) 

Cambon. Mnic. : 56, 62, 135, 163, 20. (Sec Key to %rm\\y, Rochanibeau 
Mission events.) 

Campaign coii.siderations: 4S3. 

Cainpaijjn plans: 335. 

Campaign, spring, proposed: 476. 

Camps of Trench army, Williamsburjf to Baltimore: 4S4. 

Cannon for Rochanibeau and De (Wrasse: 464. 

Cannon, Joseph G.: 15, 28, 114. 

Capitol, at the: 113. 

Capitulations, international (alliance): 226. 

Capitulations of surrender signed: 453. 

Cardinal tVibbons: 87. * 

Carow, Miss: 62. 

Cash for Congress: 27S. 

Cash, French: 419, 375. 

Cash, more for campaign: 413. 

Cash and news from France: 478. 

Cavalry, Second U. S.: 60. 

Century after: 531. 

Ceremony, calls of: 190. 

Ceremonies, order of: 25. 

Chakndar, Gen. Ferdinand Comte de: 54. {See Key to gniuj): Rochani- 
beau Mission events. ) 

Chamber of commerce, French, greeting of: 162. 

Chambrun, Countess de: 43. 

Chainbrun, Viconite de: 136, 163. {See Rochambeau Mission events. ) 

Charlotte Court House, Va. : 47S. 

Chastellu.x, Chevalier de: 3S4, 485 (in command), 493, 495, 49S, 499, .^16. 
(.S'cc Military events. ) 

Chateau Rochambeau: 521. 

Chesapeake, naval battle of: 427. 

Chesapeake, Destouches off for: 365. 

Chester, Pa. Wa.sliington hears of De Grasse's arrival: 422. 

Chimere convej's Gerard to Philadelphia: 234. 

China service used on Le Gaii/ois: 67. 

Choisy, General de: 415, 449, 478. (See Military events.) 

Chouin, Major: 23S. 

Cliurch, commemorative services: 129. 

Cincinnati, banner of: 18S. 

Cincinnati in France: 515. 

Cincinnati^ French Society of: 5S9-605. 

Cincinnati, M. Loubet elected: 177. 
Letter: 177. 

Cincinnati, Military Order of, present at unveiling ceremonies: 84. 

Cincinnati, Society of, entertains: 152. 



Index- 65 1 

Cincinnati, testimonial to, by French Government: 177. 

Circle Franjais d'AlIiance: 2i5. 

Circle Litt^raire F'ranco- American: 119. 

Claremont, breakfast at the: 159. 

Clinton, General (British): 234, 251, 264, 315, 409, 4211, 473. 

Cockade, black and white: 313. 

Cockran, Bourke, France and Ireland: 175. 

Coin, alliance in: 509-510. 

College Landing, Va. : 429. 

Collins, Mayor, of Boston: 194, 206 (the Municipality), 214. 

Collins, Mrs. Patrick: 19S. 

Colonial Dames of America, wreath from: loS. 

Columbia University, visited: 158. 

Column in parade. The: 109. 

Commemorative church services: 129. 

Connnemoration, impres.sive: 75. 

Commission, Rochambeau monument: 9, 23, 24. 25, 26, 29. {Sec Key to 

group; Rochambeau Mission events. 1 
Committees on the Library: 10, 21. 
Committees on Printing: 10. 

Connnunications exchanged with D'Fstaing: 23S. 
Concert, French, Marine Band: 204. 

Conference between Washington and Rochambeau: 336. 
Congratulations over Yorktown: 460. 
Congress aroused: 267. 
Congress, by authorit)- of: 9, 28. 
Congress informed: 234. 

Congress informed of Rochambeau's arrival: 293. 
Congress, joint resolution: 31. 
Congress presents a frigate: 495. 
Congress reviews the French: 422. 
Congress to Rochambeau and Destouches: 369. 
Congress soothes disappointment: 253. 
Congress, thanks of, for Yorktown : 463. 
Congress, thanks and farewell : 497. 
Congressional commission: 21, 29. 
Contents: 3. 

Contract for the statue: 19. 
Contracts and convention: 226. 
Continentals (Minute Men):' III. 
Conventions and contracts: 226. 
Coolidge, Thomas Jefferson " Diplomacj"'' 209. 

Cornwallis, Lord: 50, 357, 3S7, 405, 409, 410, 411, 424. 426, 42S, 442, 447- 
462 (siege and surrenderof Yorktown), 459,531 (century after). 
Corny, M. Louis Etfiis de: 290. 
Correspondence : 

Breezy: 332. 

International: 31. 

Telltale: 3S3. 



652 Index ' 

Countess and the Daughters of the American Revolution: 45. 

Courrier iles Ktats Unis: 1 18. 

Courier (les Ktats Unis, Rocliambeau festivities: 537 (in French). 

Cove Point: 50. '. 

Crane, Governor W'inlhrop Murray: 193. 

CroisetM. (5<r Keytoj^roup): 43, 202, 213, 224. (.SVr Rochanibeau Mission 

events. ) 
Daughters of the American Revohition: 45, 107, 190. 
Dauphin of France honored: 481. 
Deane, Silas: 231, 232, 234. 
Declaration of Independence celebrated: 400. 
Decorations for the President's connnission: 217. 
Defensive measures: 323. 
Delaware Bay: 234. 
Delaware Capes, off: 234. 
Delaware, pointed for the: 233. 
Desperate alternative: 334. 
*Dcstouches: 261, 356 (in command), 362, 363, 365 (off for Chesapeake), 
368 (victory), 369-370. 
Dewey, Admiral, 60. [Sec Rocliambeau Jlission events. ) 
"Diamond," on the: 199. 

Dillon, Res^iment de: 230,255,287. (Sec also Military events. ) 
Dimmick, Col. E. J.: 109. 

Dingley, chairman of Committee on Ways and Means, greets: 114. 
Dinner of State: 62. 
Dispatches: 

lor France: 355. 

From France: 363. 
Dodd's Ferry: 409, 415. 

Dolp/iiii, U. S., dispatch boat: 54,66, i.lo, 144, 145. 
Donoil: 6. 
Duel at sea: 247. 
Dumas: 521. 

Eliot, president: 21x1, 210. 
Elys^e, Palace of the, china from: 67. 
Emarauil: 500. 

Embarkation of the French: 276. 
Embassy, French: 61, 117. 
Engineer's French: 307. 
Englan<i: 227. 
England alarmed: 2S9. 

F^ngland, how Vorktown's surrender receive<l: 468. 
Englisjji naval force strengthened: 240. 
Escape, a timely: 251. 
Estaing, Comte d': 233, 239, 243, 259, 267, 516, 519. (.S'(V also Military 

events. ) 
Estaing, d', (land) army of. (Sec also Mditary events: 5S5-5SS.) 
Estaing, d', expedition: 225-259. 
Estaing, d', expedition of: 229. 



Index 653 

Estaing, d', greetings from Washington: 237. 
Estaing, d', informs Congress and Washington: 234. 
Estaiug's, d', fleet lands troops: 230. 
.Estaing, d', off Xe\\-port: 243. 
Estaing, d', sails for Boston: 250. 
Estaing, d', ready to march overland: 251, 252. 
Estaing, d', sails to Rhode Island: 240. 
Estaing, d', sails for West Indies: 253. 
Estaing, d', against Savannah: 255. 256, 25S (end of command l.rst French 

expedition to America), 25S. 
Estaing, d', sketch: 235. 
Estaing, d'', to Washington : 235. 
Estaing, d', willing, officers not: 249. 
European politics : 517. 
Events of the day: 

May 17, 1902, Saturday — 

Arrival of civil guests at Xew York: 42. 
M\Y 19, Mondav — 

Countess de Rochambeau and the Daughters of the American 

Revolution: 43. 
A festive alliance at the Union League: 44. 
May 20, Tuesday — 
Salut! Le Gaulois. 
The guests at Washington : 48. 
May 21, Wednesday — 

Le Gaulois at Annapolis. 

Naval honors. 

President's commission welcome the French jSIission. 

Authorities of the United States Naval Academy tender the 

courtesies of the station in behalf of the United States Navy. 
Deputation from the French Embassy extend cordial greetings to 
their countrymen: 52. 
M.\Y 22, Thursday — 

Arrival of the French Jlission at Washington. 
Reception by the President of the United States. 
Ceremonial calls. 
Visit to the tomb of Washington. 
State dinner at White House: 58. 
May 23, Wednesday — 
Roosevelt-Loubet. 
The President on Lf Caii/ois. 
Returns to Washington. 
Dinner at the French Embassy: 64. 
May 24, Saturday — 

The statue of Rochambeau unveiled. 

Review of the "allied " forces of the United States and France. 
Visit of compliment to the Capitol, Library of Congress. 
Reception at the French Embassy: 74. 
May 25, Sunday — 

.\ mass in connnemoration. 



654 Index 



Kveiits of the day — Continued. 
May 25, Sunday — Continued. 

At the {{rave.s of heroes. 

On a tour of observation. 

Le Gaiilois en voyajje: 128. 
M.VY 26, Monday — 

Niagara Falls. 

Le Caw/ow at New York : 13.S. 
M.\Y 27, Tuesday — 

Military honors and eadet review. 

Metropolitan numicipal felicitations. 

Knipirc State guard on dress parade. 

Society of the Cincinnati. (.Siv Members Kochambeau: 142.) 
M.\Y 28, \\'cdnesday — 

Visit to tomb of Cirant. 

A Municipal " De jeuner." 

French chamber of commerce banquet. 

Le Gaiilois leaves for Boston : 156. 
M.\Y 29, Thursday — 

At "Ophir Hill." 

Friendly .Sons of St. Patrick hosts. 

J^c Gau/ois for Boston : 1 70. 
May 30, I'riday — . 

Memorial honors to the soldiers and sailors of the alliance. 

1741 — Newport artillery company — 1902. 

Decoration of the grave of De Ternay. 

Social festivities. 

Lunch at the Casino. 

.Arrival at Boston : 1 78. 
May 31, Saturday — 

Bay Stale and Bunker Hill memories. 

Academic attentions. 

A Connnonwealth lunch and municipal ilinner. 

Post prandial honors : 192. 
June I, Sunday — 

Sans adieu-au revoir. 

Partant Pour La France: 218. 
Kveiits, schedule of; 41. 
Executive connnittee : 9, 26. 
Exerci.ses, order of, at unveiling : 86. 

Faramond, I^ieutenant Comte de : 54. (See Rochambeau Mission events. ) 
Farewells : 493, 495, 496. 
Fears, fallacy of : 333. 
Festive alliance at the Union League : 46. 
F^te day in camp : 490. 
I'igaro Le Supplement Hxcei>tionnil : 123. 
Figaro ' ' Special " : 1 2 1 . 

Fillonneau, lUtienne: 55. {See Key to group; Rochambeau Jli.ssion 
events. ) 



Index 655 

Fire rafts: 446, 

Fitzgerald, Justice, on Washington anil Roclianibean: 179. 

Flag decoration: 76. 

Flag, French, of the Alliance: 77. 

Flag of the French Republic: 78. 

Flag of De Rochanibeau: 77. 

Fleet, characteristics of : 231. 

Fleet of D'Estaing, vessels and cquipnient: 230. 

Fleet of De Grasse: 440, 441. 

Fleet, French, first: 229. 

Fleet, French (De Ternay): 

Sails for America: 276, 277. 

List of vessels, guns, men, ami commanders: 277. 

Personnel: 279, 2S0. 

De Grasse: 440. 

De Barras: 441. 
Fleury, Lieutenant-Colonel: 239. 
Flury between the chiefs:. 371. 

Foix, Regiment de: 230, 255,- 286. (&v- (?/,so Military events. ) . 
Foreign guests, entertainment of: 9. 
Fornes, president of board of aldermen welconu-: 147. 
Fort Warren: 191. 
Foss, Representative: 66. 

Fonrnier, Admiral: iSo. (5ir^ Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events. ) 
Fournier, Vice-Admiral: 49, 54, 55, 59, 62, 66, 69, 176, 212, 220. (.SivKey 

to group; Rochambeau Mission events.) 
France: 24, 31, 465. 
France aid of the States : 11, 12, 13. 
France and the" States: 522. 
France, cash and news from: 47S. 
France in the war of American Independence: 227. 
Franco-.^merican Literary .Society received: 119. 
Franco-.-Vmerican press, Rochambeau festivities (Courier des Etats-Tnis): 

537- 
Franklin: 263, 359, 375, 4S0, 516 (brings a letter). 
French advance: 47S. 

French aid to the States, recapitulation: 505-510. 
French'alliance. (51?^ Alliance, French.) 
French alliance of Brooklyn: 119. 
French alliance. Military Order of: 119. 
French ambassador: 26. 
French army and navy in .\merica (De Rocliambe.iu, De Ternay, Des- 

touches, Barras ) : 261-359. 
French and American soldiers in parade at Washington: 75. 
French (auxiliary) army: 217, 306. 

How received when landed: 307. 

Organization: 355. 

Winter quarters: 389, 340, 341. 

Leaves Newport: 391. 



656 Index 

French (auxiliarj-) army — Coiitinuc-d. 

Marching orders: 393. 

In motion: 394. 

Crosses the Hudson: 417. 

March to Yorktown: 418. 

Camps: 484. 

Departs: 496, 504. 

Yorktowii cohnnn: 531. 
I'rench army marches to Boston: 490. 
French army march to the Hudson: 4S7. 
F'rench ami}- and navy in America: 262. 
French band: 26, 93. 
French battalion: 79. 

French division, second blockade: 337, 358. 
French embassy: 72. ' 

Banquet: 72. 

Reception : 1 1 7. 
I'rench flag of the Alliance: 77. 
F'rench fleet, first: 229. 
French Fusilier Jlarines: 79. 
French Government accepts: 24. 
French honors for Washington. 364. 
French impress: 505. 
French lines: 444. 
French mission, honors to: 41. 
French open at Newport: 245. 

French regimental organizations in Tnited States: 565-588. 
French seamen: 26. 

French Society of Rochanibeau of New York: 46. 
French visitors: 46. 

Frenchmen honored for service in America: 4S2. 
Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick, banquet Rochambeau Mission: 172. 
Frogs neck: 40S. 

F'rye, W. P., President ]>ro tempore: 29, 115. 
Galvan, M. de: 270. 
Gardiner, .A.sa Bird: iSo. 
Gardiners Bay: 24S, 362. * 
Gatenais. {See Gatinais. ) 
Gatinais' Regiment de (Royal Auvergne): 230, 256, 258,579-582. (See 

also Military events.) 
Gatinais honors for: 450. 
Gaulois, Le: 49, 50, 55, 54, 59, (15, 66, 67, 132, 140, 161, 19*1, 191, 219, 222 

(departs). 
Gazette, Rivington's Royal: 239. 
German mercenaries: 456. 
Gibbons, Cardinal: 26, 130. 
Give them the bayonet: 433. 
Gleaves, Capt. Albert: 54. 
Cloucester, U. S. S. : 65. 



Index 657 



Gloucester: 424, 439, 412, 443, 445. 

Gourd, M. Henry E., French chamber of commerce; 165. , 

Government of France, invited: 24. 

Grand Army of the Republic: 185. 

Grant, tomb of, visited: 158. 

Grasse, de, Admiral: 50, 266, 370, 3S7, 392, 403. 

Sails: 404, 412, 414, 422, 423. 

Arrives: 424, 425,428, 430. 

Conference: 431,432,440. 

Fleet: 445. 

Blockades: 446, 447-462. 

Siege of Yorktown: 464, 469-471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476', 517. 

Death: 531. 
Graves, Admiral: 50. 
Great Britain yielding: 485. 
Greene, Gen. Nathaniel: 244, 252. 
Greene's victory at Eutaw Springs: 446. 
Griffin, A. P. C; 607. ' 
Guests, for names of, see Events by name. 
Guests, civil, arrival of the, 42. 
Guests. (Complete lists will be found under the name of the Event, the 

Occasion, or other characterizing feature. ) 
Guests, foreign entertainment of: 9. 
Guests, official, on to Washington: 50. 
Guests of the Nation on tour: 135-136. 
Guichen, Washington to: 341. 
Guillemin, M. Jean: 43. i^Sce Key to group; Rocluunbeau Mission 

events. ) 
Guillemot, major of; 126. 
Halifax expedition proposed: 255. 

Hainault, d'. Regiment; 230, 255, 258, 5S5-5S6. (See also Military events.) 
Hamar, Fernand: 16, 20, 26, 39, 43, 90. (See Unveiling.) 
Hamar, Pere M.: 43. 

Hamilton, Lieutenant-Colonel: 239. (.S^t Military events.) 
Hancock, John, Governor: 244, 494. 
Hansbrough, Henry C; 10. 
"Happy stroke," aiming at a: 353. 
Hartford, Conn., conference: 344. 
Hartford, Conn.: 491. 
Harries, Brig. Gen. G. H.: no. 
Harvard, Mass., salutations: 200. 
Harvard University, ladies at tea: 204. 
Haverstraw Bay: 239. 
Hay, John; 9, 14, 25, 29, 31, 63, 126. 
Head of Elk: 425. 

Heath, General; 290, 291, 293, 319, 331, 337, 353, 415. 
Hemenway, James A.: 27. 
Henderson, D. B.: 113. 

Hermite, Louis; 54. (&'^ Key to group; Rochauibeau Mi.ssion events. ) 
S. Doc. 537, 59-1 42 



65 S Index 

neriiiite, Lieutenant-Colonel. {Sec Ke)- to Kron]); Rochaniheau Jlission 

eveufs. ) 
Hessians: 413, 456. {Sec Military events.) 
nibbani, Postmaster, Boston, "France in .America"; 207. 
Higgin.son, Rear-Admiral: 49, 221. 
Ilitt, Robert R.: 23. 
Hodson, Florence: 185. 
Holy Cro.ss Cathedral: 219. 
Homes versus Billets: 354-355. 
Honors parting: 491. 
Howe had gone: 234. 
Howe, Admiral, at New York: 239. 
Howe, Lord Viscount Richard: 245, 246. 
Howe on the back tack: 248. 
Hudson, a reconnaissance on: 406. 
Huntingdon Bay, entcrpri.se: 407. 
Hyeres Islands, France: 231. 
Impressive coninienioration: 75. 
Incidents of Yorktown: 462. 
Independence, War of American: 227. 
Indiayia, battle ship: 54. 
Indians, Iroquois: 339-340. 
In search of a phantom: 328. 
Instructions: 26S, 376. 
International capitulations: 226. 
Internation.il correspondence: 31. 
International felicitations: 67. 
Introduction: 11. 
Invitations: 9, 24, 25, Si. 
Invited: 23. 
Invocation: 87. 

Ireland, Archbishop, address: 174. 

Irish-American Historical Society of New York and New England: 119. 
Irisli-.Vmerican Historical Society: Si, 82. 
Itinerary of Rochambeau Mission: 135-224. 
James River: 424-425. 

Jay, Gustave Le: 55,63. {Sec Rochambeau Mission events.) 
Johnson, Rear-Admiral: 190. 
Journalism, sensational: 308. 
Junction arranged: 385. 
JiLsserand, M.: 7, 527, 535. 
Karren, M. I^eon: 205. 

Kearsarge, U. S. battle .ship: 49, 54, 66, 132, 140, 190, 191, 222. 
Keim, De B. Randolph: 227. 
Kimball, C. D.: 180. 
Kings Bridge: 408. 
Knox, General: 253. 
Ladies entertained: 198. 



Index 659 



Ladies welcome: 190. ■ 

Lafayette, Count de: 45. 

Family invited: 24. 

M. Gaston, de Sahune de: 32, 33, 43. (Sre Key to jjroup; Rocliam- 
beau Mission events. ) 

Guest of nation : 41. 

Marquis de: 244, 250, 251, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 287, 
288, 308, 323, 328, 334, 364, 370.389. 401. 402, 405. 409, 410. 411, 
412, 421, 425, 426, 427, 431, 434, 472, 473, 474. 
Lafayette, Marquis de: 15, 114. (Sy Rochambeau Mission events. ) 

Monument: 20. 

Paintin};: 121. 
Lagrave, M.: 43. (.SVv Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events.) 
Land and sea power of France in America: 507-508. 
Landis, Cliarles B. : 10. 
Languedoc, Le: 50, 232, 246, 247. 

Lasson, Captain: 55. (.SV(^ Key to group; Rochamlieau Mission events. ) 
Laurens, Col. John: 359,419. 
Lauzun, de, Duke: 277, 307, 396, 399, 40.S, 439, 47.S, 496. 

Tn command: 504. 

Departs: 576. 

{See Military events.) 
Lauzun's Hussars: 396,399. 

Lauzun, Legion de: 277, 307, 408, 439, 478. 576. {See Military events. ) 
Legislation, a romance in: 15. 
Letter of invitation to President Loubel; 31, 32. 
Library Committees: 10, 25, 29. 
Library of Congress visited: 116. 
Lincoln, General: 255, 256, 399, 418. 

Lincoln, W. H., "The White Wings of Connnerce:" 212. 
Line of march French army: 394-401. 
Lodge, Senator H. C: 26, 29, 96. 
Loeb, William, jr. {Sec President. ) 

Loubet, M. Emile, President of F'rance, letter in reply to Theoclore Roose- 
velt, President of the LTnited States: 32, 33. 
Loubet, President, parting words to the Rochambeau Mission: 56. 
Loubet, M., President of France: 33, 56, 63, 177, 178, i88. 
Louis XVI: 11.264,279. 
Low, mayor of New York City: 147, 148. 
Luzerene, De La: 270, 288, 338, 351, 384, 46.^ ( ;uest),479 (of Washington). 

4S0. 
r.ynn Haven Bay: 445. 

McCleary, James T. : 6, 9, 10, 14, 16, 20, 21. 25, 29, 84, 113, 114, 115, 116. 
March of histor}-; 429. 
March to Yorktown: 418-429. 
Margerie, Pierre de: 54. 

Margerie, Madam de. (Sv Key to group; Rochambeau Mi.ssion events. ) 
Marine Band, Ignited States: 26, 96, 107. 



66o Index 

Marines, United States: 26,66. 

Martin, Mrs. Alexander: 216. 

Maryland grants privilege of transit of forei);n troops: 79. 

Meaux Saint Marc, I.ieutenant-Colonel: 54, 221. (.SW' Key to jjroup; 

Roilianibeau Mission events.) 
Mercury ^I'aris) ])rints the news: 466. 
Members of the Rochanibeau Mission, facinj;: .sg. 
Metz, Regiment de (artillery): 575-576. {See also Military events.) 
Middlebrook, N. J.: 253. 
Mid.shipmen, United States: 59. 
Miles, Nelson A., I.ieut. Gen.; 60. 
Military events. (.SVv by name. ) 
Militia, I). C: 26. 

Militia of Rluxle Lsland, Ma.ssachusetts, and Connecticut rally: 244. 
Militia honors for: 329. 

Minister, first French to the United States; 231. 
Minute Men (Continental): 11 1. 
Mirabeau considerations, Cincinnati: 602. 
Mission. (See Rcchambeau Mission and Events.) 
Mi.ssion, French. . (See Rochanibeau Mission. ) 
Mission, members of the Rochanibeau. [See Key to illustrations.) 
Mission, Rochanibeau: 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 82, 1 13. (See Events of the day. ) 
Montbarrey, Prince de: 274, 297. 
Monument commission: g. 
Monument described: 37. 

Monument to Comte de Rochanibeau unveiled: 75. 
Monument to Yorktown: 464. 

Morgan, Edwin: 9,50. (.Siv Key to group; Rochanibeau Mission events. ) 
Morris, Robert; 413. 
Mount Vernon: 62, 425. 
Mun.ster, Comte de: 231. 
Mu.sic in commemoration ; 129. 
Musical numbers unveiling: 

I.,e Marseillai.se (United States Marine Band): 89. 
(Pulling the cord. ) 

Les Cha.sseresses (The Huntresses), Delibes (French Marine Band): 93. 

Hail to the Spirit of Liberty (United States Marine Band): 96. 

Star Spangled Banner (French Marine Band): u>2 

America (United States Marine Band); 107. 

IJeut. W. H. Santelman, I'nited States Marine Band, leader. 

M. I.eon Karren, French Marine Band, leader. 
Narragansett channel forced by French: 252. 
Narragan.sett waters: 285. 

National Association of Frenchmen of Philadelphia: tig. 
National Guard, District of Columbia: roS. 
National Cruard of Maryland: 66. 
National Guard of New York City in review: 151. 
National Lancers of Boston: 193, 199. 



Index 66 1 

Naval Academy, United States: 53. 
Naval aid of the States: 441. 
Naval cadets: 66. 

Courtesies off Boston: 190. 
Courtesies off the Virginia capes: 49. 
Naval fete: 65. 

Naval power of the States: 241. 
Nav)', French, in America: 262. 
Navy, Secretary of the: 69. 

Nelson, Maj. Gen. Thomas: 43.S. (.SVc Yorktcnvn events: 531.) 
Newport, a day of memories: 179, iS.S (Review). 
New^port Artillery Company; 179. 
Newport, sea battle of: 246. 
Newport to Vorktown, victorious operations of the allied armies, 17S1; 

361-468. 
Newport: 283, 292, 300, 302, 30S (French headquarters), 314, 319, 334, 351, 

354, 364 (honors to Washington), 365, 367, 38S, 391 (farewell), 

493 (French officers say good-bye). 
Newport abandoned: 264. 
Newport parade: 1S4. 
Newport to Yorktown: 361. 
Newport, Va., headquarters: 477. 

New York City, welcome to Rochanibeau Mission; 144, 150. 
New York, a last dash at; 407. 
New Yo.rk, British concentrating at; 4S6. 
New York still the objective: 3S5. 
Niagara, Rochanibeau Mission at; !39-i4o. 
Ocean investment: 440-441. 

Official character of guests end: 2ig. ' 

O'Gorman, Justice, presides; 174. 
O'Hara, General: 455. 

■Olynipia, V. S. cruiser: 49, 54, 66, 132, 140, 190, 191, 222. 
"Ophir" Hill fete champetre: 171. 
Order of arrangements: 80. 
Order of ceremonies; 25. 
Order of exercises; 86. 
Orders; 232, 233. 
Orders opened: 232. 
Parallel first Yorktown: 447. 
Parallel second Yorktown: 449. 
Parker, Hyde, Admiral; 240. 
Parley .sounded: 452. 

Parliamentary phrase, Rochanibeau in: 16. 
Partant; 135. 

Parting expressions: 219, 223. 
Patuxent River; 50. * 

Payne, Sereno E. : 27. 
Peace: 503. 



662 Index 

Pedestal coinmencefl: 25. 

I'eiiestal elaborated: 21. 

Teirt-e, Herbert H. D.: 9, 26, 53, 55, 56. {Sec Key In Kroup. 59: Rt)cliani- 

beau Mission events. ) 
Peirce, Mrs. H. D. {Sec Key to group, kucbaiiilnau event-.. ■ 
Penobscot expedition: 373, 487. 
People of France invited: 24. 
Peyrouse, M. de la: 363. 

Philadelphia Trench troops reviewed by Congress: 422. 
Pliotojjraphic remembrance: 131. 
Pigeon Mill: 444. 
Pigot, Sir Robert: 243, 245. 
Pilots, American: 240. 
Plans frustrated: 346. 
Pleasant memories: 514. 
Piatt, Thomas C: 10. 
Pluckemin, Camp: 253. 
Porter, Horace: 15, 25, 26, 31, 33, 46. 
Powers and orders: 233. 
Prefatory: 5. 

Preparations to receive the I'rench : 290. 
President, the: 24, 26, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. 

I^etter to Loubet: 31. 

Receives Rochambeau Mission: 61. 

Gives state dinner: 62. 

Departs for Annapolis: 65. 

Breakfast on Le Gau/ois: 67. 

Returns to Washington: 71. 

Greeted at unveiling: 82. 

President's stand: 83. 

.-\ddress of unveiling: 87, S8. 

Reviews American and French troops: loS, 109. 

Compliments French sailors: no. 
President to Briigerc: 223. 
Pre.sident pro tempore: 29, 115. 
President of France: 31. (.SVr Loubet.) 
President's commission: 9, 53. 
President's commission, decorations for: 217. 
President's .stand: 83. 
Print, authority to: 2. 
Printing, Committees on: 10. 
Prisoners, disposition of: 472. 

Proclamation of welcome of Rochambeau Mission in Neu York: 150. 
Promotions for service in America: 513. 
Providence: 491. 

Providence honors Washington : 36S. 
Quaker testimony: 489. 
Ransdell, Sergeant-at-Arms, I'nited States Senate: 115, 



Index 663 

Rawdon, Lord, captured: 428. 

Read homestead: 179. 

Recapitulation of French succor of the States in material of war, sea 
power, land forces, and coin: 505-510. 

Recapitulation of sea and land power of France in America: 506-50S. 

Redouts: 

American: 449-450. 

French storming parties: 449-450. 

Reed, Mrs. Sylvanus: 45. 

Regiments, French, high character of: 280. 

Reid, Whitelaw, enlistment: 171. 

Reinforcements for Greene: 476. 

Reminiscence, a family: 223. 

Rendezvous of French ordered: 275. 

Renouard, M.: 43. {See Rochambeau Mission events.) 

Resolutions of welcome, aldermen, New York City: 149. 

Review and parade. New York City: 150. 

Revolution, French: 517. 

Reyneval, M. Conrad Alexander Gerard: 231, 232, 234. 

Reynolds, J. B. : 43. 

Rhode Island: 242, 245, 291, 306, 316, 3S9, 492. 

Rhode Island, French arrival off: 2S4. 

Rochambeau, de, arms and bookplate: 13. 

Rochambeau, de, Comte: 261, 265, 267, 270, 273, 274, 27S, 294; (reports to 
Washington), 290 (instructions), 29S (secret), 299 (situation), 
302 (man of crisis), 308, 310, 311, 317, 318, 321, 328, 335, 336, 
339. 340, 341. 344, 345, 346, 349-351 (Arnold treason), 362, 363, 
366 (army), 369, 371-373, 376 (supplementary instructions), 377 
(for minister of war), 378 (new powers), 380-3S6 ( Wethersfield 
conference), 387, 389 (army), 391 (leads), 393, (marching 
orders), 394 (in the van), 400 (march and thanks to), 406, 408, 
411, 414 (loan), 416 (starts for Yorktown), 418-429 (to York- 
town), 422-425, 430, 431, 436 (Yorktown army), 439, 444, 446, 
447 (opens the siege), 462 (siege of Yorktown), 457 (his 
account), 464, 477 (remains in Virginia), 478, 484 (marches to 
Baltimore), 485, 487 (march to the Hudson), 487, 490, 491, 492, 
493 (courtesies to), 493 (leaves his army), 494, 497, 498, (fare- 
well), 500, 501 (exciting chase), 502 (sketch), 513, 515 (in 
England, at court), 516, 517, 518, 519 (saves the day at Ouive- 
ran), 520, 521, 52S (death, tomb, family), 529 (manuscripts) 
531 (a century after). 

Rochambeau, de: 

Army of: 565-5SS. 
Memoires: 6. 

Rochambeau, de, Vicomte: 375, 377. 

Rochambeau, de, Comte, monument: 75. 

Rochambeau, de, Comte (on plans): 24,62. (.SV^* Key to group; Rocham- 
beau Mission events. ) 



664 Index 

Rochambeau, de, Conite Reni^: 43, 45, 50, 56, 179, (Newport), 185. (Sec 

Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events). 
Rochambeau, de, Countess: 43, 45, 46, 50, 56 (sec Key to group), 62, 89, 

113, 145, 217, 224 sec Rochambeau Mission events). 
Rochambeau, de, extra I'igaro: 123. 
Rcichambeau, de, family, invited: 24. 
Rochambeau, de, flag of: 77. 
Rochambeau, de: 

French Society of, New York: 46. 

(iuest of Nation: 41. 

Marquis de: 23, 26. 

Mission events: 41-224. 

Mission, members of the, facing: 59. 

Special, leaves Washington: 135. 
Rochambeau Mission events: 41-224. (See Events of the day. ) 
Rodgers, Raymond P. : 9, 26, 53, 56, 59. [See Key to group; Rochambeau 

Mission events; President's connnission. ) 
Roe, Major-General, commanding, New York National Guard: 151. 
Roosevelt, Theodore, President, letter of invitation to Loubet: 31 ( Knglish), 
32 (French). {Sec President I.oubet's reply: 32; President, the. ) 
Roosevelt, Miss: 62. 
Root, Elihu: 9, 14, 25, 29. 

Rotunda of Capitol visited: 115. v 

Route of parade: 109. 
Royal (Riviugton's) Gazette: 371-372. 
Royal Deux Fonts, Regiment de: 277, 3..7, 572-574. {Sec also Jlilitary 

events. ) 
Royal guides: 277. 
Ruse, de Guerre: 231. 
.Sail, aho}-.': 49. 
Sailors, I'nited States: 26. 
Saint Mars, Pouilloue dc: 55. {Sec Key to group; Rochambeau Mission 

events. ) 
•Saint Mary's (R. C.) Church: 1S5. 

Saintonge Regiment de: 277, 307, 570-572. {Sec aho .Military events.) 
Saint Patrick's (R. C.) Church: 129. 
.Sainl Simon: 387, 424, 425-426, 427-437 (Yorktown .\rmy 1,447-462 (siege), 

476 (leaves with De Grasse). 
Saint Simon army. {See De Grasse's fleet: 577). 
.Salutes exchanged: 222. 
.Sandy Hook: 240. 
.Sappers and miners: 277. 

.Satterlee, Right Rev. H. Y., liishop of \Va.shington: 26, 107. 
.Sauvaire, Jourdain Andre: 55. (.SVtf Key to group; Rochaml)eau Mission 

events. ) 
Savannah, Ga., British take: 253. 

Savannah, Ga. , combined attack on. British: 255-257 (assault abandoned): 
25S. 



Index 665 

Scliedule of events: 41. 

Schoolbo}- soldiers reviewed: 194. 

Scout ships, American: 330. 

Sculptor: 39. 

Sculptor's suggestions: 20. 

Sea power of France in America: 441. 

Sea and land power of France in America: 506, 507-508. 

Seanien, French, 109. 

Secretary of State: 21. 

Secretary of War: 21. 

Seigcnheimer aid: 66. 

Senate, Chamber visited: 115. 

Sensations deprecated: 338. 

Sermon, Cardinal Gibbons: 130. 

Sheldon, Colonel: 399. 

Ship's rating of: 508. 

Sickness threatens: 47. 

Site of monument: 35. 

Site selected: 25. 

Sixty-ninth Regiment escort: 172. 

Soissonnais, Regiment de: 277, 307, 56S-570. (.S>r n/.w Military events. ) 

Soldiers, American and French in parade: 75. 

Soldiers of France remembered: 514. 

Sons of American Revolution, welcome: 118. 

Sorties, Cornwallis attempts: 451. 

Spain, proposed cooperation : 358. 

" Special" to the Mercury: 466. 

Specialization of events: 227. 

vStafTord, Rev. Dr. D. J.: 87, 129. 

Standish, U. S. S.: 59, 65. 

Stands: So. 

State dinner: 62. 

States in a pleasing strain: 518. 

States favorable to France: 4S3. 

Statuary Hall visited: 115. 

Statue: 19, 20, 23, 27, 28. 

Statue around the: 76, 

Statue, bill for purchase: 19. 

Statue commission; 23. 

Statue of Conite de Rochambeau unveiled: 75. 

Statue, contract for the: 19. 

Statue, enlargement: 20. 

Stratten, Mi.ss: 184. 

Suggestions, sculptor's: 20. 

Sullivan, General: 240, 242, 243, 250, 252. 

Supplementary papers: 534. 

Surgy, Captain de: 49, 54. 

Surpri.se of the enemy: 397, 399. 



666 I lid ex 

fSurreiKler; statistics of: 456. 

Surrender scenes: 454. 

Sylph, U. S. S.: 62. 

Taiiouani, <r, M. tie: 375. 

Tennant, d', M.: 519. 

Ternay, d': 261, 272, 276, 278, 280-281, 286, 30S, 310, 318, 321, 329, 342, 352, 

356 (death). 
Ternay, d', grave: 185 (memorial ceremonies), 186 (tablet), 1S7, 188 

(notice of death). 
Tilley, d', makes a capture: 362. 
Tories, 011 guard against: 396. 
Tory croakings: 320. 
Toulon: 231, 234. 
Tour of guests attending the unveiling of the Kochambeau monument: 

134- 

Touraine Regiment de: 113, 582-584. {Sec also Military events.) 

Treaty of alliance: 226. 

Trinity Church, Newport: 1S5. 

Troops, l-'rench, splendi<l conduct of: 489. 

Troops, ITnited States: 108. 

Trophies of Yorktown surrender: 457. 

llnifonns, French: 421. 

Union League, festive alliance at: 46. 

United States naval power: 241. 

Unveiling (pulling the cord): 88,89. 

Unveiling of De Rochambeau monument: 26, 28, 75. 

Varnum, J. II., from Brugcre: 177. 

Vaudreuil, Marquis de: 486, 487 (arrives Boston), 490, 496 (French em- 
bark and sail). 

Vendome, mayor of, to Hay: 126. 

Vergennes, Comte de: 265, 268, 270, 272, 273. 

\'ersailles, impressions at: 480. 

Vessels, at Annapolis: 53. 

Veterans return to France: 512. 

\'ignal, Capt. Paul: 54. [See key to group; Rochambeau Jlission events. ) 

Vignul, Madam. {See Key to group; Rochambeau Mission events.) 

Ville de I'aris, La.: 5o,'47i (conference). 

Viomenil, liaron: 278-493 (in command), 495 (farewell). 

Virginia militia: 438, 439, 531. 

\'irginia instead of New York: 367. 

Virginia situation: 401. 

Voyage of fleet of De Ternay: 281, 298. 

Wainwright, Commandant: 66. 

Walsh, Regiment de: 5S8, 230, 256. (See also Military events.) 

War, prestige of: 279. 

War, Secretary of: 69. 

Warlike millennium: 334. 

Warren, Fort: 191. 

Washington, civil guests arrive at: 50. 



.•Eii7ic\50 



Index .667 

Washington, General: 252, 261, 262, 268, 273 ( lieutenant-gentral of 
France), 279, 286, 287, 288, 293, 30S, 310, 313, 318, 322, 324, 
326 (powers extended beyond the States), 334, 335, 336, 337, 
340, 341, 344, 346, 349-351 (Arnold treason). 353, 357, 364, 367, 
371-3731 374, 379 (congratulations to deBarras),38o,38i (Wether- 
field conference), 381-386, 388, 394-400, 402 (to Lafayette), 405, 
406, 407, 408, 466, 418-429 (to Yorktown), 422 (hilarious), 426, 
430, 431, 434-43S, 439, 444, 446, 447-462 (siege of Yorktown), 
471, 473, 474, 476 (returns North), 479 (watching ^Jew York), 
480 (appreciates), 485, 485 (suspicions), 487, 490, 491, 493 (hos- 
pitality'), 494 (about Washington), 495-498 (farewell), 500, 517, 
51S, 516, 521, 522-526 (duty confronts gratitude), 526 (his 
death; how received in France). 

Washington, Mrs., entertains French officers at Mount Vernon: 4S4. 

Washington to D'Estaing: 239. 

Washington alone has authority to command the French: 38S. 

Washington elm: 199. 

Washington informed: 234. 

Washington prepares for D'Estaing: 237. 

Waterbury, Governor: 399, 408. 

Werth, Maximillien de Reinach de: 55. (.SVr Key to grou]r, Rochanibeau 
Mission events. ) 

West Point, New York: 143. 

West Point, Continentals left at: 415. 

Wethersfield, Conn., conference: 3S0. 

Wetmore, George Peabody, Senator: 6, 9, m, 14, 16. 19, 21, 25, 29, 84, 116. 

White House: 60, 61, 62. 

Willett, alderman of New York, welcome: 147. 

Williamsburg: 426, 433, 478, 479, 4S4 (French march north) 

Wilmington, N. C: 474. 

Wittgenstein, Comte de: 278. 

Works, relating to the French Alliance: 607. 

York, all roads lead to: 428. 

York Peninsula: 441. 

York River: 424. 

Yorktown, Va.: 11. 

Yorktown, Va., Centennial column: 531. 

Yorktown: 410, 416 (army in motion), 418-429 (march from Hudson), 43S 
(advance against), 441 (sea power), 442 (British defenses), 447, 
462 (siege), 461 (incidents), 469 (closing scenes), 531 (century 
after). 

Yorktown after: 1781-1783, 4*9-510. 

Yorktown, siege of: 447-46S. 

Yorktown: 439 (formation), 534-438 (allied armies before). 

Young, Maj. Gen. S. B. M., U. S. Army: 26. 

Young, Maj. Gen. S. B. M., command parade: 109. 

"Zoo" visited: 132. 

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